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The International Tobacco-Control Network

Selected documents

   

Canadian Cancer Society, “Compilation of Selected Evidence Regarding the Impact of Higher Tobacco Prices on Tobacco Use; A Submission Prepared for the House of Commons Standing Committee on Finance”

Introduction

This compilation has been prepared to provide evidence that an increase in tobacco taxes would decrease tobacco consumption. The evidence includes authoritative reports, studies, conclusions of governments, and considerable other literature. There is no doubt that as tobacco taxes go higher, smoking goes down. Higher taxes are a critically important component of a comprehensive tobacco control strategy.

The body of evidence is substantial and continues to grow. This submission contains a selected compilation, not a comprehensive compilation, and has been prepared in part to respond to the tobacco industry's occasional public statements that past tobacco tax increases in Canada have not reduced smoking.

The Canadian Cancer Society urges all parliamentarians to support significant tobacco tax increases - at the federal, provincial and territorial levels -increases that should be enacted as soon as possible. High tobacco taxes should apply to all types of tobacco products.

It is anticipated that this submission will be of assistance well into the future as parliamentarians deliberate on tobacco tax issues, including Pre-budget Consultations conducted by the House of Commons Standing Committee on Finance, and examination of tobacco tax bills by Committees of the House of Commons and Senate.

The work of the National Clearinghouse on Tobacco and Health, and many others, in the preparation of this submission is gratefully acknowledged.

Canadian Cancer Society
September 2001
 
 Full Report
 
 

Table of Contents/Table des matières
   
1. Introduction

2. Summary/Sommaire

3. Namgyal Goff, "Summary Listing of Estimates of Price Elasticity of Demand" September 2000.

Reports/Rapports


4. Addiction Research Foundation. "Preventing Smoking: Tobacco Control Policies. Best Advice From the Research Foundation" July 1995.

5. Canadian Department of Finance. "Tobacco Taxes and Consumption" Ottawa. Department of Finance. June 1993.

6. Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Finance. "The Next Steps to Fiscal Health After a Year of Historic Progress: Building the 1996 Budget through Consultation" Twenty-Fourth Report of the Standing Committee on Finance. January 1996.

7. Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Finance. "The 1997 Budget and Beyond: Finish the Job" Fifth Report of the Standing Committee on Finance. December 1996. http://www.parl.gc.ca/committees352/fine/reports/05_1996-12/fine-05-cov-e.html

8. Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Finance. "Keeping the Balance: Security and Opportunity for Canadians" Report of the Standing Committee on Finance. December 1997. http://www.parl.gc.ca/InfoComDoc/36/1/FINA/Studies/Reports/FINARP02-E.htm

9. Comité consultatif sur le cancer. " Programme québécois de lutte contre le cancer; Pour lutter efficacement contre le cancer, formons équipe " Octobre 1997.

10. Expert Panel on the Renewal of the Ontario Tobacco Strategy. "Actions Will Speak Louder than Words: Getting Serious about Tobacco Control in Ontario. A Report to the Minister of Health from her Expert Panel on the Renewal of the Ontario Tobacco Strategy" February 1999.

11. Health Canada, Health Promotions and Programs Branch, Bureau of Tobacco Control. "Report on Tobacco Control" Ottawa, Ontario. January 2000.

12. Ireland Oireachtas [Parliament], Joint Committee on Health and Children, "A National Anti-Smoking Strategy: A Report on Health and Smoking" November 1999. http://www.irlgov.ie/committees-99/c-health/reports.htm Accessed March 27, 2001.

13. Lynch, B.S., Bonnie, R.J., eds., Committee on Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths, Institute of Medicine [U.S.] Growing Up Tobacco Free: Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths. (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1994).

14. Manley M., Glynn T.J., Shopland, D. "The Impact of Cigarette Excise Taxes on Smoking Among Children and Adults, Summary Report of a National Cancer Institute Expert Panel" National Cancer Institute [U.S.]. August 1993.

15. National Cancer Institute [U.S.], Cigars: Health Effects and Trends. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph 9, 1998.

16. National Cancer Policy Board [U.S.] Taking Action to Reduce Tobacco Use. (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1998).

17. Ontario Task Force on the Primary Prevention of Cancer, "Recommendations for the Primary Prevention of Cancer; Report of the Ontario Task Force on the Primary Prevention of Cancer" March 1995 [Report to Ontario Minister of Health].

18. Public Health Commission [New Zealand]. Tobacco Taxation as a Health Issue: Discussion Document. Wellington, New Zealand. March 1995.

19. Schabas, R. "Tobacco. Sounding the Alarm. Report of the Chief Medical Officer of Health." Ontario Ministry of Health. 1996.

20. Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health [U.K.] Report of the Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health. (London: H.M.S.O., February 1998).

21. Task Force on Smoking. "Smoking and Health in Ontario: A Need for Balance. Report of the Task Force on Smoking Submitted to the Ontario Council of Health." May 1982.

22. United Kingdom Department of Health. "The Importance of Price in Reducing Tobacco Consumption" London, United Kingdom. September 1994.

23. United Kingdom Department of Health, "Smoking Kills: A White Paper on Tobacco" December, 1998.

24. U.S. Congressional Budget Office. "The Proposed Tobacco Settlement: Issues from a Federal Perspective" Washington, D.C., April 1998.

25. U.S. Department of Health and Human Service. Reducing the Health Consequences of Smoking: 25 Years of Progress. A Report of the Surgeon General. U.S. Department of Health and Human Service, Public Health Service, Centres for Disease Control, Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. Rockville, MD. 1989. DHHS Publication No. (CDC) 89-8411.

26. U.S. Department of Health and Human Service. Smoking and Health in the Americas. Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 1992. Publication No. (CDC) 92-8419.

27. U.S. Department of Health and Human Service. Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young People: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 1994.

28. U.S. Department of Health and Human Service. Tobacco Use Among U.S. Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups - African Americans, American Indians and Alaska Natives, Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, Hispanics. A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, Georgia: US. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 1998.

29. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Reducing Tobacco Use: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2000.

30. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Women and Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2001.

31. U.S. Federal Trade Commission, Bureaus of Economics, Competition, and Consumer Protection. "Competition and the Financial Impact of the Proposed Tobacco Industry Settlement" Requested by the Congressional Task Force on Tobacco and Health. September 1997.

32. U.S. General Accounting Office. "Teenage Smoking: Higher Excise Tax Should Significantly Reduce the Number of Smokers. Report to the Honorable Michael A. Andrews, House of Representatives" Washington, D.C. 1989. Publication No. GAO/HRD-89-119.

33. World Bank. Curbing the Epidemic: Governments and the Economics of Tobacco Control. (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1999).

34. World Health Organization, Tobacco or Health: A Global Status Report. (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1997).

Conference Proceedings/Conférences


35. All-Africa Conference on Tobacco or Health, "Final Conference Recommendations for Tobacco Control in Africa" In: Yach, D., Harrison, S., eds., Proceedings of the All-Africa Conference on Tobacco or Health, Harare, Zimbabwe, 14-17 November 1993.

36. First European Conference on Tobacco Policy, "It Can Be Done: A Smoke-free Europe; Report of the First European Conference on Tobacco Policy" Madrid, Spain, 7-11 November 1988. WHO Regional Publications, European Series, No. 30.

37. Houston, T., ed. "Tobacco Use: An American Crisis. Final Conference Report and Recommendations From America's Health Community" Washington, D.C., 9-12 January 1993 (Chicago: American Medical Association, 1993).

38. Ninth World Conference on Lung Cancer, "IASLC 2000 Tokyo Declaration on Tobacco", [International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer] Tokyo, Japan, 2000.

39. Ninth World Conference on Tobacco and Health, "Resolutions of the Ninth World Conference on Tobacco and Health" In: Slama, K. ed. Tobacco and Health: Proceedings from the 9th World Conference on Tobacco and Health. (New York: Plenum Press, 1995), pp.1017-1018.

40. Regional Committee, Southeast Asia Region. "Resolution" In: "Tobacco or Health: Actions for the 21st Century. Report and Documentation of the Technical Discussions held in Conjunction with the 36th Meeting of CCPDM [Consultative Committee for Programme Development and Management]" Dhaka, September 2, 1999. World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia. New Delhi. February 2000.

41. Second European Conference on Tobacco or Health and First Iberoamerican Conference on Tobacco or Health, "Canarias Declaration" Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain, 23-27 February 1999.

42. Seventh World Conference on Tobacco and Health. "Conference Resolutions" In: Durston, B., Jamrozik, K., ed. Tobacco & Health 1990: The Global War. Proceedings of the Seventh World Conference on Tobacco and Health, 1st-5th April 1990, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. 1990. pp.965-966.

43. Smokefree Europe: Conference on Tobacco or Health, "Smokefree Europe Conference Resolution on the European Tobacco Strategy" In: Waller, M., Lipponen, S., eds. Smokefree Europe: A Forum for Networks, Smokefree Europe: Conference on Tobacco or Health, Helsinki, Finland, 2-4 October 1996, pp.238-240.

44. Tenth World Conference on Tobacco or Health, "Resolutions of the Ninth World Conference on Tobacco and Health" Paris, France, 1994. In: Slama, K. Tobacco Control and Prevention: A Guide for Low Income Countries Tenth World Conference on Tobacco or Health (Paris: International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 1998), pp.117-120.

Tobacco Industry Documents and Statements


45. Bingham, P.M. (Marketing Department. British American Tobacco Company). "Key Area Paper: Excise Taxation of Tobacco Products" April 1991. Bates No. 303561888-909.

46. British-American Tobacco Company Limited. Tobacco Taxation Guide: A Guide to Alternative Methods of Taxing Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products. December 1994.

47. Burrows, D.S. (R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co). "Estimated Change in Industry Trend Following Federal Excise Tax Increase" Memorandum to P.E. Galyan. . September 20, 1982.

48. Fennell, P.J. (President & CEO, Rothmans, Benson & Hedges Inc.), Mercier, J.-L. (Chairman & CEO, Imperial Tobacco Limited), Fitzgerald, C.W. (President and CEO, RJR-Macdonald Inc.). Letter to G.E. Morehouse (Morehouse G E Limited), March 14, 1989.

49. Ferguson, R.N. and Waugh, M. (Philip Morris), "Social-Political Context of Cigarette Sales and Use in the U.S. - 1987" Memorandum to Strategic Planning Committee. Philip Morris U.S.A. Interoffice Correspondence. May 27, 1987.

50. Frydman, U. (R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co.). "Re: Analysis of Cigarette Price" Memorandum to R.E. Anderson, W.D. Hobbs, M.V. Hunter. March 13, 1979.

51. Imasco Ltd., Annual Report 1986. 1986.

52. Imasco Ltd., Annual Report 1987 for the nine months ended December 31, 1987. 1988.

53. Imasco Ltd., Annual Report 1987. 1988.

54. Imasco Ltd., Annual Report 1988. 1989.

55. Imasco Ltd., Annual Report 1989. 1990.

56. Imasco Ltd., Annual Report 1992. 1993.

57. Jacobsen, P.M., Rodway, P. "Tobacco Demand Elasticity Study," Prepared by Informetrica for Canadian Tobacco Manufacturers' Council. January 17, 1990.

58. Johnston, J. (Chief Executive Officer, RJ Reynolds Worldwide), "Commit Now" Presentation to Tabexpo 94 Congress. Vienna, Austria. In: Tobacco Reporter, December 1994, pp. 44, 46, 48, 50, 52.

59. Johnston, M., "Teenage Smoking and the Federal Excise Tax on Cigarettes" Memorandum to Harry G. Daniel. Philip Morris U.S.A. Inter-Office Correspondence. September 17, 1981. Bates No.2001255224-227.

60. Johnston, M.E., "Still More on the Price Elasticity of Cigarettes" Memorandum to H.G. Daniel. Philip Morris U.S.A. Inter-Office Correspondence. March 25, 1982. Bates No.2043565313-328.

61. Johnston, M., "The Effect of an Excise Tax Increase on Philip Morris Sales" Memorandum to Harry G. Daniel. Philip Morris U.S.A., Inter-Office Correspondence. July 12, 1982. Bates No.2045259373-374.

62. Johnston, M., "Handling an Excise Tax Increase" Memorandum to Jon Zoler. Philip Morris U.S.A. Inter-Office Correspondence. September 3, 1987. Bates No.2058122240-241.

63. KPMG Peat Marwick, Policy Economic Group. "Analysis of Cigarette Price Elasticities", Prepared for the internal use of: Philip Morris, U.S.A. February 1990. Bates No.2044982672-689.

64. McCann, J., "Analysis of Cigarette Price Changes: 1964-1978" Prepared for R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. March 13, 1979.

65. Neville, W.H. (President, Canadian Tobacco Manufacturers' Council). "Taxation of Tobacco Products" Memorandum to Michael Wilson (Minister of Finance), January 8, 1990; LaRivière, J. (Vice-President, Public Affairs). Letter to Gilles Loiselle (MP), February 1, 1990.

66. Neville, W., (President, Canadian Tobacco Manufacturers' Council), Letter to Michael Wilson, Minister of Finance. March 13, 1991.

67. Neville, W. (President, Canadian Tobacco Manufacturers' Council), Testimony before the House of Commons Legislative Committee F on Bill C-10, An Act to amend the Excise Tax Act and the Excise Act. September 26, 1991.

68. Novak, G. (R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co.) "Price Elasticity Among Younger Adult Smokers" Memorandum to J.W. Johnston, H.J. Lees. September 20, 1982.

69. Philip Morris Companies Inc., 10-Q filing with the U.S. Securities Exchange Commission, August 13, 1999.

70. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. document, "Attachment A. Importance of Price Impact by Age/Sex to Total Industry" (10/6/82). 1982.

71. RJR-Macdonald Inc., "Strategic Business Unit. RJR-Macdonald Inc. Canada. 1985 Operating Plan." September 19, 1984.

72. Rothmans Inc. Annual Report 1988. 1988.

73. Rothmans Inc. Annual Report 1989. 1989.

74. Rothmans Inc. Annual Report 1990. 1990.

75. Rothmans Inc. Annual Report 1991. 1991.

76. Rothmans Inc. Annual Report 1992. 1992.

77. Rothmans Inc. Annual Report 1995. 1995.

78. Rothmans Inc. Annual Report 2000. 2000.

79. Schwab, C., "Cigarette Attributes and Quitting" Memorandum to John Heironimus. Philip Morris USA Inter-Office Correspondence. April 3, 1993. Bates No.2045447810.



Studies and Literature / Études et littérature


80. Action on Smoking and Health [Canada]. "Tobacco Taxation in Alberta". ASH Position Paper #1. Edmonton, Alberta. April 1993.

81. Action on Smoking and Health [U.K.] et al [57 organizations]. "Tobacco Taxation: A Submission to the Chancellor of the Exchequer by Health and Welfare Organizations. November 1994 Budget" 1994.

82. Adrianza, M., "Public Policy Issues," In: 8th World Conference on Tobacco or Health, Building a Tobacco-Free World. March 30-April 3, 1992. Buenos Aires, Argentina. (American Cancer Society, 1994). pp.51-53.

83. Alberta Tobacco Reduction Alliance, "Tobacco Tax Brief" August 2001.

84. Alchin, T.M. "Future Tobacco Taxation in Australia," In: Slama, K., ed. Tobacco and Health: Proceedings from the 9th World Conference on Tobacco and Health. (New York: Plenum Press, 1995), pp.955-58.

85. Allen, M.J., "Tobacco Tax - The New Zealand Experience," In: American Cancer Society, American Medical Association, The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. 11th World Conference on Tobacco OR Health. Promoting a Future Without Tobacco. Abstracts. Vol. 3. August, 6-11, 2000. Chicago, Illinois, USA, p.599.

86. Allen, R.C. (Professor of Economics, Department of Economics, University of British Columbia). "The False Dilemma: The Impact of Tobacco Control Policies on Employment in Canada" February 1993, and accompanying news release and highlights.

87. Allen, R.C. (Visiting Professor of Economics, Department of Economics, Harvard University) "The Health and Economic Impact of Tobacco Tax Rollback." Harvard University, Department of Economics. Cambridge, Massachusetts. January 1994.

88. Allen, R.C. (Professor of Economics, University of British Columbia) "Rising Tobacco Consumption in Canada, 1994". January 29, 1995.

89. Andrews, R.L., Franke G.R. "The Determinants of Cigarette Consumption: A Meta-Analysis," Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 1991; 10(1): 81-100.

90. Angus Reid Group, Inc. "Study on Smoking and Taxation Issues". Prepared for: Canadian Heart and Stroke Foundation. Ottawa, Ontario. January 1992.

91. Atkinson, A.B., "Smoking and the Economics of Government Intervention," In: Perlman, M. (ed.), The Economics of Health and Medical Care, Proceedings of a Conference held by the International Economic Association at Tokyo. Macmillion. 1974.

92. Atkinson, A.B., Skegg, J.L., "Anti-Smoking Publicity and the Demand for Tobacco in the U.K.," The Manchester School 1973;41:265-282.

93. Australian Cancer Society, National Heart Foundation. "Federal Excise Duty on Tobacco: A Proposal to the Federal Parliament; May 1998 Budget." 1998.

94. Baltagi, B.H., Goel, R.K., "Quasi-Experimental Price Elasticities of Cigarette Demand and the Bootlegging Effect," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 1987;69(4):750-754.

95. Baltagi, B.H., Levin, D. "Estimating Dynamic Demand for Cigarettes Using Panel Data: The Effects of Bootlegging, Taxation and Advertising Reconsidered," Review of Economics and Statistics 1986; 68: 148-155.

96. Barnett, P.G., Keeler, T.E., Hu, T.-W. "Oligopoly Structure and the Incidence of Cigarette Excise Taxes," Journal of Public Economics 1995; 57: 457-470.

97. Becker, G.S., Grossman, M., Murphy, K.M. "An Empirical Analysis of Cigarette Addiction." National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No.3322. Cambridge, MA. April 1990.

98. Becker, G.S., Grossman, M., Murphy, K.M. "Rational Addiction and the Effect of Price on Consumption," AEA Papers and Proceedings 1991; 81(2): 237-241.

99. Becker, G.S., Murphy, K.M. "A Theory of Rational Addiction," Journal of Political Economy 1988; 96(4): 675-700.

100. Biener, L., Aseltine, R.H. JR, Cohen B., Anderka, M. "Reactions of Adult and Teenaged Smokers to the Massachusetts Tobacco Tax" American Journal of Public Health 1998; 88(9): 1389-91.

101. Bishop, J.A., Yoo, J.H. " 'Health Scare', Excise Taxes and Advertising Ban in the Cigarette Demand and Supply," Southern Economic Journal 1985; 52(2): 402-411.

102. Bjornson, W., Sahr, R.C., Moore, J., Balshem, H., Fleming, D., Strouse, R., Hall, J., Steel, B.S. "Tobacco Tax Initiative - Oregon 1996," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 1997; 46(11): 246-248. [note: quotation is from an Editorial Note accompanying the article]

103. Bosanquet, N., "Have Higher Tax Rates Reduced the European Smoking Rate?" In: Slama, K., ed. Tobacco and Health: Proceedings from the 9th World Conference on Tobacco and Health. (New York: Plenum Press, 1995), pp.213-216.

104. Brown, A.B. "Cigarette Taxes and Smoking Restrictions: Impacts and Policy Implications," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 1995; 77: 946-951.

105. Brown, A.B. (Hugh C. Kiger Associate Professor of Agricultural and Resource Economics, North Carolina State University) "The Effect of Cigarette Price on Cigarette Consumption: A Partial Summary of Research Findings." North Carolina State University. February 26, 1998.

106. Brown, A.B. (North Carolina State University). "Long Run Effects of a $1.50 per Pack Increase in Cigarette Taxes." March 20, 1998.

107. Brown, K.S., Taylor, T.E., Madill, C.L., Cameron, R. "The Relationship Between the Tobacco Tax Decrease and Smoking Among Youth: Results of a Survey in South-Western Ontario." Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Working Paper Series #14, Toronto, 1996.

108. Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids [U.S.]. "Increasing Cigarette Taxes Reduces Smoking Among Youth (And the Cigarette Companies Know It)," [Fact Sheet]. The National Center for Tobacco-Free Kids. November 1, 1999.

109. Canadian Association of Optometrists, Canadian Cancer Society, Canadian Centre for Substance Abuse, Canadian Council on Smoking and Health, Canadian Medical Association, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, The Lung Association, Non-Smokers' Rights Association, Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada. "Closing the Loopholes: The Treatment of Tobacco Taxation in the 1992 Federal Budget. A Submission to the Minister of Finance, The Honourable Donald Mazankowski" Ottawa, Ontario. December 1991.

110. Canadian Cancer Society. "Protecting Health and Revenue: An Action Plan to Control Contraband and Tax-Exempt Tobacco" Ottawa, Ontario. January 1994.

111. Canadian Cancer Society. "Advancing Public Health: Recommendations for a Major Tobacco Tax Increase" January 12, 1999.

112. Canadian Cancer Society, Canadian Council on Smoking and Health, Canadian Dental Association, Canadian Medical Association, Canadian Oncology Society, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, The Lung Association, Non-Smokers' Rights Association, Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada "Tobacco Taxation in Canada: New Directions. A Submission to the Honourable Paul Martin, Minister of Finance" Ottawa, Ontario. February 1995.

113. Canadian Cancer Society, Canadian Council on Smoking and Health, Canadian Lung Association, Canadian Medical Association, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, Non-Smokers' Rights Association, Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada. "Tobacco Tax Policy in Canada, A Health Perspective. A Submission to the Minister of Finance, The Honourable Michael Wilson" Ottawa, Ontario. January 1990.

114. Canadian Cancer Society, Canadian Council on Smoking and Health, Canadian Medical Association, Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada. "Sustaining a Successful Policy: The Treatment of Tobacco Taxation in the 1991 Federal Budget. A Submission to the Minister of Finance, The Honourable Michael Wilson" Ottawa, Ontario. December 1990.

115. Canadian Cancer Society, Coalition québécoise pour le contrôle du tabac, Non-Smokers' Rights Association, Ontario Campaign for Action on Tobacco, Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada, "Tobacco Taxes in Canada" 2000.

116. Canadian Cancer Society, Non-Smokers' Rights Association, Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada, Quebec Coalition on Tobacco Control. "Surveying the Damage: Cut-rate Tobacco Products and Public Health in the 1990's" Ottawa, Ontario. October 1999.

117. Canadian Department of Finance. "Budget Papers. Tabled in the House of Commons by the Honourable Michael H. Wilson, Minister of Finance" April 27, 1989.

118. Canadian Department of Finance. "Tobacco Taxes Increased" February 13, 1998 [news release]. Downloaded September 23, 2001, www.fin.gc.ca/news98/98-019e.html

119. Canadian Department of Finance. "Tobacco Tax Increases Announced" November 5, 1999 [news release]. Downloaded September 23, 2001, www.fin.gc.ca/news99/99-096e.html

120. Chaloupka, F., "Clean Indoor Air Laws, Addiction and Cigarette Smoking," Applied Economics 1992;24:193-205.

121. Chaloupka, F.J. (Professor of Economics, University of Illinois at Chicago; Research Associate, National Bureau of Economic Research) "How Effective are Taxes in Reducing Tobacco Consumption?" March 1999.

122. Chaloupka, F.J. "The Impact of Proposed Cigarette Price Increases," Health Science Analysis Project (The Advocacy Institute). Washington, D.C. May 1998. Policy Analysis No. 9.

123. Chaloupka, F.J. "Macro-Social Influences: The Effects of Prices and Tobacco Control Policies on the Demand for Tobacco Products," Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 1999; 1 (Supp. 1): S105-S109.

124. Chaloupka, F.J. "Rational Addictive Behavior and Cigarette Smoking," Journal of Political Economy 1991; 99(4): 722-742.

125. Chaloupka, F.J., Grossman, M. "Price, Tobacco Control Policies and Youth Smoking," National Bureau of Economic Research. Cambridge, MA. September 1996. Working Paper No. 5740.

126. Chaloupka, F.J., Pacula, R.L. "Sex and Race Differences in Young People's Responsiveness to Price and Tobacco Control Policies," Tobacco Control 1999; 8: 373-377.

127. Chaloupka, F.J., Pacula, R.L., Farrelly, M.C., Johnston, L.D., O'Malley, P.M., Bray, J.W. "Do Higher Cigarette Prices Encourage Youth to Use Marijuana?" Working Paper 6939. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA. February 1999.

128. Chaloupka, F.J, Saffer, H., "Clean Indoor Air Laws and the Demand for Cigarettes," Contemporary Policy Issues 1992; 10: 72-83.

129. Chaloupka, F.J., Tauras, J.A., Grossman, M. "Public Policy and Youth Smokeless Tobacco Use," Southern Economic Journal 1997; 64(2): 503-516.

130. Chaloupka, F.J., Wechsler, H. "Price, Tobacco Control Policies and Smoking Among Young Adults," Journal of Health Economics 1997; 16(3): 359-73.

131. Chapman, S., Richardson, J. "Tobacco Excise and Declining Tobacco Consumption: The Case of Papua New Guinea" American Journal of Public Health 1990; 80(5): 537-540.

132. Choi, B.C.K., Ferrence, R.G., Pak, A.W.P. "Evaluating the Effects of Price on the Demand for Tobacco Products: Review of Methodologies and Studies." Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Literature Review Series No. 11, Toronto, April 1997.

133. Coalition on Smoking OR Health [U.S.]. "Saving Lives and Raising Revenue: The Case for a $2 Federal Tobacco Tax Increase." Washington, DC. July 1994.

134. Coalition on Smoking OR Health [U.S.]. "Tobacco, Health, and Jobs: Myths and Realities" World Smoking and Health 1994; 19(1): 9-10.

135. Collishaw, N. (Bureau of Tobacco Control and Biometrics, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Department of National Health and Welfare [Canada]. "Tobacco Pricing" Working Paper 12/84. October 1984.

136. Collishaw, N.E. (Tobacco or Health Programme, World Health Organization) "Canada: Dealing with Further Attacks After the Main Victory; Background notes for a presentation to the Special Symposium: Case histories - Successes and failures in developing national tobacco control programmes" Third International Conference on Preventive Cardiology. Oslo, Norway. June 30, 1993.

137. Collishaw, N.E., Rogers, B., "Tobacco in Canada," Canadian Pharmaceutical Journal; 1984; 117(4): 147-150.

138. Connolly, G.N. "Taxing Other Tobacco Products" World Smoking and Health 1994; 19(1): 13-14.

139. Cox, H.S., Williams, J.W., de Courten, M.P., Chitson, P., Tuomilehto, J., Zimmet, P.Z., "Decreasing Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking in the Middle Income Country of Mauritius: Questionnaire Survey," British Medical Journal 2000; 321: 345-349.

140. Cunningham, R. Smoke & Mirrors: The Canadian Tobacco War (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 1996).

141. Cunningham, R. (Senior Policy Analyst, Canadian Cancer Society). "Re: Tobacco Taxes and Draft Report on Pre-Budget Consultations" Letter to Chair and Members, Standing Committee on Finance, House of Commons. November 30, 1998.

142. DeCicca, P., Kendkel, D., Mathios, A. "Putting Out the Fires: Will Higher Taxes Reduce Youth Smoking?" Department of Policy Analysis & Management, Cornell University. December 1997.

143. Douglas, S. "The Duration of the Smoking Habit" Economic Inquiry 1998; 36: 49-64.

144. Emery, S., White, M.M., Pierce, J.P. "Does Cigarette Price Influence Adolescent Experimentation?" Journal of Health Economics 2001; 20: 261-270.

145. Evans, W.N. (Department of Economics, University of Maryland), Huang, L.X. (NORC) "Cigarette Taxes and Teen Smoking: New Evidence from Panels of Repeated Cross-Sections". April 15, 1998.

146. Evans, W.N., Ringel, J.S. "Can Higher Cigarette Taxes Improve Birth Outcomes?" Journal of Public Economics 1999; 72: 135-154.

147. Evans, W.N. (Department of Economics, University of Maryland), Ringel, J.S. (Jeanne S. Ringel, Department of Economics, Louisiana State University), Stech, D. (Department of Economics, University of Maryland) "Tobacco Taxes and Public Policy to Discourage Smoking," November 6, 1998.

148. Farrelly, M.C, Bray, J.W. "Response to Increases in Cigarette Prices by Race/Ethnicity, Income, and Age Groups - United States, 1976-1993," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 1998; 47(29): 605-609.

149. Ferrence, R.G., Garcia, J.M., Sykora, K., Collishaw, N.E., Farinon, L. "Effects of Pricing on Cigarette Use Among Teenagers and Adults in Canada 1980-1989." Addiction Research Foundation, February 1991.

150. Flewelling, R.L., Kenney, E., Elder, J.P., Pierce, J., Johnson, M., Bal, D.G. "First-Year Impact of the 1989 California Cigarette Tax Increase on Cigarette Consumption," American Journal of Public Health 1992; 82(6): 867-869.

151. Fujii, E.T. "The Demand for Cigarettes: Further Empirical Evidence and its Implications for Public Policy," Applied Economics 1980; 12: 479-489.

152. Galbraith, J.W., Kaiserman, M. "The Response of Youth Smoking Prevalence to Price: Evidence from the Youth Smoking Survey." 1999.

153. Galbraith, J.W., Kaiserman, M. "Taxation, Smuggling and Demand for Cigarettes in Canada: Evidence from Time-Series Data," Journal of Health Economics 1997; 16: 287-301.

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