ÿWPC Ç}f&`šY‡#‹ºbRtQþ±Ð…>Íëšš‰ÌJ›oOû#î—±|¾Úˆ‚ï¡o é‹ï4#"Ì6áØf¸Râö”íBâ·5ûòQ2Û€”hŸ˜gÊŽ“[ökqæˆ0 ¥l¢ ó<èjXÛ×äÃÊK1*×5#lº6Ñ ¶ƒºR>fø»SvE:ŽÂð¿û›”ýUYá[Ô¬¶Ž–'‚_Ö¥2è®Ûl‘"4wôJZœ«ŒØØí8x®XÁ€<7V­žÑEA\Xöó |ÀŸ&ÒŸäo FÑñÖ6—1Ï®Gù,UNì8¼uº »O&M*¹a Œ²õʱ!§­ø¡u}ÇðYp{ÊMÕ™0œ£ê%dÞÿùíKr<=`Ö×Ε$‚¸Ä̾³`ýT,Á[½q,Ù'Ÿ«– û¢„ P5}R¯_libŠYÿ¸ ™ȳØ+²HúY9Ù•æL÷èžÝÉ9(wV’Äõ”ÍÆØˆ…ñ&†æþŸËñ=Z1Gþš ´mbXáQ¨£@’×5ìcúþ„ bKGBYobJË”nhh>V3·WŒÝØ5yØ]ÃPÞú=šÜÉÕ-IO#¿g²gzPw—EX/¦#!–UN· % 0( ^ 3w@?4“¢ m¤UN» NUN!Fo 0NµF 1uI 0c¾ 0w! 0Š˜ 0 " 0´Â 0Çv 0Û= 0ï 1‰ † ˜HP DeskJet 540 Printer ,,,, 0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡[mD(Þ >>D>D> >D!>">#>/$>%>Džq'.bk13|x%>ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular Ñ e Ñ(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman Regular<http://www.tobaccoresolution.com>(ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔ<http://www.tobaccodocuments.org>;3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à(Oé;$µµà0  àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` (#(#à(b·¤$¶¶à0  àà0` (#(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¸ ` (#` (#à(xir$··à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0¸ (#¸ (#à(ŒÜ$¸¸à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0h(#(#à(ŸF$¹¹à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0Àh(#h(#à(³Àô$ººà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0À(#À(#à(ǵ{$»»à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0p(#(#àxò–Gaeimquy}Bullet ListBullets List Verband R.J.websiteswebsiteOCRd RJRAdlkoferÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ8€GAXXdìdÈ8ÑÑ  ÑÑ€ ïOÑÔ‡ XGAXXXÔÑ  ÑÔ‡ „ð«„X XGAÔà@¦ ¦ "ìàò òSHAMEFUL€SCIENCE:ˆÐ ° ÐÌÌà@@@ìàÔ#† XGAX„ „ð««#ÔFour€Decades€of€the€Tobacco€Industryððs€Hidden€Research€on€Smoking€and€Healthó óˆÐ Ð  ÐÌÌÌÌà@ÜÜìàòòò òÔ_ÔNorbertÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔHirschhornÔ_Ô,€MDˆÐ l ¼ Ðà@š š ìàConsultant€to€the€World€Health€OrganizationˆÌÌÌÌÌSeptember€5,€1999ó óóóÐ ôD ÐÐ  à0 ÐÔ_Ôò òòòà@ÌÌ$ìàIntroductionóóˆÐ ° Ðà  àó óI€present€here€annotations€of€over€500€tobacco€industry€documents,€along€with€muchÐ œì Ðsupporting€material€from€other€sources,€that€tell€a€four„decadesðð€story€of€the€smoking€and€healthÏresearch€program€sponsored€by€the€members€of€the€Association€of€€Cigarette€Industries€ofÏGermany€(ð ðVerbandðð).€€Its€members€include€the€German€and€Austrian€cigarette€manufacturers€asÏwell€as€the€transnational€firms€of€Philip€Morris,€R.J.€Reynolds,€and€British€American€Tobacco.Ìà  àThe€documents€were€found€in€three€locations:€1)€On€the€websites€managed€by€theÏAmerican€tobacco€companies€at€<Ô4‚Ý 8ÔÝ‚ÍOÝÔÿÔòòÝ  ÝÔ5  Ôhttp://www.tobaccoresolution.com>Ô6oÔÝ‚ÍOƒƒÝóóÔÿÔÝ  ÝÔ7Ý „±Ô€;€these€are€marked€€€#€€.€€Ð $ t Ð2)€On€the€website€that€holds€the€39,000€Ô_ÔOCRððdÔ_Ô€secret€ð ðattorney„client€privilegeðð€documentsÏsubpoenaed€by€the€US€Congress,€at€<Ô4‚Ý \ÔÝ‚ÍOÝÔÿÔòòÝ  ÝÔ5  Ôhttp://www.tobaccodocuments.org>Ô6 ÔÝ‚ÍO!ƒÝóóÔÿÔÝ  ÝÔ7Ý ¨OÔ€;€these€are€marked€€*€.€Ð ü L  Ð3)€The€Minnesota€Tobacco€Document€Depository.€€Explanatory€material€is€marked€ò ò[N.B.....]ó ó.Ô#†XGAXX XGA€#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAԀРè 8  ÐÔ#†XGAXX XGA‚#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔThe€annotations€are€presented€chronologicallyÔ#†XGAXX XGAÚ#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ€except€for€the€first€two,€which€give€the€backgroundÐ Ø(  Ðof€the€German€research€program€and€tell€why€American€firms€became€involved.€Ìà  àSome€relevant€documents€are€still€to€be€found.€€While€nearly€all€the€documents€annotatedÏhere€come€from€Philip€Morris€and€RJR,€a€large€cache€of€British€American€Tobacco€documents€onÏthe€Verband€are€held€at€the€BAT€Depository€in€Guildford,€England,€and€have€not€yet€been€seen.€ÏNonetheless,€what€is€presented€in€the€next€128€pages€adequately€tells€the€astonishing€story€ofÏcorrupt€science€in€the€service€of€a€deeply€flawed€product.€€€The€selected€quotations€will€astonishÏeven€those€who€have€become€inured€to€what€has€already€been€discovered,€ð ðin€their€own€words.ððÌà  àBeyond€the€petty€squabbles€and€unpleasant€characters,€the€story€can€be€boiled€down€to€aÏfew€essential€themes€that€thread€themselves€throughout€the€annotations.ÌÌÓL€ ò–y3LÓÝ ‚3£ ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£= ÝÔ2ò–ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝThe€company€scientists€had€to€struggle€with€the€accumulating€and€on„rushing€evidenceÐ üL Ðthat€theirs€is€one€of€the€foulest€products€(in€the€environmental€sense)€sold€to€be€taken€intoÏhuman€bodies.€€That€struggle€was€seldom€openly€or€honestly€fought.݃3£= h ݌Р(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ ‚3£ ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£óÝÔ2ò–ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝEven€as€some€of€the€scientists€hoped,€in€vain,€to€create€the€ð ðsafer€cigarette,ðð€companyÐ ¬ü Ðlawyers€were€focused€entirely€on€avoiding€litigation,€and€loss€when€sued.€€An€army€ofÏpublic€relations€experts,€front„organizations,€and€corrupted€consultants€served€the€lawyers,Ïnot€the€truth;€the€companies,€not€the€public.݃3£ó݌Р(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ ‚3£ ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£òÝÔ2ò–ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝThe€German€tobacco€scientists,€led€by€the€wily€Professor€Franz€X.€Adlkofer,€managed€toÐ H!˜ Ðintegrate€and€ingratiate€themselves€with€leading€researchers,€academics€and€governmentÏofficials;€even€with€some€who€were€strongly€anti„tobacco.€€This€gave€the€German€industryÏthe€prestige€and€time€to€carry€out€research,€and€the€ability€to€influence€policy€not€just€inÏGermany€but€throughout€Europe€and€other€continents,€even€until€today.݃3£ò݌Р(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ ‚3£ ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£\ÝÔ2ò–ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝThe€German€scientists€knew€from€the€start€that€the€true€battleground€was,€and€still€is,Ð Ð& "% Ðòòpassive€smokingóó.€€Their€worry€was€not€so€much€whether€smoking€caused€disease€ð!ð€theyÐ ¼' #& Ðknew€early€on€it€did€ð!ð€but€they€were€obsessed€by€the€evidence€that€tobacco€poisonsÏreleased€into€the€air€could€affect€the€health€of€nonsmokers;€and€they€did€everything€theyÏcould€to€deny,€distort,€suppress,€and€finally€ignore€the€overwhelming€evidence.€€Ýƒ3£\‡ÝŒÐ (#(# ÐŒÝ  Ýò òòòÐ l+¼&* Ðà@``$ìàThe€documentsóóó óˆÐ ° Ð*€27€June€1980,€€Edwin€Jacob€of€the€law€firm€Jacob€&€Ô_ÔMedingerÔ_Ô,€€RJR€50468„1987„8,€Ì504682009€„€2011,€ð ðððJames€K.€€Johnston€Smoking€Issues€„€Briefing€Book.ððÌà  àThe€legal€briefing€for€an€incoming€CEO€gives€the€history€and€suggests€the€rationale€for€theÏAmerican€cigarette€companiesðð€interest€in€funding€and€directing€the€research€done€by€the€VerbandÌÌà0  àòòThe€European€tobacco€industryððs€approach€to€the€smoking€and€health€controversy€hasÐ 8 ˆ Ðalways€been€markedly€different€from€the€approach€taken€by€the€American€industry.€ÏSeveral€factors€probably€account€for€this€difference.€€„„€In€the€early€1950s,€the€AmericanÏindustry€was€run€largely€by€people€with€an€agricultural€outlook,€who€were€basicallyÏskeptical€of€the€claims€being€made€about€smoking.€€In€contrast,€the€European€industry,Ïparticularly€the€English€industry,€was€dominated€in€its€consideration€of€the€health€issueÏby€chemists€and€other€scientists€who€often€lacked€a€biological€background.€€TheseÏindustry€scientists€saw€the€statistical€association,€saw€carcinogens€in€tobacco€condensateÏand€concluded€that€the€smoking€and€lung€cancer€causation€claim€was€scientificallyÏestablished.€€The€European€industry€took€the€position€from€the€beginning€that€they€had€aÏbad€product,€and€that€attitude€prevails€today.€€The€commencement€of€litigation€in€theÏUnited€States€in€1954€encouraged€an€already€skeptical€American€industry€to€maintain,€ifÏscientifically€defensible,€the€view€that€the€case€against€smoking€had€not€been€proven.€ÏThe€litigation€also€required€lawyers€for€the€American€industry€to€find€eminent€scientists,Ïfrom€many€disciplines,€who€were€of€the€opinion€that€smoking€had€not€been€scientificallyÏestablished€as€a€cause€of€lung€cancer.€€When€they€were€found,€they€were€encouraged€byÏconsultation€with€their€colleagues€and€by€continued€analysis€and€research€to€maintainÏtheir€views.€€With€the€absence€of€lawsuits€in€Europe,€the€European€industry€seemedÏcontent€not€to€contest€vigorously€the€claims€made€against€smoking....€Particularly€inÏEngland,€the€industry€found€that€the€questioning€of€government€policy€and€the€like€by€theÏfew€scientists€who€disagreed€and€who€were€encouraged€in€research€by€the€industry€wasÏan€embarrassment....€As€a€result€of€the€difference€from€the€U.S.€picture,€the€EuropeanÏindustry€did€not€establish€organizations€to€fund€independent€scientists€who€couldÏinvestigate€whether€or€not€smoking€is€a€cause€of€human€disease.€€Instead,€industryÏlaboratories€were€established€by€the€English€industry€at€Harrogate€and€by€the€GermanÏindustry€in€Hamburg,€seemingly€in€order€to€examine€how€smoking€might€operate€in€theÏcausation€of€disease...€After€the€Royal€College€of€Physicians€Report€was€published€inÏ1962,€the€response€of€the€English€industry€was€muted,€not€vigorously€opposing€the€laterÏdeveloping€views€that€remedial€steps€should€be€taken.€€Ultimately,€this€led€to€variousÏrestrictions€on€advertising,€etc....€As€to€the€German€industryððs€institute,€it€developed€overÏthe€years€the€problems€that€the€American€industry€had€anticipated€with€an€industryÏlaboratory.€€The€Germans€have€established€a€research€program€to€replace€their€Institute.ÏMeanwhile,€the€English€industry€has€sold€its€laboratory€(Harrogate)€to€Ô_ÔHazeltonÔ_Ô,€whichÏis€still€carrying€forward€some€industry„financed€research....€Recently,€the€EuropeanÏpicture€has€become€clouded€by€growing€recognition€of€the€possibility€that€litigationÏproblems,€formerly€reserved€to€the€United€States,€might€now€crop€up€in€Europe€andÏelsewhere.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óó€€Ðh+¸&*(#(# ÐÔ#†XGAXX XGAI #ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ*€23€July€1992,€memo,€Charles€R.€Wall€to€Murray€H.€Bring€(both€PM€counsels),€PM€2022850392Ð ° Є€0402,€ð ðPhilip€Morris€Research.ððÌà  àWall€describes€funding€to€various€individuals€and€institutions€around€the€world€(seeÏdocuments€for€these€names).€€With€respect€to€the€Verband,€Wall€gives€the€rationale€for€supportingÏresearch€in€Germany:òòÐ `° ÐÌà0  àI€view€with€some€concern€the€research€effort€in€Germany.€€The€Research€CouncilÏoperates€much€like€the€Ô_ÔSABÔ_Ô€[Scientific€Advisory€Board]€of€the€Ô_ÔCTRÔ_Ô,€and€supportsÏresearch€based€on€grant€applications.€€Much€of€the€research€focuses€on€nicotine....€TheÏResearch€Councilððs€budget€is€approximately€2,500,000€DM,€of€which€our€share€isÏ$519,880.€€There€is€additional€research€funded€by€the€industry€outside€of€the€ResearchÏCouncil,€and€that€amount€is€budgeted€in€1992€at€approximately€2,900,000€DM,€of€whichÏour€share€is€$603,060.€€It€is€this€latter€research€that€I€believe€could€be€reduced€without€aÏsignificant€downside€to€the€industry....€Our€scientists€feel,€however,€that€it€is€important€toÏkeep€the€research€money€in€Germany,€i.e.,€continue€to€support€researchers€in€GermanyÏeven€if€we€are€not€supporting€them€through€the€Verband....€The€relationship€between€theÏindustry€and€the€German€government€seems€to€be€a€good€deal€better€than€theÏrelationship€between€the€industry€and€the€government€in€this€country.€€As€I€understand€it,Ïthere€are€regular€consultations€between€government€and€industry€scientists,€as€well€asÏconstructive€discussions€regarding€smoking„related€laws€and€regulations.€€The€industryÏin€Germany€appears€to€be€more€influential€with€the€government€than€the€industry€in€theÏU.S.€and,€for€that€reason,€the€industry€feels€it€is€important€to€maintain€a€substantialÏresearch€presence.€€Although€I€do€not€believe€litigation€is€imminent€in€Germany,€shouldÏit€occur,€the€fact€that€we€are€sponsoring€research€„„€whether€through€the€Verband,€orÏindividually€„„€could€be€of€substantial€help,€in€convincing€a€court€that€we€are€fulfillingÏour€duty€to€conduct€research.€€Nor€do€I€think€we€should€downplay€the€importance€ofÏhaving€scientific€contacts€in€as€important€a€country€as€Germany..óóШø(#(# ÐÌà  àò ò[N.B.€€In€1975,€the€Verband€closed€its€Research€Institute€laboratory,€leasing€theÐ €Ð Ðfacility€to€the€German€Government€for€a€nominal€one€DM€a€year.€According€to€the€1980ÏBBC€Panorama€program€exposing€the€practices€of€the€British€American€TobaccoÏCompany,€Verband€did€so€because€the€Instituteððs€Director,€Professor€W.€Ô_ÔDontenwillÔ_Ô,€hadÏdemonstrated€laryngeal€cancer€in€hamsters€inhaling€cigarette€smoke€(W.€Ô_ÔDontenwillÔ_Ô,€et€al.ÏJournal€of€the€National€Cancer€Institute€1973,€vol.€51,€1781„1832),€and€cardiovascularÏdisease€in€pigs.€€According€to€Panorama,€a€secret€Verband€meeting€pensioned€off€Dr.ÏÔ_ÔDontenwillÔ_Ô€with€1.6€million€DM,€the€equivalent€of€ten€years€salary.€€The€Research€InstituteÏwas€replaced€by€an€ð ðindependentðð€research€funding€agency€supported€by€the€German€andÏtransnational€cigarette€industry,€with€a€Research€Council€used€to€approve€researchÏproposals€coming€from€various€scientists€and€institutions.]ó óÐ ¸'#& ÐÌÔ#†XGAXX XGA$#ÔÔUKUS.,ÔÔ‡XGAXXXGAÔ#€1€April€1963,€ð ðDraft€International€Agreement€on€Exchange€of€Information...€[between]€theÐ )à$( Ðâ âTobacco€Research€Council€on€behalf€of€its€member€companies.€and€the€Ô_ÔWissenschaftlicheÔ_ÔÐ |*Ì%) ÐÔ_ÔForschungsstelleÔ_Ô€im€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€der€Ô_ÔCigarettenÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔIndustrieÔ_Ô€on€behalf€of€its€member€companies,ðð€BATÏ(File€no.€€B4908)€10536891€„€8919€(located€in€the€Minnesota€Tobacco€Depository).Ìâ âà  àA€contract€on€mutual€information€and€cooperative€research€„€a€ð ðgentlemanððs€agreementððÏto€share€results€pointing€to€a€cigarette€less€likely€to€cause€cancer.Ìà0  àÐ (#(# Ðà0  àòòThe€Tobacco€Research€Council€[UK]€and€the€Ô_ÔWissenschaftlicheÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔForschungsstelleÔ_Ô€agreeÐ L œ Ðby€this€contract€to€submit€to€each€other€without€delay€the€following€Ô_ÔinformationsÔ_Ô€whichÏhave€to€includeóó€òòall€technological€details€of€manufacture.€€These€are:€1.€€InformationÐ $ t Ðabout€modifications€to€cigarettes€or€other€tobacco€products€which€have€been€shown€to€beÏbeneficial€to€human€health.€€2.€€Information€about€modifications€to€cigarettes€or€otherÏtobacco€products€the€smoke€or€smoke€condensate€of€which€have€been€shown€to€produceÏless€biological€activity€to€an€extent€that€was€statistically€significant,€a)€in€a€test€(or€tests)Ïof€a€type€that€was€relevant€for€lung€cancer€or€other€human€diseases....Both€the€TobaccoÏResearch€Council€and€the€Ô_ÔWissenschaftlicheÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔForschungsstelleÔ_Ô€respectively€will€endeavourÏto€conclude€equal€contracts€with€AUSTRIA€Ô_ÔABAKWERKE,ViennaÔ_Ô...Ô_ÔADMINISTRAZIONEÔ_ÔÏDEI€Ô_ÔMONOPOLIÔ_Ô€DI€Ô_ÔSTATOÔ_Ô,€Rome...SERVICE€Ô_ÔDððEXPLOITATIONÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔINDUSTRIELLEÔ_ÔÏDES€Ô_ÔTABACSÔ_Ô€ET€DES€Ô_ÔALLUMETTESÔ_Ô,€Paris...Ô_ÔSVENSKAÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔTOBAKSÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔAKTIBOLAGETÔ_Ô,ÏStockholm...Ô_ÔVEREIGNIGTEÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔTABAKFABRIKENÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔAG,NeuchatelÔ_Ô.€óóò òÐ\¬(#(# ÐÌà  à[Ô_ÔN.B.Ô_Ô€€The€first€ð ðgentlemenððsðð€agreement€to€share€results€leading€to€cigarettesÏcausing€less€cancer.€ó óòòóóÔ#†XGAXXXGA2#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔÔUS.,UK.,2Ôà ¸ àò òA€1983€memo€by€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô€Senior€Scientist€Alan€Ô_ÔRodgmanÔ_Ô€and€Assoc.Ð  p ÐDirector€Frank€Colby€(17€December€1997,€Deposition€of€Frank€G.€€Colby€ð ðIn€The€Matter€ofÏState€of€Minnesota,€et€al.€€V.€€Philip€Morris,€et€al.,ðð€pages€54„5),€ð ðSmoking€and€HealthÏRelated€Research€Conducted€by€Philip€Morris,ðð€relates€that€ð ðThroughout€the€domesticÏindustry,€two€gentlemenððs€agreements€operative€in€the€early€days,ðð€agreed€that€ð ðanyÏcompany€discovering€an€innovation€permitting€the€fabrication€of€an€essentially€safeÏcigarette€would€share€the€discovery€with€others€in€the€industry;ðð€and€that€ð ðno€domesticÏcompany€would€use€intact€animals€in„house€in€biomedical€research.ðð€This€alone€would€haveÏprompted€the€major€transnational€firms€to€look€to€the€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€to€sponsor€such€research€inÏGermany.€€€*€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô€500877291€„7294,€6€December€1979,€gives€the€statutes€of€the€ResearchÏCouncil€for€Smoking€and€Health,€its€Secretariat,€the€Cigarette€Industry€Association€and€itsÏScientific€Department.€#€PM€2001228258,€circa€1970s,€gives€the€organizational€chartÏð ðScientific€Department€of€the€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€der€Ô_ÔCigarettenÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔIndustrieÔ_Ô,€directed€by€ð ðProf.€Dr.Ïmed.ðð€Franz€Ô_ÔAdlkoferÔ_Ô,€with€a€Research€Council€for€Smoking€and€Health€and€its€SecretariatÏadvising€Prof.€€Ô_ÔAdlkoferÔ_Ô€and€the€industry€laboratory€in€Munich.]Ìó óÌÔ#†XGAXX XGAò<#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ#€21€May€1963,€letter,€from€Ô_ÔLoetÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔVelmansÔ_Ô,€executive€Vice€President€Hill€&€KnowltonÐ à%0!$ ÐInternational€to€Helmut€Ô_ÔSchanzerÔ_Ô€of€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô€501477795€„€7798.Ìà  àFollowing€closely€on€the€April€ð ðgentlemenððs€agreementðð€this€is€the€first€approach€of€anÏAmerican€public€relations€firm€closely€identified€with€the€tobacco€industry€proposing€to€representÏÔ_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€and€provide€consultation,€ð ðwith€detailed€suggestions€on€how€to€deal€with€the€situation€ifÏand€when€the€lung€cancer€controversy€should€become€a€major€public€issue€in€the€FederalÏRepublic.ðð€Hill€&€Knowlton€work€closely€with€Campbell„Johnson€in€England,€another€industry€PRÐ h+¸&* Ðfirm.€Proposed€consultants€include€Ô_ÔVelmansÔ_Ô€(a€former€Dutch€oil€company€consultant),€GeraldÏSchroeder€(German„born€US€citizen€with€ties€to€the€1948€presidential€candidate€Thomas€E.ÏDewey)),€Ô_ÔGertaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔTzschaschelÔ_Ô€(German€journalist€with€close€ties€to€the€Bonn€Government).ÌÔ#†XGAXX XGA¦C#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔÌ#€26€August€1964,€minutes,€ð ðDiscussion€at€German€Ô_ÔForschungstelleÔ_Ô.ððÔ#†XGAXX XGA¾H#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ€BAT€(File€no.€B1725€atÐ `° ÐMinnesota€Depository)€105532610€„€2611.€Ìà  àLists€members€of€the€committee€running€the€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô:€Ô_ÔReemstsmaÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔB.A.T.Ô_Ô,€Ô_ÔBrinkmann,Ô_ÔÏÔ_ÔNeuerbergÔ_Ô,€and€a€representative€of€smaller€manufacturers.€ð ðòòThe€first€four€members€have€98%€ofÐ $ t Ðthe€cigarette€trade.óóðð€€Clearly,€BAT€is€the€only€multinational€member€at€this€time€through€itsÐ  ` ÐGerman€subsidiary.€€ð ðòòThe€informal€agreement€between€the€German€cigarette€manufacturers€toÐ ü L  Ðrestrict€advertising€expenditure€had€recently€been€brought€up€to€date€and€was€still€in€operation.óóððÐ è 8  ÐÌ*€13€August€1965,€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô€503272396,€ð ðAbstract€of€Scientific€literature.ððÌà  àEarliest€mention€in€industry€papers€turned€over€to€Minnesota€of€€research€done€at€theÏÔ_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€laboratory€dealing€with€animals€made€to€inhale€cigarette€smoke€and€the€tumorsÏproduced.ÌÔ#†XGAXX XGAiI#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔÌÔ#†XGAXX XGA.N#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ*€19€July€1966,€trip€report,€Ô_ÔR.B.Ô_Ô€Griffith€(Brown€and€Williamson€researcher)€to€A.€Ô_ÔYeamanÔ_ÔÐ \¬ Ð(B&W€in„house€counsel),€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô€680204107€„€4114.Ìà  àDescribes€visits€to€Industry€laboratories€in€England,€Sweden,€Germany,€France.€€TheÏcomments€on€the€German€industry€labs€reveal€at€this€early€date€the€rationale€behind€ð ðsmoking€andÏhealthðð€research€done€by€the€tobacco€companies,€more€for€public€relations€and€political€advantageÏthan€for€preventing€disease.Ìà0  àòòÐ (#(# Ðà0  à[The€Germans]€have€apparently€convinced€their€Minister€of€Health€that€they€know€moreÏabout€smoking€and€health€than€anyone€else,€that€they€are€taking€responsible€actions,€andÏhe€apparently€turns€to€them€for€advice.€€The€German€companies€seem€to€be€workingÏclosely€together,€and€have€decided€that€no€one€can€afford€the€luxury€of€a€temporaryÏcompetitive€advantage€in€the€smoking€and€health€area.€BAT,€for€example,€has€company„¼supported€research€which€shows€that€ð ðKRONEðð€[Ô_ÔspÔ_Ô?],€their€newest€brand,€has€50%€ofÏthe€biological€activity€of€other€brands€(based€on€mouse€skin€painting).€They€will€notÏadvertize€this€under€any€circumstance€and€presumably€will€make€the€processes€usedÏavailable€to€others€when€they€are€certain€there€is€a€health€significance.€€They€do€notÏconsider€that€they€are€in€a€vulnerable€position€because€they€are€conducting€mouse€skinÏpainting€tests,€but€rather€consider€that€this€was€essential€in€establishing€their€positionÏwith€their€Minister€of€Health.€€I€consider€the€German€industry€to€be€in€a€better€positionÏthan€the€industry€of€any€other€country,€and€hope€that€the€U.S.€industry€can€move€in€thatÏdirection.óóÐÌ&"%(#(# ÐÌÔ#†XGAXX XGAqN#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ*€15€January€1969,€K.€€Ô_ÔCarollÔ_Ô€to€M.€€Ô_ÔCrohnÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô€50381„€4318,€ð ðInhalation€experiments€withÐ ¤(ô#' Ðcigarette€smoke.ððÌâ âà  àCites€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€abstract€of€experiments€with€golden€hamsters:€Ð |*Ì%) ÐÔ_Ôà0  àòòLong„term€cigarettes€smoke€exposure€in€hamsters€led€only€occasionally€to€trachealÐ ° Ðâ âpapillomas€and€not€to€squamous€cancer.€€However,€one€could€sensitize€these€animalsÏwith€diethylnitrosamine€and€enhance€the€tumor€production€initiated€by€this€carcinogen€byÏa€variety€of€volatile€irritants€including€tobacco€smoke.óó€€ò ò[N.B.€€Nitrosamines€are€aÐ tÄ Ðproduct€of€burning€tobacco,€related€to€the€nitrate€content€of€processed€leaf,€andÏpotent€carcinogens.]ó óÐP  (#(# ÐÌÔ#†XGAXX XGAØU#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ#€1971,€ð ðSmoking€and€Health...Comments€of€the€VdC€(Association€of€Cigarettes€Manufacturers)Ð ( x Ðreleased€to€the€members€of€The€Subcommittee€on€the€Food€Law€Reform,ðð€,€RJR€504834531€„Ï4532€(only€title€and€first€page€available).Ìà  àAn€early€acknowledgment€that€smoking€causes€cancer,€but€with€the€implied€belief€thatÏmodern€cigarettes€with€filters€and€lower€tar€might€not€be€the€same€as€smoked€previously.ÌÌà0  àòòThe€cigarette€industry€does€not€dispute€that€statistical€studies€conducted€mainly€in€theÐ °  Ð1950's€in€the€United€States€pointed€up€statistical€relationships€between€cigarette€smokingÏand€lung€cancer.€€It€feels€compelled,€however,€to€state€the€following.€€Scientists€agreeÏthat€the€latency€period€between€cigarette€smoking€and€the€development€of€the€diseaseÏamounts€to€several€decades.€Professor€Schmael€of€the€German€Cancer€Research€InstituteÏof€Heidelberg€set€the€latency€period€at€30€to€40€years.€€This€means€that€findings€obtainedÏtoday€must€be€attributed€to€a€cigarette€consumption€that€goes€back€over€several€decades.€ÏThe€cigarettes€on€the€market€today€in€Germany,€at€any€rate,€can€no€longer€be€comparedÏin€any€way....óóÐ`(#(# Ðà  àÌÔ#†XGAXX XGA¹Y#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ#€€4€October€1974,€Paul€Isenring€to€various€Philip€Morris€staff€and€affiliates€including€DonaldÐ è8 ÐHoel,€Shook€Hardy€&€Bacon€counsel€to€ICOSI€(International€Committee€on€Smoking€Issues,€anÏindustry„sponsored€public€relations€institute),€ð ðGermany€ððVerbandðð.ððÔ#†XGAXX XGAÒ^#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ€PM€1003727787€„€7790.Ð À Ðà  àNew€German€food€law,€if€rigorously€applied,€could€create€advertising€ban€on€tobaccoÏð ðòòplus€education€programs€to€curb€down€cigarette€consumptionóó.ðð€Public€Health€Minister€objectedÐ ˜è Ðto€Reemtsmaððs€new€nicotine„free€cigarette.€€With€the€industry€being€attacked,€Verband€neededÏmuch€more€ð ðscientific€materialðð€on€smoking€and€health,€particularly€as€the€French€MonopolyÏclaimed€their€darker€cigarettes€were€healthier€than€the€ð ðlightðð€German€cigarettes€(fewer€smoke,Ïless€inhalation).€€Verband€sees€necessity€to€disprove€the€claim,€and€also€to€produce€ð ðòòsaferóóððÐ H!˜ Ðcigarette.ÌÔ#†XGAXX XGA2`#ÔÌÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ*€18€July€1975,€Don€Hoel€(Counsel,€Shook,€Hardy€and€Bacon)€memo€to€A.€Holtzman€(PhilipÐ  $\" ÐMorris),€PM€2024964938.Ìà  àð ðòòA€recent€television€program€[in€Germany]€described€smoking€as€ððthe€most€importantÐ ä%4!$ Ðsingle€risk€factorðð€in€cardiovascular€disease€causation....€Additionally,€the€contacts€of€theÏVerband€with€the€Health€Ministry€are€diminishing€because€of€the€influx€of€anti„smokingÏcrusaders€in€that€agency.óóðð€Further€bad€news€was€the€possibility€that€Reemstma,€the€only€whollyÐ ¨(ø#' ÐGerman„owned€company€might€leave€the€voluntary€advertising€code€of€the€Verband,€which€couldÏâ âcause€a€ð ðblowupðð€of€the€Verband,€and€the€imminent€dissolution€of€the€Verbandððs€ResearchÐ €*Ð%) ÐInstitute€with€the€ð ðgolden€handshakeðð€to€its€Director€Dontenwill€who€found€laryngeal€cancers€inÏhamsters€exposed€to€smoke.Ìâ âÌÔ#†XGAXX XGA-c#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ*€24€July€1975,€Frank€Colby€letter€to€Wilfried€€Dembach€(RJR€lawyer€in€Cologne,€Germany),€RJRÐ tÄ Ð500259565€and€500259421.Ìà  àColby€offers€to€keep€Dembach€abreast€of€all€the€research€on€health€and€smoking,€publishedÏor€not.€€Those€not€in€the€public€domain€ð ðòòmay,€please,€not€be€quoted€in€any€shape€or€formóó.ððÐ 8 ˆ Ðò òÌà  à[N.B.€Frank€Colby,€a€chemist,€was€RJRððs€manager/director€of€research€andÏscientific€information€from€1951€to€1979;€associate€director€of€scientific€issues€from€1979„¼1983;€a€consultant€working€out€of€the€Jacob€&€Medinger€law€firm,€which€represented€RJR,Ïfor€some€years€after.€€He€was€a€refugee€from€Nazi€Germany,€got€his€doctorate€at€theÏUniversity€of€Geneva,€Switzerland.€€Colbyððs€position€description€with€RJR€states€underÏð ðprincipal€accountabilities,€first€ð ðòòEfficiently€provide€the€technical€expertise€necessary€for€theÐ ¬ü  ÐCompany€€to€combat€anti„tobacco€claims.óóðð€€17€December€1997,€Deposition€of€Frank€G.€Ð ˜è  ÐColby€ð ðIn€The€Matter€of€State€of€Minnesota,€et€al.€€V.€€Philip€Morris,€et€al.,ðð€page€67.]€ó óÐ „Ô  Ðò òó óÔ#†XGAXX XGAg#ÔÌÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ#€€July€1975,€no€author,€translated€from€the€German,€ð ðGermany€„„€ððVerbandðð.€€ReflectionsÐ \¬ Ðtowards€PR„work€of€the€Cigarette€Industry.ðð€PM€1000219760€„€9768.Ô#†XGAXX XGAßk#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔÐ H˜ Ðà  àIncreasing€attacks€on€the€cigarette€industry,€supported€by€the€Federal€Health€Ministry.€ÏThe€Verband€was€not€prepared€to€respond€to€the€attacks.€€Author€suggests€that€an€ð ðòòinformationÐ  p Ðserviceóóðð€be€created€to€influence€the€media,€medical€community,€health€authorities,€etc.,€whichÐ  \ Ðwould€be€incorporated€in€the€USA€(the€ð ðInternational€Tobacco€Science€Informationðð€[perhapsÏICOSI€„€International€Council€on€Smoking€Issues]€to€serve€in€different€countries.€€In€Germany,€DrÏKirch€(pro„tobacco€medical€author€of€ð ðThe€Cigaretteðð)€would€be€editor€of€a€newsletter€publishedÏby€RAU„publishers€in€Dusseldorf.€€Verband€and€the€US€Tobacco€Institute€would€supply€the€basicÏinformation.€€A€brief€booklet€for€smokers€and€tobacco€industry€workers€would€deal€with€ð ðòòanti„Ð ¨ø Ðtobacco€propaganda.ðð€ð ðLike€for€all€other€stimulants€and€food€„„€it€is€the€exaggeration€which€canÏbe€harmfulóó.ðð€à ` àAssertion€of€hazards€from€passive€smoking€is€ð ðòòan€exceptionally€effectiveÐ €Ð Ðððweaponóóðððð€in€the€hands€of€anti„tobacco€forces,€and€needs€to€be€countered.€€News€releases,Ð l¼ Ðsmokersðð€newsletter,€etc.€to€be€distributed€through€tobacconists€shops€(750,000€copies).ÌÌÔ#†XGAXX XGAÛl#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ#€24€October€1975,€Paul€Isenring€(Philip€Morris)€speech€to€Managing€Committee€of€Verband,€Ð 0"€  Ðð ðððSmoking€and€Healthðð€„„The€Industry€Policy€Today€and€in€the€Future.ðð€PM€2024965269€„€5271Ô#†XGAXX XGAGr#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð #l! Ðà  àWith€anti„tobacco€movement€becoming€more€active€in€Europe€(ð ðòòEverywhere,€there€areÐ $X" Ðheavy€tax€increases,€in€various€countries€based€on€the€ððSmoking€and€Healthðð€issueóó.ðð),€led€byÐ ô$D # ÐWHO,€the€response€from€the€European€and€German€industry€has€been€ð ðòòsilenceóó,ðð€as€each€companyÐ à%0!$ Ðseeks€only€market€shares,€not€a€common,€industry„wide€policy.€€In€particular,€GermanÏmanufacture€of€ð ðòòlighter€and€lighter€cigarettes...low€in€nicotine€in€smoke€or€nicotine€free....€Do€weÐ ¸'#& Ðreally€want€to€dig€our€own€grave€in€this€manneróó.ðð€The€threat€is€the€destruction€of€the€TobaccoÐ ¤(ô#' ÐIndustry,€prohibition€of€smoking.€€The€important€questions€to€be€answered€are:Ìâ âÔ_ÔÐ |*Ì%) Ðà0  àòò1)€Can€the€Industry,€in€Germany€and€in€Europe,€continue€to€keep€silence€or€is€it€ready€toÐ ° Ðâ âwork€out€a€new€policy€which€should€consist€in€bring€the€fact€of€the€scientific€controversyÏwith€regard€to€ð ðSmoking€and€Healthðð€and€to€the€importance€of€the€industry€in€general,Ïto€the€knowledge€of€the€public,€government,€parliament?Ð (#(# Ðà0  à2)€In€this€context,€the€product€policy€regarding€the€low€in€nicotine€smoke€cigarettes€andÏthe€nicotine€free€cigarettes€may€be€reconsidered.€€This€would€be€in€the€highest€interest€ofÏthe€smokers€„„€our€customers€„„€and€therewith€of€our€industry.óóÐ8 ˆ(#(# ÐÌÔ#†XGAXX XGA^s#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ#€5€November€1975,€minutes€of€discussion€following€Ô_ÔIsenringÔ_Ôððs€presentation,€Ð  ` Ðð ðRe:€PR€activity€and€ð ðSmoking€and€Health.ððPM€2024965211€„€5217.Ô#†XGAXX XGA¡y#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔÐ ü L  Ðà  àDiscussants€agree€a€public€relations€activity€is€needed€(along€the€lines€of€the€18€July€1975Ïproposal),€at€least€to€counter€the€statistics€published€by€the€Federal€Government€on€140,000Ïsmoking„related€deaths€a€year,€and€ð ðDM€20€Ô_ÔmilliardsÔ_Ô€as€cost€for€social€consequences.ðð€ÏDiscussants€were€exercised€about€possible€prohibition€of€smoking€at€work€places,€ð ðespeciallyÏdangerous€as€the€sales€would€be€severely€affected€through€such€a€measure.ðð€Chairman€of€theÏmeeting,€Mr.€Dieter€von€Ô_ÔSpechtÔ_Ô€(of€the€BAT€Ô_ÔCigarettenfabrikenÔ_Ô€GmbH),€suggested€a€ResearchÏCouncil€be€established€to€recommend€to€the€German€Industry€what€research€should€be€funded.€ÏDespite€the€warnings€by€Ô_ÔIsenringÔ_Ô€and€PM/€Switzerlandððs€Helmut€Ô_ÔGaischÔ_Ô,€von€Ô_ÔSpechtÔ_Ô€declared€thatÏð ðThe€objective€of€the€Research€Council€should€be€to€support€projects€from€which€positiveÏindications€regarding€a€ððsafer€cigaretteðð€could€be€expected.ðð€Another€point€of€contention€was€theÏVerbandððs€desire€to€include€Ernst€Ô_ÔWynderÔ_Ô€(developer€of€the€mouse„skin€cancer€assay€and€one€ofÏthe€early€scientists€to€link€smoking€to€lung€cancer)€on€the€Research€Council.€€PM€objected.ÌÌÔ#†XGAXX XGA¯z#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ*€24€February€1976,€Colby€Memo€for€the€Ô_ÔRecord,Ô_Ô€ð ðConversation€with€Dr.€Koenig€of€the€VerbandÐ ä4 Ðin€Hamburg.ðð€RJR€500293555€„€3556.Ô#†XGAXX XGAd€#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ€€ò ò[N.B.€Harold€Koenig€was€the€Chief€AdministrativeÐ Ð  ÐOfficer€of€the€Verband€laboratory.]€ó óÔ#†XGAXX XGA^#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔÐ À Ðà  àDiscussing€a€two„day€symposium,€the€first€to€be€dedicated€to€ð ðòòbiasedóóðð€research,€theÐ ¬ü Ðsecond€to€the€beneficial€effects€of€smoking.€€ð ðòòEven€though€I€did€not€discuss€this€with€Dr.€Koenig,Ð ˜è Ðthe€obvious€danger€there€to€me€could€be€a€new€emphasis€on€low€tar€and€nicotine.ððÌóóÌ*€28€April€1976,€memo,€Colby€to€Ô_ÔH.D.Ô_Ô€Ô_ÔRickertÔ_Ô€(RJR€in„house€counsel),€ð ðÔ_ÔSpenglerÔ_Ô€contract,ðð€RJRÏ502741260.ÌÌà0  àòòAs€you€may€know,€Ed€[Jacob],€Tim€{Ô_ÔFinneganÔ_Ô]€[both€of€Jacob,€Ô_ÔMedingerÔ_Ô€&€Ô_ÔFinneganÔ_Ô]Ð  #p! Ðand€myself€prepared€a€lengthy€document€commenting€on€the€research€projects€which€areÏplanned€on€behalf€of€the€German€Cigarette€Industry,€some€of€which€are€clearlyÏdetrimental.óóÐä%4!$(#(# ÐÌ*€4€August€1976,€letter,€Colby€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô,€RJR€510715323.Ìà  àSends€along€comments€by€RJR€scientists€on€some€particular€research€protocol€ostensiblyÏfrom€the€Verband:€€ð ðòòThis€is€of€course€a€purely€scientific€evaluation€which€may€or€may€not€beÐ ”)ä$( ÐÔ_ÔoverridenÔ_Ô€by€political€considerations.ððóóÐ €*Ð%) ÐÐ l+¼&* Ð#€17€November€1976,€Paul€Ô_ÔIsenringÔ_Ô€memo€to€several€Ô_Ôpersons,Ô_Ô€ð ðGermany€„„€Verband€„„€ResearchÏproject.€Beneficial€Effects€of€Smoking.ðð€PM€1002610069Ô#†XGAXX XGA‚#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð œì Ðà  àÔ_ÔIsenringÔ_Ô€want€s€Verband€to€contact€the€Tobacco€Institute,€BAT„Germany,€Philip€Morris„¼Germany€to€coordinate€with€their€US„based€companies.€€Philip€Morris€could€consider€such€aÏproject€and€its€approach.ÌÌ#€Circa€1976,€Verbandððs€public€relations€plan,€RJR€500257486€„€7487.Ìà  àShows€early€entry€of€Verband€into€the€PR€field,€unrelated€to€tobacco€research.€€ItemsÏinclude€the€following€aims:€ð ðòòProving€the€scientific€irrelevance€of€the€thesis€that€passive€smokingÐ  ` Ðdamages€the€health€of€the€non„smoker....€Outlining€the€benefits€of€smoking;€reassuring€theÏsmokers€of€their€habit....Ridiculing€the€lunatics€of€the€anti„smoking„league....Furthering€theÏimage€of€smoking€as€a€desirable€social€habitóó.ðð€Techniques€include€direct€mailings,€approaches€toÐ Ô$  Ðmedia,€government,€medical€groups.à h àà À àà  àà p àà È àÐ À  ÐÌ*€26€April€1977,€memo€from€Colby€to€Edwin€Jacob€(Jacob€&€Ô_ÔMedingerÔ_Ô€Law€Firm),€€a€hand„¼written€translation€from€the€German€by€Colby€of€the€first€two€pages€of€a€20+€page€VerbandÏposition€paper€on€Smoking€and€Health.€RJR€500269280€„€9281.Ìà  àThe€topics€listed€are:€òòð ðBasic€position€of€the€[German]€Cigarette€Industry.€€Problem€ofÐ \¬ Ðððpassive€smoking.ðð€The€development€of€cigarettes€offered€in€the€German€market.€€Reduction€ofÏcondensate,€gas€phase,€and€plant€protection€agents.€€Does€smoking€of€mild€cigarettes€lead€toÏhigher€consumption?€€Advertising€of€tobacco€products:€Voluntary€restrictions€of€advertising€byÏthe€German€Cigarette€Industry.€€Warning€labels€on€packages.€The€cigarette€as€entrance€toÏÔ_Ôdrugs?ððÔ_ÔóóÐ øH ÐThe€first€chapter€is€translated:ÌÌà0  àòòThe€cigarette€industry€does€not€dispute€the€point€that€statistical€studies€conducted€in€theÐ ¼  ÐUnited€States€in€the€fifties€indicate€a€statistical€correlation€between€cigarette€smokingÏand€lung€cancer.€€The€cigarette€industry€also€does€not€denyóó€òòthat€tobacco€smoke€containsÐ ”ä Ðcarcinogenic€substances.€€However,€animal€experiments€conducted€in€independentÏinstitutions€throughout€the€world€have€shown€that€we€are€dealing€here€with€relativelyÏweak€carcinogens.€€As€a€result,€only€very€large€doses€of€smoke€condensate€or€tobaccoÏsmoke€seemed€to€produce€tumors€on€a€small€number€of€experimental€animals.€€The€dosesÏwere€so€large€that,€if€conclusions€from€animal€experiments€can€be€transferred€to€man,Ïthey€would€correspond€to€completely€unrealistic€number€of€cigarettes.óóÐ#l!(#(# ÐÌ*€3€June€[probably€in€1977],€Colby€letter€to€Dieter€von€Ô_ÔSpechtÔ_Ô€(BAT€Germany),€ð ðRe:€VerbandÏ(Adlkofer)€Nicotine€Research€Concept.ðð€RJR€500281851€„€1853.Ô#†XGAXX XGAµˆ#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔà È àÐ à%0!$ Ðà  àColby€presents€numerous€arguments,€based€on€considerations€of€scientific€experimentalÏdesign,€why€Franz€Adlkofer€(Medical€Research€Director€of€the€Verband„funded€laboratory)Ïshould€abandon€plans€to€study€nicotine€effects€on€animals€through€inhalation.€€Colby€notes€thatÏlawyers€Ed€Jacob€and€Ô_ÔWilfriedÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô€had€already€spoken€with€Adlkofer€on€the€subject.€Ïâ âAdverse€findings€from€such€experiments€might€be€used€by€ð ðour€adversaries.ðð€This€relates€to€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðthreat€that€the€FDA€might€regulate€tobacco€if€claims€were€made€on€the€benefits€of€nicotine,€thusÏall€such€research€should€stop.Ìâ âÔ_ÔÌ*€22€June€1977,€Colby€memo€to€the€record,€RJR€502740064.Ìà  àColby€decides€not€to€provide€additional€funds€to€Verband,€ð ðòòWe€have€been€in€disagreementÐ `° Ðwith€the€whole€program€altogetheróó.ðð€Hopes€to€influence€Philip€Morris€Europe€to€follow€suit.€Ð L œ ÐÌ*€1€July€1977,€Colby€ð ðUnedited€Draft€Notes,ðð€ð ðSome€Thoughts€On€Selected€Highlights€of€anÏInformation€System€for€the€Verband€der€Deutschen€Cigaretten€Industrie€Purpose.ðð€RJRÏ500273956€„€3958.Ô#†XGAXX XGAN”#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔÐ ü L  Ðà  àColby€notes€are€clearly€meant€to€be€addressed€to€the€German€tobacco€industry,€offering€toÏbuild€a€scientific€library€in€Germany€similar€to€what€he€had€built€in€the€USA.€€He€hopes€otherÏEuropean€manufacturers€would€help€subsidize€the€effort.€€The€purpose€includes€havingÏappropriate€literature€to€respond€to€attacks€on€the€German€cigarette€industry€in€the€area€ofÏsmoking€and€health,€but€also€to€help€the€Research€Council€(ð ðForschungsratðð)€evaluate€researchÏproposals,€and€to€be€abreast€of€cigarette€technology€and€additives.ÌÌ#€8€July€1977,€Colby€trip€Report€Notes,€RJR€511074355€„€4357.Ìà  àColby€uses€a€ð ðconfidantðð€within€Verband€to€try€convince€Dieter€von€Specht€ð ðòòto€affect€theÐ H˜ Ðpolicies€of€the€Verband€regarding€smoking€and€health....€to€achieve€a€less€compliant€attitudeÏtoward€the€Government€and€anti„tobacco€medical€establishments€in€Germany.óóðð€€He€alsoÐ  p Ðobliquely€criticizes€continued€support€to€Ernst€Wynder€to€study€bladder€cancer€[presumably€as€aÏresult€of€smoking],€Verband€support€of€research€on€nicotine€as€a€co„carcinogen,€and€on€smokersððÏð ðcompensationðð€[when€smoking€light€cigarettes].ÌÌ*€29€July€1977,€Colby€report,€ð ðReport€on€trip€to€Europe,€October€1976.€1.€Project€on€theÏpsychosomatic€aspects€of€lung€cancer.€Prof.€Dr.€Blohmke,€Dr.€Baltrusch,€Mr.€Jacob.ðð€€RJRÏ500949347€„€9348Ô#†XGAXX XGAz™#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð ”ä ÐÒe°Òà0 ½ àà  àThis€reports€seems€to€set€the€structure€for€RJR€overseas€funding€of€research.€ItÏwould€not€involve€Americans,€funding€would€come€through€RJRððs€legal€representatives€butÏkept€a€secret.Ð ½(#½(# ÐÌà0 ½ àòòThe€general€conditions€for€the€research€grants€were€mentioned€to€them....€[among€others]Ð 0"€  Ðthat€specifically€no€US€researchers€would€be€involved....€I€assured€them€that€there€wouldÏbe€complete€freedom€of€publication€but€that€we€would€reserve€ourselves€the€right€ofÏvetoing€any€mentioning€of€the€financial€support€received€from€Haus€Neuerburgóó.Ðô$D #½(#½(# ÐÒ°ewŸÒÌ*€14€September€1977,€memo,€Colby€to€H.C.€Roemer€(RJR€counsel),€ð ðBlohmke€project,ðð€RJRÏ504312107.Ìà  àOne€of€the€first€indications€of€€American€tobacco€companiesðð€intentions€to€ship€tobaccoÏresearch€on€smoking€and€health€overseas,€with€strict€control€over€the€work€shared€by€RJRððsÏGerman€counsel€and€US„based€scientists€who€reported€to€home„office€counsel€and€U.S.€law€firms.ÌÔ_ÔÐ h+¸&* Ðà0  àòòIn€my€judgment,€it€is€desirable€to€send€a€substantial€amount€of€money€to€R.J.€ReynoldsÐ ° ÐTobacco,€GmbH,€Germany,€in€order€for€them€to€have€funds€available€for€the€Ô_ÔBlohmkeÔ_ÔÏproject....€Ô_ÔWilfriedÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô€has€suggested€that€a€formal€letter€be€sent€to€him€and€he€hasÏproposed€the€following€draft:€ð ðOur€Company€is€interested€in€doingóóò ò€[hand„stricken,Ð tÄ Ðsubstituted€with€òòð ðthe€support€ofððóó]ó ó€òòmedical€research€outside€the€United€States.€WithÐ d´ Ðregard€to€the€funds€óóò ò[hand„written€insert:€òòð ðfor€research€in€Germanyððóó]ó ó€òòwe€provide€youÐ T ¤ Ðwith€the€necessary€financial€means€up€to€an€annual€budget€of€U.S.€dollar€250,000.00.ÏThe€projects€themselves€should€be€handled€by€yourself€on€behalf€of€R.J.€ReynoldsÏTobacco€GmbH,€Germany.€All€details,€especially€the€issue€of€the€research€and€theÏscientists,€shall€only€be€determined€after€our€expressed€approval.óó€ò ò[N.B.€The€ð ðÔ_ÔBlohmkeÔ_ÔÐ  X  ÐProjectðð€was€research€into€the€psychosomatic€origins€of€lung€cancer.]Ð (#(# Ðó óÌ*€Approximately€September€1977,€Colby€draft€report€to€W.€€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô,€RJR€502741197€„€1200.Ìà  àColby€is€concerned€about€several€persons€the€Verband€will€appoint€to€the€newlyÏestablished€German€Tobacco€Research€Council.€€He€is€dead„set€against€a€Prof.€€Ô_ÔSchettlerÔ_Ô:ÌòòÌà0  à...not€a€good€scientist...his€endorsement€of€margarine€and€the€financial€support€he€hasÏenjoyed€from€the€German€margarine€industry...endorsing€some€cardiovascular€drugsÏwithout€scientific€justification€but€because€he€was€ððsubsidizedðð€by€the€firm€marketing€suchÏdrugs...Ô_ÔSchettlerÔ_Ô€is€vehemently€anti„tobacco€and€interprets€and€often€distorts€any€data€inÏa€manner€which€is€as€anti„smoking€as€possible.Ð (#(# ÐóóÌà  àColby€also€against€a€Dr.€Valentin€because€it€came€out€that€he€was€being€financed€by€theÏtobacco€industry€when€he€spoke€against€bans€on€public€smoking,€although€he€had€denied€suchÏpayments€at€the€time€„€it€would€provide€ammunition€to€adversaries.€€Further,€Dr.€Adlkofer€ð ðòòhasÐ à0 Ðconsistently€shown€poor€judgment€regarding€scientific€matters.óóðð€€Especially€as€the€newÐ Ì Ðarrangement€of€Verband,€the€Research€Council€will€be€for€Adlkofer€to€ð ðòòdream€upóóðð€the€projectsÐ ¸ Ðand€the€Council€to€ð ðòòconsentóó.ðð€€Colby€insists€RJR€withhold€financial€support€under€such€anÐ ¤ô Ðarrangement.€€Colby€feels€it€is€unethical€to€pay€Ernst€Ô_ÔWynderÔ_Ô€to€be€on€the€Council.ÌÌà0  àòòÔ_ÔWynderÔ_Ô€is€totally€and€uncompromisingly€opposed€to€smoking€and€his€advocacy€of€theÐ h ¸ Ðððless€harmful€cigaretteðð€is€only€an€intermediate€step€to€weaning€the€smoker€totally.€€TheÏonly€ððusefulðð€result€which€could€come€from€such€payments€would€be€him€reiterating€hisÏstatements€that€the€German€cigarettes€are€the€lightest€cigarettes€on€the€world€market.€óóÐ,#|!(#(# ÐÌà  àColby€finally€insists€that€Verband€give€ð ðòòfirms,€including,€of€course,€RJR€three€months€inÐ %T # Ðwhich€to€approve€a€research€project€as€per€prior€agreementóó.ððòòÐ ð%@!$ ÐÌóó*€2€November€1977,€letter,€Alan€Ô_ÔRodgmanÔ_Ô€(RJR€senior€scientist)€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô€(RJR€GermanÐ È'#& Ðcounsel),€RJR€515972148€„€2152.Ìà  àÔ_ÔRodgmanÔ_Ô€objects€to€Verband€spending€money€to€research€phosgene€(a€chemical€resultingÏfrom€Ô_ÔfreonÔ_Ô€expansion€of€tobacco€leaf,€which€bulked€up€and€therefore€lessened€the€amount€ofÏtobacco€used€per€cigarette)€in€tobacco€smoke.€€He€provides€the€Ô_ÔDontenwillÔ_Ô€data€on€hamstersÐ x+È&* Ðexposed€to€cigarette€smoke€(twice€a€day€for€120€weeks)€with€and€without€phosgene€and€shows€ÏÔ_ÔfreonÔ_ÔÔ_Ô„untreatedÔ_Ô€tobacco€seemed€to€reduce€tumors€in€the€hamster€larynx€by€about€a€third.€€Here€weÏsee€in€an€industry€document€the€Ô_ÔDontenwillÔ_Ô€data€that€may€have€led€to€his€involuntary€andÏpremature€retirement:€Comparing€expanded€to€control€tobacco,€22%€and€34%€of€hamsters,Ïrespectively,€€had€either€cancer€or€benign€Ô_ÔpapillomasÔ_Ô€with€10%€and€6%€having€actual€malignantÏcancer.ÌòòÌóó*€29€November€1977,€Colby€memo€to€RJR€in„house€counsel€H€Ô_ÔRoemer,Ô_Ô€ð ðContact€with€theÐ $ t ÐGerman€Cigarette€Trade€Association.ðð€RJR€503247230€„€7240Ô#†XGAXX XGABŸ#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð  ` Ðà  àComments€on€his€discussion€with€Franz€Adlkofer€(scientific€director€of€the€Verband„Ïfunded€research€laboratory)€that€while€Adlkofer€had€ð ðòòthe€òòabilityóó€to€understand€the€scientificÐ è 8  Ðrealities€and€the€political€background€of€the€smoking€and€health€controversy....€However,Ïunfortunately,€his€convictions€do€not€seem€to€last,€and€he€is€swayed€easily€and€will€not€alwaysÏstand€up€for€his€convictions.óóðð€Notes€that€Ô_ÔWynderÔ_Ôððs€bladder€cancer€proposal€was€turned€downÐ ¬ü  Ðð ðòòbecause€R.J.€Reynolds„Germany€had€protested€against€it.ððóóÐ ˜è  ÐÌ#€20€December€1977,€Helmut€Ô_ÔGaischÔ_Ô€(Philip€Morris€International)€letter€to€Herbert€BentleyÏ(Imperial€Tobacco€Co.€„€a€BAT€subsidiary),€RJR€500298998€„€8999.Ìà  àCurious€to€find€a€PM€letter€to€Imperial€in€the€RJR€files.€Ô_ÔGaischÔ_Ô€complains€about€VerbandððsÏindependent€ways.€€The€letter€and€attached€Colby€aide„memoire€also€shows€how€the€principalÏmembers€of€the€tobacco€industry€tried€to€suppress€research€that€might€throw€bad€light€on€theirÏproduct;€or€lead€to€standard€measurements€that,€perhaps,€could€lead€to€regulation;€and€onlyÏcondoning€experiments€to€discredit€results€negative€for€the€industry.€€Ironically,€standard€FTCÏmeasurements€of€mainstream€smoke€tar€and€nicotine€are€strongly€defended€€by€the€industry€inÏcontrast€to€the€more€realistic€measurements€under€real„conditions€of€smoking.ÌÌà0  àòòLast€week€on€15òòthóó€and€16òòthóó€of€December,€scientific€meetings€took€place€at€theÐ ¨ø Ðheadquarters€of€the€German€Verband€in€Hamburg€on€the€subject€of€passive€smoking.€IÏhad€delegated€Dr.€Fink€of€our€laboratory€on€behalf€of€Philip€Morris€Germany.€He€hadÏbeen€briefed€by€me€to€follow€the€policies€outlined€by€Ô_ÔI.C.O.S.I.Ô_Ô€[International€Council€onÏSmoking€Issues,€an€industry€information€and€PR€organization].€€In€particular,€I€hadÏdrawn€his€attention€to€the€fact€that€it€had€been€found€by€Ô_ÔI.C.O.S.I.Ô_Ô€not€to€be€in€theÏinterests€of€the€industry€to€experiment€to€much€with€Ô_ÔsidestreamÔ_Ô€smoke€as€this€could€leadÏto€the€development€of€standard€methods€for€Ô_ÔsidestreamÔ_Ô€smoke€determination,€somethingÏwe€would€like€to€avoid€at€all€costs€because€it€is€scientifically€nonsense.€Instead€we€wouldÏlike€to€deepen€as€quickly€as€possible€our€knowledge€as€to€the€measurement€of€ambientÏsmoke€under€realistic€conditions....€As€it€turned€out,€some€company€scientists€present€atÏthe€Hamburg€meeting€did€not€seem€to€feel€bound€by€the€Ô_ÔI.C.O.S.I.Ô_Ô€view.€€I€very€stronglyÏfeel€that€we€must€make€sure€that€the€objectives€of€Ô_ÔI.C.O.S.I.Ô_Ô€are€followed€by€companyÏscientists,€otherwise€we€risk€detrimental€effects€for€industry....€The€German€Verband€has,Ïin€any€case,€a€tendency€of€going€their€own€peculiar€ways.Ð (#(# ÐóóÌAppended€to€the€letter€is€a€memo€note€from€Colby€date€4€January€1978:€òòÐ h+¸&* ÐÔ_Ô‡à0  àI€telephoned€Dr.€Gaisch€on€January€3òòrdóó,€explaining€to€him€that€I€had€rectified€mattersÐ ° Ðwith€the€Verband€during€my€visit€with€them€on€December€16òòthóó,€1977,€and€that€we€hadÐ œì Ðcome€to€a€tentative€understanding:€a)that€they€would€not€do€any€testing€of€sidestreamÏsmoke,€such€as€developing€standardized€conditions,€etc.,€except€as€stated€under€(b).€B)ÏThat€the€only€work€which€would€be€commissioned€by€the€Verband€would€be€to€re„run€allÏthe€experiments€and€only€the€experiments€described€in€the€Brunneman/Hoffman€papers,Ïto€determine€whether€the€values€were€accurate.€c)€It€was€understood€that,€subject€toÏagreement€by€ICOSI€Committees,€etc.,€any€measurements€of€environmental€nitrosaminesÏunder€real€life€conditions€(as€opposed€to€Neurath,€etc.€sidestream€collecting€device),Ïwould€be€carried€out€via€ICOSI.óóÐü L (#(# ÐÌ*€21€February€1978,€Colby€memo€to€Roemer,€ð ðExcerpts€of€minutes€from€the€latest€meeting€of€theÏP.R.€Committee€of€the...Verband.ðð€RJR€50028„0674Ô#†XGAXX XGA(·#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð À  Ðà  àVerband€P.R.€Committee€warns€about€the€impending€referendum€in€California€to€curtailÏpublic€smoking.€ð ðòòIt€is€also€important€not€to€underestimate€its€potential€opinion„molding€effectsÐ ˜è  Ðon€the€German€publicóó.ððÐ „Ô  ÐÌ*€15€March€1978,€S.B.€Witt€(RJR€in„house€Counsel)€letter€to€Hume€Stewart„Moore(Chairman,ÏGallaher,€Ltd.),€RJR€50233„0421.Ìà  àThis€memo€shows€the€interesting€connectedness€of€German€researchers€who€were€lookingÏto€show€carcinogens€in€cigarettes€(and€thus€try€make€their€removal€possible)€with€the€Verband.ÏOne€of€Ernst€Wynderððs€colleagues,€Dietrich€Hoffman,€had€published€data€in€the€1960s€withÏWynder€showing€the€tumorigenic€effects€of€cigarette€smoke.€In€the€late€1970s€he€was€working€onÏnitrosamines,€but€also€writing€a€position€paper€for€Verband€on€passive€smoking.€€The€internationalÏcompanies€kept€doing€their€best€to€limit€any€damage€German€researchers€could€do.ÌÌòòà0  àI€understand€that€an€accommodation€has€been€reached€between€the€German€associationÐ ¨ø Ð(Verband)€and€Dr.€Hoffman€which€will€be€incorporated€in€a€redraft€of€the€Position€PaperÏon€Public€Smoking;€essentially€it€will€acknowledge€that€from€a€scientific€standpoint€Dr.ÏHoffmanððs€work€is€not€relevant....€Finally,€we€heard€during€the€course€of€the€session€onÏFriday€that€Philip€Morris€has€done€some€work€essentially€aimed€at€ððdiscrediting,ðð€if€thatÏis€not€too€strong€a€word,€the€methodology€used€by€Dr.€Hoffman.óóÐD!”(#(# ÐÌ*€22€March€1978,€letter€from€Colby€to€Edwin€Jacob€of€Jacob€&€Medinger,Ìð ðRE:€Nitrosamines€and€sidestream€smoke/Germany.ðð€RJR€500281911Ô#†XGAXX XGAöÇ#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð $X" Ðà  àColby€objects€to€continued€Verband€funding€of€€Dr.€Dietrich€Hoffman€(ð ðòòof€the€WynderÐ ô$D # Ðgroupóóðð)€whose€research€on€second„hand€smoke€was€ð ðòònot€obtained€under€real€life€conditionsóó,ððÐ à%0!$ Ðand€whose€ð ðòòunrealistic€data€will€be€quoted€against€usóó.ðð€Adlkofer€promises€Hoffman€willÐ Ì&"% Ðseparately€and€personally€present€his€future€proposals€to€the€German€Industry€scientists,€withÏColby€in€attendance.ÌÌâ â*€29€March€1978,€memo€to€file,€S.B.€Witt,€RJR€500549438€and€€500549441.Ð |*Ì%) Ðà  àDiscussion€of€national€research€and€role€of€ICOSI€to€set€up€standards€for€measurement€ofÏâ âsmoke€constituents,€and€to€report€out€research€favorable€to€the€industry.Ìà0  àòòAt€the€outset,€Dr.€[Herbert]€Bentley€[Imperial€Tobacco/UK]€announced€himself€in€favorÐ ˆØ Ðof€ð ðstaying€close€to€national€associations€to€make€sure€they€donððt€embark€on€researchÏwhich€might€be€embarrassing€for€us,ðð€which€was€music€to€our€ears....€SpenglerÏmentioned€the€work€of€Dr.€Hoffman€in€Germany€[on€nitrosamines],€and€the€work€of€€theÏòòVerbandóó€to€disprove€his€theories.€€PME€is€also€doing€research€to€discredit€HoffmanððsÐ 8 ˆ Ðtheories,€and€has€offered€to€make€it€available€to€ICOSI.Ð (#(# Ðà  àóóÌ#€29€March€1978,€Philip€Morrisððs€Paul€Isenring€memo€to€ð ðHoffmanðð,€PM€2501025100,€ð ðICOSI„¼Public€Smoking€Paper.ððÌà  àUrges€coordination€and€a€ð ðmodus€vivendiðð€between€the€two€principal€law€firmsÏrepresenting€the€industry,€Jacob€&€Medinger€(RJR)€and€Shook,€Hardy€&€Bacon€(Philip€Morris,ÏTobacco€Institute€and€other€US€tobacco€companies),€and€their€involvement€in€European€issues.€ÌÌ*€30€March€1978,€Colby€memo€to€RJR€in„house€counsel€Samuel€B.€€Witt,€ð ðICOSI€WorkingÏGroup€of€the€EC.ðð€RJR€50094„4076Ô#†XGAXX XGAÕÎ#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð pÀ Ðà  àColby€advises€Witt€that€an€ICOSI€[International€Council€on€Smoking€Issues]€be€explicitÏabout€why€cigarette€companies€are€producing€low€tar€and€nicotine€cigarettes€„€a€matter€ofÏcompetition,€not€to€promise€health€benefits.€If€the€German€Industry€does€not€change€its€ð ðòòbasicÐ 4„ Ðattitude,óóðð€Colby€suggests€strongly€that€RJR„Germany€resign€from€the€Verband.Ð  p ÐÌÔ#†XGAXX XGA‘Ö#Ô*€21òòò òó óóó€April€1978,€memorandum€from€P.€Isenring€to€CD€Durden,€on€ICOSI€„€EEC€Task€Force€onÐ øH ÐConsumerism,€PM€2501025098.Ìà  àA€response€is€needed€to€an€EEC€paper,€ð ðThe€Tobacco€and€the€Health€of€the€Consumer.ððÌIt€will€require€working€from€an€industry€paper€previously€submitted€to€the€EEC€on€publicÏsmoking,€drafted€by€the€law€firm€of€Jacob€&€Medinger,€and€that€the€Verband€should€lend€itsÏmaterials.ÌÌÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ*€1€June€1978,€Colby€memo€to€Senior€RJR€Scientist€Alan€Rodgman,€ð ðInformation€for€Dr.Ð l¼ ÐLaureneððs€weekly€meeting€with€Mr.€Hobbs.ðð€RJR€500885524Ô#†XGAXX XGAAÚ#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð X ¨ Ðà  àAlerts€Rodgman€to€ð ðSome€potentially€forthcoming€changes€in€the€smoking€and€healthÏresearch€policies€of€the€German€Cigarette€Manufacturers€Trade€Association€(Verband),ððÏdiscussed€with€lawyers€Dembach€and€Jacob.ÌÌ*€19€June€1978,€Colby€memo€to€RJR€in„house€counsel€R.C.€Roemer,€RJR€500280584.Ô#†XGAXX XGA,Û#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔÐ ô$D # Ðà  àWants€himself€and€Ed€Jacob€to€speak€to€Verband€before€they€actually€make€the€changes€inÏtheir€research€policies.ÌÌ*€17€July€1978,€Colby€letter€to€Wilfried€Dembach€(RJR„Germany€counsel),€RJR€50028„1041.ÌÌà0  àòòI€am€planning€to€start€a€major€file€for€future€reference€documenting€the€thesis€thatÐ |*Ì%) Ðadvertising€does€not€sell€cigarettes,€but€sells€merely€switching€from€one€brand€to€another.€Ô_ÔÐ h+¸&* ÐPlease€send€me€all€the€material€you€have€on€this€topic....€include€whatever€material€mayÏbe€available€from€the€Verband.óó€[ò òN.B.€€First€indication€of€Colby€moving€off€from€hisÐ œì Ðexpertise€as€a€chemist€and€scientist.]ó óÐŒÜ(#(# ÐÌ*€28€July€1978,€abstract€of€publication,€in€German,€from€the€Verband,€ð ðNOT€TO€BE€GIVENÏOUT€WITHOUT€Ô_ÔFGCÔ_Ô€O.K.ðð,€ð ðSome€Definitions€on€the€alleged€carcinogenic€and€co„carcinogenicÏeffects€of€tobacco€smoke€condensate.ðð€RJR€510826747€„€6748Ô#†XGAXX XGA·Ü#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð < Œ Ðà  àDefinitions€include€primary€carcinogens€such€as€Ô_ÔbenzoÔ_Ô(a)€Ô_ÔpyreneÔ_Ô,€tumor„initiators€orÏpromoters€such€as€Ô_ÔdibenzanthraceneÔ_Ô€and€phenol,€co„carcinogens€that€with€another€substanceÏaccelerate€formation€of€tumors€such€as€Ô_ÔcatechinÔ_Ô.€€Anonymous€author€notes€that€no€mechanism€isÏknown€to€distinguish€a€promoter€from€a€co„carcinogen.ÌÌ*€3€August€1978,€Colby€memo€to€Ô_ÔD.R.Ô_Ô€Ô_ÔPielÔ_Ô,€ð ðInformation€for€Dr.€Ô_ÔLaureneÔ_ÔððsÌweekly€meeting€with€Mr.€Ô_ÔHobbsÔ_Ô.ðð€RJR€500885513Ô#†XGAXX XGAá#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð °  ÐÌà0  àòòAt€the€confidential€request€of€the€German€Cigarette€Manufacturers€Association,€I€haveÐ ˆØ  Ðdrafted€a€ð ðLetter€to€the€Editorðð€on€behalf€of€a€German€scientist€associated€with€theÏVerband€responding€to€the€recent€paper€by€Ô_ÔAronowÔ_Ô€on€passive€smoking.€€SomeÏinformative€material€was€sent€to€the€Verband€and€other€measures€were€undertaken€inÏorder€to€prevent€them€from€organizing€a€symposium€on€carbon€monoxide,€which€has€aÏpotentially€damaging€effect€on€our€Industry.Ð (#(# ÐóóÌ*€17€August€1978,€memo€from€Colby€to€H€Ô_ÔRoemerÔ_Ô€(RJR€in„house€counsel),€copies€to€outsideÏlegal€counsels€(Ô_ÔHoelÔ_Ô,€Jacob,€Ô_ÔWittÔ_Ô),€ð ðPR€Committee€Meeting€Minutes€„„€Germany.ðð€RJRÏ500280787Ô#†XGAXX XGA+ä#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð Ô$ Ðà  àQuotes€Adlkoferððs€views€on€smoking€and€health€controversy:€ÌÌà0  àòòIn€considering€the€more€recent€publications€of€mortality€statistics€on€lung€cancer€andÐ ˜è Ðheart€attacks€in€the€U.S.A.,€Great€Britain€and€West€Germany,€as€well€as€the€studies€byÏHammond,€Wald,€and€Ô_ÔWynderÔ_Ô,€one€can€come€to€the€conclusion€that€the€mild€cigarette€isÏnot€necessarily€the€answer,€as€frequently€asserted,€to€the€health€risks€related€to€smoking.ÏDr.€Adlkoferððs€viewpoint€much€indicates€a€notion€that€a€cigarette€with€a€relatively€highÏnicotine€content€and€a€low€condensate€content€óó[i.e.,€tar]€òòis€the€cigarette€of€the€future.óóÐ4"„ (#(# ÐÌ#€31€August€1978,€Colby€memo€to€Alan€Ô_ÔRodgmanÔ_Ô,€ð ðInformation€for€Dr.€Ô_ÔLaureneÔ_Ôððs€weeklyÏmeeting€with€Mr.€Ô_ÔHobbsÔ_Ô.ðð€RJR€500885509Ô#†XGAXX XGAÉç#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð ø$H # Ðà  àComments€on€British€Hunter€Committee€(Independent€Scientific€Committee€on€SmokingÏand€Health)€Report,€its€second€on€smoking€and€health,€likely€to€be€as€critical€of€tobacco€as€theÏfirst,€and€urging€Government€regulation.€€Discusses€ð ðunpublished€Ô_ÔWynderÔ_Ô€dataðð€on€allegedÏparadoxical€epidemiological€findings€on€smoking€and€cardiovascular€disease,€discussed€with€Dr.Ï[Gary]€Huber€and€the€Verband.Ìâ âÐ €*Ð%) Ð#€1€September€1978,€Colby€memo€to€H.C.€Ô_ÔRoemerÔ_Ô,€ð ðGerman€ððCompensationðð€Study.ðð€RJRÏâ â503647069Ô#†XGAXX XGAÐë#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð œì Ðà  àThe€study€under€Verband€sponsorship€will€not€be€supported€by€RJR„Germany.€€Colby,ÏJacob,€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô€will€discuss€this€study€as€ð ðòòone€of€the€topicsóóðð€in€the€upcoming€September€11Ð tÄ Ðmeeting€with€Verbandððs€Ô_ÔDrsÔ_Ô€Koenig€and€Adlkofer.ÌÌ*€28€September€1978,€Colby€report€to€H.€Ô_ÔRoemerÔ_Ô,€ð ðDiscussions€with€the€Verband.ðð€€€RJRÏ503240579€„€0582Ô#†XGAXX XGA“î#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð $ t Ðà  àColby€strongly€discourages€Verband€from€any€research€on€nicotine€and€compensation.€òòð ðIÐ  ` Ðconsider€the€nicotine€oriented€research€concept€and€the€planned€research€derived€therefrom€toÏbe€totally€worthless.óóðð€Colby€is€particularly€incensed€by€the€concept€of€ð ðòòcompensationóóðð€to€increaseÐ è 8  Ðnicotine€intake,€when€at€the€same€time€the€Verband€has€given€up€researching€the€beneficial€effectsÏof€nicotine.€ð ð...òòat€worst,€only€a€small€minority€of€smokers€are€adversely€affected€[by€smoking]....Ð À  ÐAll€the€other€cigarette€companies€have€reversed€themselves€and€have€now€decided€not€toÏparticipate€in€the€compensation€studyóó.ðð€€Ð ˜è  Ðà  àColby€seeks€to€besmirch€the€reputation€of€a€cancer€specialist,€one€whose€research€cast€aÏnegative€light€on€cigarettes:€ÌÌà0  àòòI€obtained€some€information€from€a€reliable€source€that€the€head€of€the€current€GermanÐ H˜ ÐIndustry€Finance€Research€Council€on€Smoking€and€Health,€i.e.€Prof.€Ô_ÔSchmaehlÔ_Ô,€a€widelyÏknown€expert€in€chemical€Ô_ÔcarcinogenesisÔ_Ô,€has€and€is€receiving€financial€kickbacks€fromÏsome€of€the€current€research€grantees€of€the€(Verband€financed)€German€TobaccoÏResearch€Council.€I€was€also€informed€that€these€were€kickbacks€for€personal€use€and€notÏsome€possibly€defensible€contribution€towards€Prof.€Ô_ÔSchmaehlÔ_Ôððs€own€research€projects....ÏFrom€still€another€source,€I€was€informed€that€indeed€Prof.€Ô_ÔSchmaehlÔ_Ô€is€ððin€greatÏfinancial€needðð.óóм (#(# ÐÌ*€September€1978,€Colby€to€Ô_ÔRoemerÔ_Ô,€RJR€503240499€„€0502.Ìà  àConcern€about€leakage€of€scientific€information,€connections€between€scientists€fromÏdifferent€companies€and€countries,€tied€to€fear€of€litigation€in€the€USA.€€ð ðòòIn€a€US€lawÐ l¼ Ðcase...foreign€files€may€not€be€immune€to€subpoena....€We€then€discussed€a€potential€futureÏmechanism€for€how€to€control€undesirable€contacts€by€Ô_ÔICOSIÔ_Ô€member€companies€or€Ô_ÔnationalÔ_ÔÏtrade€associations€from€one€country€with€scientists€from€other€countries€and€how€to€develop€suchÏa€mechanism€without€jeopardizing€our€German€companies€funded€research€contactsóó.ðð€ò ò[N.B.Ð #l! ÐColby€wrote€ð ðòòcontactsóó,ðð€not€ð ðcontracts.ðð]ó óÐ  $\" ÐÌ*€3€October€1978,€Colby€memo€to€H.€C.€Ô_ÔRoemerÔ_Ô,€ð ðGerman€Claims€Alleging€Filter€CigarettesÏAllegedly€Less€Safe€Than€Regular€Cigarettes.ðð€RJR€501790036Ô#†XGAXX XGAÄð#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð Ð& "% ÐòòÌà0  àI€have€just€been€informed€that€a€sensationalist€type€German€magazine€called€ð ðQuickðð,Ïhas€published€an€interview€with€Prof.€€Ô_ÔSchettlerÔ_Ô€of€Heidelberg€University.€€In€thisÏinterview€Prof.€Ô_ÔSchettlerÔ_Ôóó€òòalleges€that€smoking€is€the€most€ð ðimportantðð€risk€factor€inÐ €*Ð%) Ðcardiovascular€diseases.€€He€also€alleges€that€the€newer€filter€cigarettes€are€not€ð ðsafeððÐ l+¼&* Ðeither,€but€are,€in€effect,€less€so€than€the€regular€old€style€cigarettes....€One€of€the€mostÏnoticeable€facts€about€this€story€is€that€Prof.€Ô_ÔSchettlerÔ_Ô€is€the€second€most€importantÏresearch€grantee€(after€Dr.€Ô_ÔWynderÔ_Ô)€of€the€German€Verband.€€I€had€tried€unsuccessfullyÏfor€years,€repeatedly,€to€convince€the€German€Industry€that€Prof.€€Ô_ÔSchettlerÔ_Ô€was€a€personÏnot€to€be€trusted€and€had€even€given€them€some€information€about€some€questionableÏdealings€he€allegedly€has€been€involved€in€with€the€German€drug€industry.€€I€also€warnedÏthem€that€he€was€using€the€cigarette€Industry€as€a€scape„goat€to€bolster€his€integrity.€€TheÏfact€of€being€able€to€say€ð ðI€told€you€soðð€provides€slim€satisfaction€if€weighed€against€theÏunfavorable€effect€such€a€blast€must€have€on€the€German€Industry€as€a€whole.Ð (#(# ÐóóÌ*€5€October€1978,€Colby€report€H.C.€Ô_ÔRoemerÔ_Ô,€ð ðDiscussions€with€the€Verband€on€their€suggestedÏnicotine€research€concepts.ðð€RJR€503247193,€503247196,€503247198,€503247200€„€7210Ô#†XGAXX XGA¹û#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð Ô$  Ðà  àColby€comments€on€recruiting€German€scientists€to€do€tobacco€research:€About€a€DoctorÏDieter€Ô_ÔNeubertÔ_Ô€(who€wanted€to€research€the€effects€of€tobacco€on€fetuses),€ð ðòòWhen€we€first€sawÐ ¬ü  Ðhim,€there€was€no€possibility€to€ððinvestigateðð€him,€but€since€that€time€a€literature€search€of€himÏhas€been€made€and€no€adverse€statements€on€smoking€have€been€uncovered€to€dateóó.ððÐ „Ô  ÐColby€continues:ÌÌà0  àòòIt€has€been€extremely€difficult€in€the€past€to€recruit€the€above€discussed€German€researchÐ H˜ Ðgrantees€and€reading€hundreds€of€papers€published€by€them.€€Even€for€each€of€theÏresearch€grantees€it€took€several€persistent€contacts€before€they€showed€enoughÏconfidence€in€the€seriousness€of€our€endeavor€to€ð ðseek€out€the€truthðð€and€to€fund€theirÏresearch€ð ðwithout€any€strings€attached....ðð€Our€original€approach€ð ðgambitðð€was€to€tellÏthem€that€we€had€been€trying€for€several€years€to€convince€our€U.S.€parent€Company€toÏauthorize€our€German€and€other€European€Companies€to€fund€research€in€WesternÏEurope€and,€firstly€in€Germany,€because€of€our€convictions€that€some€research€inÏWestern€Europe€in€general,€and€in€Germany€in€particular,€is€at€least€as€good€as€the€bestÏU.S.€scientific€efforts....€It€was€also€generally€agreed€that€it€would€be€desirable€toÏmaintain€our€relationship€entirely€confidential....We€believe€that€the€results€to€dateÏalready€assure€us€we€will€be€able...to€show€the€Verband€that€it€is€possible€to€support€firstÏrate€research€by€top€quality€scientists€from€Germanyððs€most€prestigious€institutions€whereÏthe€research€is€open€in€the€sense€that€like€all€worthwhile€research,€results€are€notÏforegone€conclusions€or,€in€other€words,€worthless.€ò òóó[N.B.€€Given€the€low€opinion€ColbyÐ 0"€  Ðand€others€had€of€German€research,€there€was€clearly€another€motive,€as€shown€inÏthe€next€sentence.]òò€ó ó€At€present€we€cannot€expect€that€any€of€our€current€grantees€wouldÐ  $\" Ðconsent€to€be€a€witness€in€the€eventuality€that€our€German€Company€would€have€toÏdefend€itself€in€a€liability€case.€€However,€Ô_ÔW[ilfriedÔ_Ô]€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô€seems€to€think€that€noÏsuch€witnesses€will€conceivably€be€needed€before€1980.óó€ò ò[N.B.€The€appendix€to€thisÐ Ô&$"% Ðreport€gives€the€sequence€of€dealings€with€Dieter€Ô_ÔNeubergÔ_Ô,€indicating€his€value€toÏRJR€was€more€as€a€prestigious€scientist€than€his€research.]ó óа($'(#(# ÐÌà  àColby€then€reports€on€the€September€11€meeting€in€London€with€Drs.€€Adlkofer€andÏKoenig;€attending€were€Ed€Jacob,€Dr.€Charles€Ô_ÔNystromÔ_Ô,€Colby,€and€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô.€€Ð t+Ä&* Їà0  àòòMr.€Jacob€then€proceeded€to€explain€the€dangers€of€nicotine€research€from€the€point€ofÐ ° Ðview€of€the€Industry,€with€special€reference€to€the€threat€of€the€American€Industry€beingÏplaced€under€the€jurisdiction€of€the€Food€and€Drug€Administration.€€He€also€mentionedÏthat€some€work€of€the€Council€for€Tobacco€Research„U.S.A.€on€nicotine€ð ðreceptorsðð€hadÏto€be€terminated€because€of€a€possibility€of€such€work€being€wrongly€interpreted€ofÏhaving€commercial€implications.€€Dr.€Koenig€then€claimed€that€he€was€aware€of€theÏspecific€problems€of€the€American€Industry€supporting€nicotine€work€in€Germany€throughÏits€German€affiliates€which€could€be€alleged€to€be€related€to€such€problems€as€addiction.ÏDr.€Koenig€and€Dr.€Adlkofer€then€stated€that€in€their€judgment€it€was€desirable€to€findÏout€more€about€the€effects,€if€any,€of€nicotine€in€laboratory€animals€on€cancer,Ïarteriosclerosisóó,òò€pregnancy,€etc.€Mr.€Jacob€then€state€that€under€no€circumstances€wouldÐ è 8  ÐReynolds€support€any€research€in€Germany€that€we€would€or€could€not€support€in€theÏU.S....€We€then€somewhat€forcibly€and€„„€deliberately€„„€overbearingly€extracted€fromÏthem€an€unequivocal€promise€that€before€any€effort€which€was€made€to€commence€or€inÏany€other€way€start€a€specific€research€project,€RJR€„„€like€the€other€member€CompaniesÏof€the€Verband€„„€would€have€a€minimum€of€three€months€to€evaluate€each€proposal....ÏAlmost€all€of€the€meeting€in€London€dealt€with€the€legal€perils€and€related€aspects€of€theÏconcepts€on€nicotine€oriented€research€of€the€Verband....€I€also€tried€to€explain€to€Dr.ÏAdlkofer€and€his€associates€why€I€considered€the€other€ð ðcornerstoneðð€of€his€researchÏconcept,€i.e.€the€so„called€compensation€study,€scientifically€totally€worthless.€€ò òóó[N.B.Ð 4„ ÐJacobððs€concern€was€that€research€showing€putative€benefit€of€nicotine€would€leadÏFDA€to€classify€it€as€a€drug,€hence€regulate€it€in€tobacco.]òòó óÐ`(#(# ÐóóÌà  àColby€goes€on€to€suggest€Adlkofer€stick€to€basic€research€on€human€disease€ð ðòòalleged€to€beÐ è8 Ðassociated€with€tobaccoóó,ðð€however,€ððby€definition,ðð€such€research€could€not€deal€with€tobacco.Ð Ô$ ÐColby€then€turns€to€the€Chairman€of€the€Research€Council,€a€Prof.€€Ô_ÔSchmaehlÔ_Ô,€who€ð ðòòa€widelyÐ À Ðknown€expert€in€chemical€Ô_ÔcancerogenesisÔ_Ô,€is€receiving€financial€kickbacks€from€some€of€theÏcurrent€research€grantees€of€the€(Verband„financed)€German€Tobacco€Research€Council...forÏpersonal€useóó.ððÐ „Ô ÐÌ*€8€December€1978,€Colby€memo€to€H.C.€Ô_ÔRoemerÔ_Ô,€RJR€500871996.Ìà0  àÐ (#(# Ðà0  àòòAs€an€example€of€its€ð ðÔ_ÔwatergateÔ_Ôðð€endeavors,€the€German€Verband€has€made€fundsÐ 4"„  Ðavailable€to€Dr.€Ô_ÔWynderÔ_Ô€for€his€American€Health€Foundation€óó[in€New€York€City]òò,€to€beÐ  #p! Ðthe€front€in€financing€a€Symposium€on€carbon€Ô_Ômonoxide,heldÔ_Ô€in€Berlin€in€October€(ðð78)€.Ð (#(# ÐÌóó#€6€February€1979,€Report€by€Ô_ÔA.W.M.Ô_Ô€St.€Ô_ÔAubynÔ_Ô€to€Philip€Morris,€ð ðVisit€to€Verband€derÐ ä%4!$ ÐÔ_ÔCigarettenÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔIndustrieÔ_Ô,€Hamburg,€30th€and€31st€January€1979.ðð€PM€2501159601€„€9607Ô#†XGAXX XGAg#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð Ð& "% Ðà  àA€comprehensive€review€of€the€Verband€activities€including€public€relations€and€responsesÏto€attack,€ð ðòòat€arms€lengthóó,ðð€that€is,€through€third€parties:€publications€and€films€for€the€public€andÐ ¨(ø#' Ðhealth€professionals€from€independent€film€makers€and€publishers;€comparing€all€risks€to€health;Ïaligning€with€specialist€physicians;€presenting€a€positive€outlook,€not€offensive,€to€maintain€theÏsocial€acceptability€of€smoking.€€Two€paragraphs€stand€out:Ð l+¼&* Їà0  àòòòòRisksóó.€€The€type€of€clandestine€operations€in€which€the€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€is€involved€clearly€carryÐ ° Ðcertain€risks€of€detection,€by€such€people€as€investigative€journalists,€of€the€link€betweenÏthe€industry€and€the€end€product.€€Ô_ÔHKÔ_Ô€óó[Harold€Koenig]òò€believes€that€the€precautions€theyÐ ˆØ Ðtake€are€sufficient€to€enable€the€industry€to€be€able€to€deny€any€link€and€says€that€suchÏrisks€as€remain€are€acceptable€to€the€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€member€companies.óó€Ð`°(#(# Ðà0  àÐ (#(# Ðà0  àòòBy€this€form€of€combined€approach€the€German€industry€seems€to€have€defended€itselfÐ 8 ˆ Ðbetter€than€many€countries€from€the€worst€excesses€of€the€various€anti„smoking€lobbiesÏand€has€maintained€a€higher€standing€for€itself€and€its€product€in€the€public€mind....Ï[Ô_ÔM]anyÔ_Ô€of€the€methods€used€there€could€well€be€suitable€for€adaptation€to€the€U.K.Ïcontext.Ð (#(# ÐóóÌÔ#†XGAXX XGAÏ#Ô*€2€March€1979,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔTabakforschungsauschussÔ_Ô€(Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô€„„€Tobacco€Research€Board)€€meetingÐ À  Ðnotes€taken€by€Ô_ÔBerndÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPelzÔ_Ô€(RJR€Germany)€ò ò[N.B.€Ô_ÔPelzÔ_Ô€eventually€goes€to€work€for€RJRððsÐ ¬ü  ÐÔ_ÔFoxfireÔ_Ô€Plantation,€a€tobacco€growing€station€in€the€USA]ó ó,€RJR€500920533€„€0534.Ð œì  Ðà  àÔ_ÔNitrosamineÔ_Ô€research€by€a€facility€identified€as€Ô_ÔAustratonÔ_Ô€approved,€carcinogen€studies€byÏProf.€Ô_ÔSchmaehlÔ_Ô€rejected.€€A€study€at€Ô_ÔAustratonÔ_Ô€on€the€effect€of€smoke€of€smoke€on€DNA€repair€inÏhamsters€is€mentioned€(no€details)€as€well€as€Dr.€Schererððs€literature€review€on€co„carcinogenicÏproperties€of€nicotine.ÌÌà0  àòòAdlkofer€felt€it€was€impossible€to€decline€Ô_ÔSchmaehlÔ_Ôððsóó€òòsuggestion€(political€considerationÐ (x Ðand€not€suggesting€a€modified€research€protocolóó€[Adlkofer€suggests€applying€condensatesÐ d Ðon€mouse€skin€from€cigarettes€with€varying€tar:€nicotine€ratios€and€from€cigarettes€madeÏ30€and€10€years€ago.]€òòThe€committee€members€felt€that€such€research€would€not€revealÐ ì< Ðanything€new....€[They]€were€unanimous€in€saying€that€they€see€no€clear€cut€need€for€anÏalternative€proposal.óóÐÄ(#(# ÐÌÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ*€26€March€1979,€Letter€from€W.€€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô€to€Dr.€Ô_ÔE.B.Ô_Ô€Ô_ÔBruecknerÔ_Ô,€Research€Society€onÐ œì ÐSmoking€and€Health,€RJR€500924525.€Ìà  àLetter€advances€RJR€payments€for€research€projects€invoiced€but€notes€that€RJR€is€onlyÏpaying€for€projects€it€has€already€approved,€not€new€projects€not€yet€reviewed.ÌÌ*€19€April€1979,€Colby€memo€to€Alan€Ô_ÔRodgmanÔ_Ô,€ð ðInformation€for€Dr.€Ô_ÔLaureneÔ_Ôððs€weekly€meetingÏwith€Mr.€Ô_ÔHobbsÔ_Ô.€RJR€501627697€„€7700Ô#†XGAXX XGA¼(#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð $#t! Ðà  àThis€is€one€of€the€few€€ð ðattorney„client€privilegedðð€documents€that€is€additionally€heavilyÏcensored€(ð ðòòprivileged€material€redactedóóðð).€€A€hand„written€cover€sheet€reads€ð ðòòPlease€read€&Ð ü$L # Ðdestroy€without€making€copies.óóððÐ è%8!$ Ðà  àÌà0  àòòSurprisingly,€the€Verband€had€decided€to€invite€òòDr.€Ô_ÔGoriÔ_Ôóó,€apparently€without€checkingÐ À'#& Ðahead€of€time€with€the€member€firms,€more€specifically€with€RJR„GmbH....€Dr.€Ô_ÔGoriÔ_ÔÏð ðbuttonholedðð€me€a€the€Verband€meeting€and€asked€me€point€blank€whether€ð ðI€agreedÏthat€the€German€Tobacco€Industry€is€sponsoring€research€which€would€not€be€permittedÏby€your€lawyers€in€the€United€States.ðð€I€thought€it€futile€to€deny€the€obvious€or€to€replyóóÐ p+À&* Ðòòthat€I€could€not€comment.€€I€stated€therefore€that€we€only€had€a€very€small€market€shareÐ ° Ðin€Germany€and€that€our€influence€was€therefore€limited.€€(Confidential).€€óóò ò[N.B.€Ô_ÔGoriÔ_ÔÐ œì Ðwas€employed€at€the€National€Institutes€of€Health,€heading€up€the€smoking€andÏhealth€program;€he€sought€for€years€to€develop€a€ð ðsafeðð€cigarette.]ó óÔ#†XGAXX XGAƒ+#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔòòÐxÈ(#(# ÐóóÌòòóó*€26€April€1979,€Colby€trip€report€to€Max€Ô_ÔCrohnÔ_Ô,€ð ðTrip€to€Germany...some€highlights„mainly€onÐ P   ÐVerband€grantees€meeting...ðð€RJR€504821254€„€1256.ÌÌà0  àòòAs€others€and€I€predicted€several€years€ago€when€this€Council€was€first€organized€by€theÐ  d ÐVerband,€the€òòoutcomeóó€was€the€òòworst€of€two€possible€worldsóó;€(1)€Poor,€or€at€best,Ð  P  Ðmediocre€science,€(2)€Most€of€the€findings€were€negative€from€an€Industry€point€of€view.€ÏThe€only€somewhat€favorable€aspect€of€the€activities€of€the€Council€is€that€it€probablyÏhelped€the€Verband€establish€a€òònon„confrontationóó,€though€not€an€amicable€òòrelationshipóóÐ Ä  Ðwith€important€òòGerman€Governmentóó€Health€and€related€authorities....а (#(# ÐóóÌ*€23€May€1979,€Colby€memo€to€Alan€Ô_ÔRodgmanÔ_Ô,€ð ðInformation€for€Dr.€Ô_ÔLaureneÔ_Ôððs€weekly€meetingÏwith€Mr.€Ô_ÔHobbsÔ_Ô.ðð€RJR€500885452€„€5453Ô#†XGAXX XGAâ0#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð tÄ Ðà  àColby€attended€the€Scientific€Technical€Advisory€Group€of€Ô_ÔICOSIÔ_Ô€in€Brussels,€andÏprovided€ð ðintelligenceðð€on€Philip€Morris/Europe,€BAT,€and€Imperial.ÌÌà0  àòòPM/E€has€had€for€several€years,€as€a€wholly€owned€subsidiary,€a€major€commercialÐ $t Ðresearch€institute€in€Cologne/Germany,€which€does€animal€and€other€biological€research.ÏPM/E€has€completed€a€study€on€analyses€of€cigarette,€respectively€filter€tip,€stubs,Ïcomparing€tar/nicotine€intake€of€cigarettes€about€twenty€years€ago,€i.e.€mostly€non„filterÏcigarettes€having€high€nicotine/tar€deliveries,€vs.€€Recent€cigarettes,€i.e.€mostly€filterÏcigarettes€having€high€nicotine/tar€Ô_Ôdeliveries.Ô_Ô€€The€results€allegedly€show€that€there€is€noÏsubstantial€difference€in€nicotine€intake€by€Swiss€smokers€as€a€whole...€[I]€can€not€makeÏa€judgment€how€valid€the€PM€conclusion€is€that€there€is€ð ðcompensation.ðð€€óóò òИè(#(# ÐÌó óIn€the€same€memo€Colby€noted€the€retirement€from€BAT€of€senior€scientist€Dr.€Green,€soon€to€beÐ pÀ Ða€whistle„blower.Ô#†XGAXX XGA„5#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔòòÐ \ ¬ ÐóóÌ*€29€May€1979,€Colby€report€to€S.B.€Ô_ÔWittÔ_Ô,€ð ðPhilip€Morris/Europe.ðð€RJR€500942103Ô#†XGAXX XGAN:#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð 4"„  Ðà  àVerband€and€Dr.€Ô_ÔSchmaehlÔ_Ô€(German€Cancer€Institute)€managed€to€get€a€paper€onÏÔ_ÔnitrosaminesÔ_Ô€by€an€ex„PM€Ô_ÔreseacherÔ_Ô,€now€with€Ô_ÔWynderÔ_Ôððs€American€Health€Foundation,€presentedÏat€a€seminar€sponsored€by€Ô_ÔSchmaehlÔ_Ô.€€Colby€also€reports€that€PM€is€enlarging€their€R&D€facilitiesÏin€Neuchatel,€and€ð ðòòhas€had€for€several€years,€as€a€wholly€owned€subsidiary,€a€major€commercialÐ ä%4!$ Ðresearch€institute€in€Cologne/Germany,€which€does€òòanimalóó€and€other€biological€òòresearchóóóó.ðð€€InÐ Ð& "% ÐNeuchatel€they€discovered€that€Swiss€smokers€using€low€tar/low€nicotine€filter€cigarettes€get€theÏsame€amount€of€nicotine€as€when€they€smoked€the€old€non„filter€high€tar€and€nicotine€cigarettes.€€ÏColby€tries€to€downplay€the€importance€of€this€finding:€ð ðòòThis€type€of€study€requires€a€great€manyÐ ”)ä$( Ðassumptions.óóððÐ €*Ð%) ÐÐ l+¼&* ÐÔ#†XGAXX XGA!;#ÔÔ‡XGAXXXGAÔÔUKUS.,Ô#€4€June€1979,€Memo€from€Ô_ÔBATCOÔ_Ôððs€Ô_ÔD.G.Ô_Ô€Felton€to€Ô_ÔS.J.Ô_Ô€Green,€Ô_ÔL.C.F.Ô_Ô€Blackman€(BATÐ ° Ðresearchers),Ô#†XGAXXXGA­?#ÔÔ‡XGAXXXGAÔÔUS.,UK.,Ì?ÔÔUKUS.,Ô€ð ðMeeting€with€Philip€Morrisððs€Dr.€R.€€Ô_ÔSeligmanÔ_Ô€(Ô_ÔV.P.Ô_Ô€R&D)€and€Dr.€Ô_ÔT.S.Ô_Ô€Ô_ÔOsdenÔ_ÔÐ œì Ð(Director€of€Research)€Philip€Morris€Research€Ô_ÔCenterÔ_Ô,€Richmond,€USA.ðð€€Minnesota€DepositoryÏBAT€(File€no.€€C12)€100429313€„€314ÔUS.,UK.,/AÔÔUKUS.,ÔÔ#†XGAXXXGAö@#ÔÔ‡XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð tÄ ÐÌà0  àòòThey€commented€that,€in€their€opinion,€Ô_ÔICOSIÔ_Ô€was€a€ððconspiracy€by€Reynolds€andÐ L œ ÐImperial€to€thwart€BAT€and€Philip€Morrisðð€in€their€international€operations.€€TheyÏclearly€did€not€trust€Colby€or€Jacob€and€said€that€the€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€staff€(Ô_ÔKonigÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔAdlkoferÔ_Ô)Ïhad€found€Jacob€a€trial.€I€said€that€I€understood€Jacob€had€advised€Ô_ÔICOSIÔ_Ô€that€there€wasÏdanger€in€working€on€nicotine€for€a€variety€of€reasons€and€that€might€have€hadÏrepercussions€for€the€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô.ðð€óóÔ#†XGAXXXGAC#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔÔUS.,UK.,åBÔÐè 8 (#(# ÐÌ*€3€July€1979,€Redacted€Colby€attachment€of€abstract€of€a€study€by€German€scientist€to€lawyersÏÔ_ÔWittÔ_Ô€and€Jacob,€ð ðEffects€of€Smoking€on€Human€Umbilical€Veins.ðð€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô€511286585Ô#†XGAXX XGA&F#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð ¬ü  Ðà  àPathological€changes€found€in€umbilical€arteries€and€veins€of€children€of€smoking€mothers,Ïand€not€in€non„smokers.€Related€to€low€birth€weights€of€such€children.ÌÌÔ#†XGAXX XGA“G#Ô*€19€July€1979,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô€meeting€notes€by€Ô_ÔPelzÔ_Ô€to€W.€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô€(Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô€German€counsel),€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_ÔÐ \¬ Ð503247057€„€7058.Ìà  àMembers€express€great€dissatisfaction€òòð ðwith€the€way€the€Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô€is€handled€by€the€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô.ððÐ 4„ ÐóóThey€complain€of€wasted€money€(ð ðòòunless€one€rated€the€public€relations€effect€that€highðð)óó,€thatÐ  p Ðresearch€was€not€being€used€to€produce€new€cigarettes,€and€that€Ô_ÔAdlkoferÔ_Ô€had€arbitrarily€chosenÏthe€members€of€the€new€Ô_ÔForschungsratÔ_Ô€(research„proposing€and€grant„making€body€of€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô).ÌÌÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ#€20€July€1979,€Colby€letter€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô,€ð ðRe:€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€Executive€Meeting,€June€26,€1979.ðð€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_ÔÐ Ð  Ð500920451€„€0453.Ô#†XGAXX XGA.L#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔÐ ¼  Ðà  àColby€comments€on€a€paper€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€intends€to€send€to€the€German€Medical€Weekly.€€ð ðòòIÐ ¨ø Ðfind€especially€the€comments€preceding€the€actual€report€on€the...reference€to€alleged€adverseÏhealth€effects€of€smoking,€as€well€as€the€references€to€the€ððless€harmful€cigarettesðð,€scientificallyÏunacceptable€and€politically€unpalatableóó.ðð€€Colby€also€objects€to€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€research€on€Ô_ÔpolycyclicÔ_ÔÐ l¼ Ðhydrocarbons€and€electrostatic€precipitation€of€cigarette€smoke€„€particularly€because€adversariesÏwould€ð ðòòmanipulateóóðð€the€methodology€and€information.Ð D!” ÐÌÔ#†XGAXX XGAXM#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ#€2€August€1979,€Colby€memo€to€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô€in„house€counsel€S.B.€Ô_ÔWittÔ_Ô,€ð ðÔ_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€grantees.ðð€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_ÔÐ #l! Ð503247017Ô#†XGAXX XGA‡P#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð $X" Ðà  àColby€complains€of€the€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€report,€ð ðResearch€grantees,ðð€where€ð ðòòsome€commentsÐ ô$D # Ðwhich€wrongly€allege€that€cigarette€smoking€is€harmful.óóððÐ à%0!$ ÐÌ*€5€August€1979,€Colby€letter€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô€50872449.Ìà  àColby€likes€a€Prof.€€Ô_ÔKrokowskiÔ_Ôððs€ð ðòòopen„minded€attitude€towards€smoking€for€yearsóó,ðð€andÐ ¤(ô#' Ðnotes€that€he€is€ð ðòòthe€first€good€potential€candidate€to€serve€as€ððwitnessððóó.ðð€ò ò[N.B.€€Colby€was€theÐ )à$( Ðfirst€to€develop€a€method€of€recruiting€ð ðfriendlyðð€scientists€and€medical€doctors€by€carefulÏscreening.€€The€method€was€formalized€a€decade€later€in€the€Asian€and€European€Ô_ÔETSÔ_ÔÐ l+¼&* ÐConsultant€Projects,€among€other€such€programs€to€find€friendly€witnesses€for€litigationÏand€testimony€at€legislatures.]ó óÐ œì ÐÌ#€*€8€August€1979,€Colby€memo€to€Alan€Ô_ÔRodgmanÔ_Ô€(RJR€Senior€Scientist),€RJR€502443594„Ï3595.€Ìà  àThe€sometimes€cosy€relationship€of€the€Verband€with€government€officials€is€illustratedÏhere:€ð ðòòSome€time€ago€Don€Ô_ÔHoelÔ_Ô,€of€Shook,€Hardy€&€Bacon,€received€a€request€from€the€ChiefÐ 8 ˆ ÐExecutive€of€the€Verband€[von€Ô_ÔSpechtÔ_Ô]€ð!ð€who€is€also€the€Chief€executive€of€Ô_ÔB.A.T.Ô_Ô€Germany€ð!ð€toÏfurnish€him€ððpro€and€conðð€material€on€nicotine€for€the€purpose€of€transmitting€it€to€an€anti„¼tobacco€bureaucrat€of€the€European€Economic€Community.€To€my€astonishment,€Mr.€Ô_ÔHoelÔ_ÔÏcomplied€with€that€request€as€madeóó.ððÐ è 8  ÐÌ*€28€August€1979,€Colby€letter€to€Franz€Adlkofer,€RJR€500872130.Ìà  àColby€expresses€the€need€to€hide€RJRððs€sponsorship€of€University€research€in€Germany:€ÌÌà0  àòòAs€I€informed€you,€Dr.€Koenig,€etc.,€several€months€ago,€we,€i.e.€R.J.€Reynolds€GmbH€inÐ „Ô  ÐCologne,€are€sponsoring€a€limited€amount€of€ððsmoking€and€healthðð€research€in€GermanÏUniversities.€At€that€time€I€also€advised€you€that€these€projects€would€have€to€remainÏconfidential€between€the€researchers€and€ourselves€until€data€ready€for€publicationÏwould€be€available....€Attached€please€find€the€manuscript€of€the€first€of€these€studies....ÏPlease€keep€this€manuscript€confidential€until€publication,€and€our€involvement€in€thisÏproject€should,€please,€also€be€kept€confidential€until€advised€otherwise.óóÐ \(#(# ÐÌ*€29€August€1979,€Colby€memo€to€Alan€Ô_ÔRodgmanÔ_Ô,€RJR€50162„7508,€ð ðMonthly€status€report.ððÏRJR€503247017Ô#†XGAXX XGAÃQ#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð Ð  Ðà  àAmong€other€activities,€ð ðObtained€confidential€information€on€the€relationship€between€theÏBritish€Tobacco€Industry€and€the€Hunter€Committee.ððÌÌ*€5€September€1979,€Colby€draft€memo€to€RJR€in„house€counsel€S.B.€Ô_ÔWittÔ_Ô,€€ð ðÔ_ÔRJRTIÔ_Ô€funding€ofÏsmoking€and€health€research€in€Germany€and€elsewhere.ðð€RJR€500950146„€0148Ô#†XGAXX XGA5]#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð l¼ Ðà  à$750,000€over€three€years.€€Purpose€of€research€is€to€fund€ð ðòòòòimpeccableóóóóðð€smoking€andÐ X ¨ Ðhealth€research.€€But€under€that€rubric€is€the€substantial€reason,€recruiting€spies€and€witnesses:€ÌÌà0  àòòTo€establish€relations€of€mutual€trust€with€leading€scientists€„„€beyond€the€grants€ð!ð€asÐ #l! Ðscientific€advisers,€as€a€resource€to€find€ð ðwitnessesðð€ð!ð€if€needed€ð!ð€for€liability€litigations,Ïgovernmental€bodies,€etc.,€as€a€confidential€source€of€information€on€the€activities€of€ourÏadversaries,€etc.Ð (#(# ÐÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÌóóProjects€funded€by€the€Verband€often€done€by€scientists€hostile€to€the€tobacco€industry:Ð ¸'#& Ðð ðòòObviously,€ððpoliticallyðð€such€data€are€Ô_ÔdoubluÔ_Ô€damaging€if€financed€by€the€industry....€FundingÐ ¤(ô#' Ðððimpeccable€research€also€means€to€exclude...researchers€prejudiced€against€the€TobaccoÏÔ_ÔIndustry.óóÔ_ÔÐ |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ð*€14€September€1979,€Colby€memo€to€S.B.€Ô_ÔWittÔ_Ô,€ð ðVerband€Smoking€and€Health€Research€GrantÏProcedures.ðð€RJR€503246989€„€7011Ô#†XGAXX XGA_#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð œì Ðà  àColby€outlines€the€grant€making€procedures€of€the€Verband,€ð ðòòadopted€over€ourÐ ˆØ Ðobjectionsóó.ððÐ tÄ ÐÌà0  àòò1)€There€will€be€projects€submitted€by,€or€solicited€from€various€university€and€researchÐ L œ Ðinstitute€scientists.€€These€will€be€evaluated€as€to€their€scientific€merit€by€the€new€GermanÏTobacco€Research€Councilóó€òò(see€below).€€However,€the€Executive€Board€of€the€VerbandÐ $ t Ðreserves€itself€the€right€to€veto€or€otherwise€control€publication.€2)€The€Verband,€i.e.ÏAdlkoferóó€òòand€company,€will€originate€other€projects€and€choose€their€researchers€withinÐ ü L  ÐGermany€and,€possibly,€also€outside€Germany,€in€a€form€akin€to€what€we€call€in€thisÏcountry€ð ðcontract€research.ðð€For€this€type€of€project€the€Verband€plans€also€to€reserveÏitself€the€right€to€veto€or€otherwise€control€publication....€€Chiefly€due€to€Edððs€óó[Jacob],Ð À  ÐòòÔ_ÔWilfriedÔ_Ôððsóó€[Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô]òò,€and€my€initiatives,€the€Verband€has€agreed€that€all€memberÐ ¬ü  Ðcompanies€will€have€three€months€to€comment,€before€any€irrevocable€commitments€areÏmade.€€(I€am,€however,€skeptical€whether€the€Verband€will€always€be€scrupulous€inÏobserving€this.)€€Any€company€has€the€right€to€withhold€its€funding€from€any€project.€ÏSimilarly,€there€seems€to€be€an€unwritten€understanding€that€any€member€company€mayÏveto€any€of€the€projects....€The€Verband€has€asked€approval€of€a€specific€researchÏproposal€(ð ðEffect€of€carbon€monoxide€and€nicotine€on€Ô_ÔminipigsÔ_Ôðð),€which€in€the€judgmentÏof€Dr.€Ô_ÔPelzÔ_Ô€and€myself,€is€totally€ill€conceived.€€Also,€nearly€all€the€òòscientistsóó€of€the€otherÐ  p Ðfirms€are€against€this€project.€€€€óó€òò€€€€€€óó€€€€Ð \(#(# ÐÌà  àColby€also€objected€to€some€appointees€to€the€Research€Council,€ð ðòòpersonal€friends€of€Dr.Ð ä4 ÐAdlkofer.óóðð€especially€Prof.€Ô_ÔSchettlerÔ_Ô.Ð Ð  ÐÌ*€19€September€1979,€Colby€memo€to€S.B.€Ô_ÔWittÔ_Ô€„€includes€portions€of€5€September€1979€memo,€,Ïð ðÔ_ÔRJRTIÔ_Ô€Financed€Smoking€and€Health€Research€in€Germany€to€Date€„„€1977„79.ðð€RJRÏ500877333€„€7342Ô#†XGAXX XGANd#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð €Ð Ðà  àColby€describes€the€kind€of€research€RJR€has€funded:€1)€Whether€lung€cancer€and/orÏsmoking€are€associated€with€a€personððs€psychological€makeup,€war€experiences,€religion,€etc.Ï$200,000€annually.€2)€Whether€the€handwriting€of€lung€cancer€patients€can€reveal€characteristicsÏassociated€with€lung€cancer.€$18,000.€€3)€Enzyme€markers€in€human€cells€predicting€susceptibilityÏto€lung€cancer.€€ð ðòòThe€Ô_ÔCTRÔ_Ô„USA€and€other€organizations€have€spent€millions€of€dollars€on€thisÐ #l! Ðconcept....€Results€to€date€have€been€disappointing€and€the€original€concept€is€now€very€much€inÏquestion.óóðð€4)€Toxicologically€caused€cancer€ð ðthresholdðð€theory.€€ð ðòòIncomplete€results€to€date€„„Ð ô$D # Ðinvolving€chemicals€in€no€way€related€to€tobacco€„„€have€not€turned€out€as€hoped€foróó.ðð€$110,000.Ð à%0!$ Ð5)€Epidemiologic€study€of€total€Cancer€rates€in€Hamburg,€corrected€for€shift€in€population€andÏimproved€diagnoses,€have€not€changed,€but€locations€of€cancer€have€[Colby€doesnððt€specify!].Ï$25,000.€€6)€Comparison€of€ð ðòòannoyanceóóðð€from€second„hand€smoke€to€other€industrial€odors.Ð ¤(ô#' Ð$35,000.€€7)€Dr.€Ô_ÔNeubertÔ_Ôððs€studies€on€[voluntarily]€aborted€fetuses€from€smoking€and€non„¼â âsmoking€women.€€Obstacle€to€study€is€a€change€in€voluntary€abortion€methods.€€Ô_ÔNeubertÔ_Ô€proposesÐ |*Ì%) ÐÔ_Ôgoing€to€animal€models.€€$48,000.€€8)€Chain„smoking€Prof.€€Staecker€believes€extroversion€causesÏboth€smoking€and€ð ðòòcertain€respiratory€patternsóó.ðð€$58,000.ò òÐ œì Ðâ âó óÌ#€24€September€1979,€Colby€memo€to€Dembach€and€Bernd€F.€€Pelz€[ò òN.B.€€Pelz€was€RJR„Ð tÄ ÐGermany€scientist€assigned€to€keep€track€of€Verband€deliberations€and€operations,€see€RJRÏ50087738.]ó ó,€ð ðVerband€Research€Projects€Approval.ðð€RJR€50094522€„€4523.Ô#†XGAXX XGA#n#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔÐ P   Ðà  àColby€confirms€the€Verband€procedures€as€outlined€to€S.B.€Witt€14€September€1979.€ÏEmphasizes€need€for€close€RJR€review€of€ALL€proposed€projects€(not€just€those,€apparently,Ïfunded€by€RJR).€ð ðòòThese€projects€need€not€only€be€assessed€from€a€purely€scientific€point€of€view,Ð  h Ðbut€also€from€a€legal€point€of€view€(i.e.€Sam€Witt,€Ed€Jacob,€etc.).óóððÐ  T  ÐÌ*€5€October€1979,€Colby€memo€to€S.B.€Witt,€ð ðVerband€Research€Project€„„€Umbilical€CordsÏPathology.ðð€RJR€503246995€„€6996Ô#†XGAXX XGA7v#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð È  Ðà  àColby€writes,€ð ðòòThe€Verband€is€planning€to€undertake€a€new€research€project€which€isÐ ´  Ðdescribed€in€the€attachment.€€I€am€planning€to€advise€Wilfried€Dembach€and€Bernd€Pelz€asÏfollows,€provided€you€approveóó.ðð€€He€objects€not€to€the€researchòò€óó(ostensibly€looking€at€cords€ofÐ ŒÜ  Ðinfants€delivered€to€smoking€and€non„smoking€mothers)€but€to€the€researchers€who€have€beenÏassociated€with€or€published€research€on€pregnancy€and€smoking€or€on€minipigs,€€ð ðòòwhich€areÐ d´ Ðmostly€very€anti„smokingóó,ðð€and€ð ðòòa€serious€embarrassment€to€the€German€Industryóó.ððÐ P  ÐÌ#€5„8€November,€1979,€synopsis€of€conference,€unsigned,€ð ðSmoking€and€health€issues€conference.ÏBAT€(Minnesota€Select€set,€BOX€11,€File€no.€FC0077)€301097811Ô#†XGAXX XGA£x#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð d ÐòòÔ#†XGAXX XGA5|#Ôóóà0  àÐ (#(# Ðà0  àòòThe€German€example€indicates€that€the€industryððs€greatest€ally€is€its€consumer.€TheÐ ì< ÐVerband€shows€that€a€dialogue€through€third€parties€with€the€scientific€community€on€theÏhealth€aspects€of€smoking€can€reflect€well€on€the€industry€and€avoid€isolation.Ô‡ XGAXXXGAÔ€ÐÄ(#(# ÐóóÌ*€19€November€1979,€memo€from€Bernd€Pelz€to€W.€Dembach,€ð ðVdC„TabakforschungsausschussÏ(TFA)„Meeting.ðð€[Verband€Tobacco€Research€Committee.]€RJR€500877295€„€7298Ô#†XGAXX XGAØ}#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð ˆØ Ðà  àSecond€of€a€number€of€reports€by€Pelz,€assigned€to€report€on€the€Verband€researchÏdeliberations.€€The€TFA€became€the€successor€to€the€Forschungsrat€(Research€Council).€TheÏresearchers€discussed€the€need€to€ð ðòòdo€something€about€nitrosamines€in€smokeóó.ðð€€Pelz€reports,Ð L!œ Ðð ðòòòòHeavy€metals€in€smokeóó.€€This€discussion€I€regard€a€personal€victory:€there€will€be€no€researchÐ 8"ˆ  Ðfollow„up€by€the€Verband€on€the€publication€by€Prof.€€Mueller€on€Cadmium€in€tobaccoóó.ððÐ $#t! ÐÌÔ#†XGAXX XGAä~#Ô*€19€November€1979,€VdC€TFA€meeting€notes€by€Pelz€to€Dembach,€RJR€500920074€„€0078.Ð ü$L # Ðà  àMuch€discussion€on€nitrosamines€in€tobacco€and€the€need€to€reduce€their€levels.ÏDiscussion€of€cadmium€in€tobacco.€€Evidence€that€the€different€companies€had€to€be€careful€ofÏtheir€competitive€advantages,€and€not€share€research€ideas.€€A€secret€side„note€to€RJR€USAÏreveals€how€VdC€is€influencing€a€European€Commission€Literature€study€on€tar€and€nicotine.Ìà  àòòNitrosamines€in€beer€to€him€[Fink€of€PM/Neuchatel,€FTR,€Fabriques€Tabak€Reunies]€areÐ ˜)è$( Ðnot€an€issue€any€more€after€the€changes€that€were€introduced€by€the€brewing€industry....€[H]ighÏnitroso„nornicotine€(NNN)€values€found€by€Hoffman€were€also€found€in€experiments€by€PM.€€Ô_ÔDr.Ð p+À&* ÐÔ_ÔKlusÔ_Ô€essentially€reached€the€conclusions€made€by€Fink,€that€tobacco€industry€should€doÏsomething€about€Ô_ÔnitrosaminesÔ_Ô€in€smoke....€Ô_ÔSeehoferÔ_Ô€[BAT]€wanted€to€know€from€Dr.€Fink€whatÏleads€he€would€use€to€get€a€reduction€of€Ô_ÔnitrosaminesÔ_Ô€in€smoke.€€Fink€said€they€would€work€on€it,Ïbut€was€not€in€a€position€to€say€more.óóÐ tÄ Ðà  àÌòòà  àHeavy€metals€in€smoke:€This€discussion€I€regard€a€personal€victory:€there€will€be€noÐ L œ Ðresearch€follow€up€by€the€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€on€the€publication€by€Prof.€Muller€on€Cadmium€in€tobacco,Ïand€unless€necessitated€by€outside€pressure€the€subject€will€not€be€on€the€agenda€of€theÏCommittee€for€the€next€year.ÌÌà  àWhen€discussing€the€problems€of€Ô_ÔCorestaÔ_Ô,€it€became€pretty€obvious€that€practically€allÏcompanies€for€competitive€reasons€have€restricted€or€put€a€ban€on€scientific€publications.€Dr.ÏFink€(PM)€for€example€reported€that€in€general€3€out€of€4€potential€publications€are€rejected€[byÏhis€company].ÌÌà  àEuropean€Commission€Literature€Study€(òòThis€is€strictly€confidential€and€not€for€outsideÐ „Ô  Ðuse)óó€The€Ô_ÔECÔ_Ô€Commission€has€contracted€the€Ô_ÔFreseniusÔ_Ô€Institute€to€do€a€literature€survey€on€theÐ pÀ Ðdetermination€of€tar€and€nicotine€and€other€toxicologically€relevant€constituents€of€tobaccoÏsmoke.€€The€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€has€been€in€touch€with€Ô_ÔwithÔ_Ô€Institute€since€Spring€1979€and€is€supplying€cost€ofÏthe€literature.€€Ô_ÔDr.Ô_Ô€Ô_ÔFreseniusÔ_Ô€in€discussion€with€selected€Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô€members....ÌÌóóÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ#€20€November€1979,€translation€of€memo€by€E.€Ô_ÔBruecknerÔ_Ô€of€the€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€members,Ð  \ Ðð ðòòregarding€biological€experimentsóó,ðð€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô€50087„2076.Ð øH Ðà  àA€clear€alarm€that€non„industry€government€research€could€harm€the€industry,€andÏacknowledging€the€link€between€cigarettes€and€lung€cancer.ÌÌà  àà0 ` àòòWe€have€just€been€informed€on€a€confidential€basis€that€a€leading€GermanÐ ¨ø Ðresearch€institute€is€doing,€on€behalf€of€the€German€Federal€Ministry€of€theÏInterior,€inhalation€experiments€on€the€effect€of€cigarette€smoke€on€lung€retentionÏof€dusts.€€Asbestos€is€also€included€in€the€experiments.€€The€researchers€have€beenÏrequested€to€use€conditions€which€simulates€actual€real€life€conditions€as€closelyÏas€possible.€For€that€reason€they€use€in€their€experiments€several€(German)Ïcigarette€brands€which€have€a€high€market€share.€€It€seemsà  àquestionable€whetherÐ 0"€  Ðthe€results€to€be€expected€will,€in€all€cases,€lead€to€an€exoneration€of€cigarettes,Ïespecially€since€we€know€from€the€United€States€that€97%€of€the€asbestos€workersÏwhich€died€of€lung€cancer,€were€smokers.€€We€will€continue€to€follow€this€topicÏand€explore€whether€or€not€we€will€be€able€to€use€our€influence.Ð ` (#` (# ÐóóÌ#€21€November€1979,€Edwin€Jacob€memorandum€to€files,€ð ðMeeting€With€Executive€Board€ofÏÔ_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€re€Research€Structure€November€13,€1979.ðð€PM€100012218€„€2222Ô#†XGAXX XGAŒ#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð ¤(ô#' Ðà  àòòÌà0  àI€had€referredóó€òòto€the€statement€of€research€concept€agreed€with€Ô_ÔKonigÔ_Ô€Ô_Ôóó[HaroldÔ_Ô€Koenig]òòÐ |*Ì%) Ðduring€our€meetings€last€year...and€changes€were€made€in€the€draft€statute€for€theÐ h+¸&* ÐResearch€Council,€as€follows:€I)€References€to€product€development€or€improvement€wereÏeliminated€from€the€statute.€€ii)€No€scientific€approval€of€the€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€or€members€of€theÏIndustry€will€be€required€for€specific€research€projects.€€iii)€There€will€be€no€requirementÏthat€the€Council€make€recommendations€with€regard€to€product€improvement....€Part€ofÏthe€problem€óó[how€to€engage€company€scientists€in€the€Council€review€of€projects]€òòmightÐ `° Ðbe€in€asking€the€wrong€question.€€It€is€not€helpful€to€obtain€negative€reaction€of€theÏscientists€and€then€go€forward€on€political€grounds.€€It€might€be€more€helpful€to€tell€theÏscientists€that€a€political€decision€to€do€a€project€has€been€made€and€invite€theirÏcooperation€in€making€it€as€effective€as€possible,€given€whatever€the€political€parametersÏmight€be.óóÐü L (#(# ÐÌ*€28€November€1979,€Richard€Ô_ÔMarcotullioÔ_Ô€(Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô€ð ðManagerial€Employeeðð),€memorandum€to€file,€Ïð ðÔ_ÔICOSIÔ_Ô€International€Public€Smoking€Symposium.ððÔ#†XGAXX XGA¹’#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô€502122792€„€2797Ô#†XGAXX XGAÀ˜#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð À  Ðà  àLong€soliloquy€about€a€major€conference€on€public€smoking€whose€industry€sponsorshipÏthe€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€wanted€kept€secret,€otherwise€it€ð ðòòwould€preclude€the€ability€to€attract€theÐ ˜è  Ðparticipants€desired,óóðð€that€is,€the€best€scientists,€as€well€as€the€expected€participation€of€the€WorldÐ „Ô  ÐHealth€Organization.€€Ô_ÔMarcotullioÔ_Ô€and€others€were€of€the€opinion€that€this€should€be€an€industryÏshow,€not€a€venue€for€scientific€or€legal€debate€or€controversy.€€If€anything,€the€pressure€onÏindividuals€to€stop€smoking€ought€to€be€raised€as€ð ðòòdebateóóðð€with€the€intention€of€€ð ðòòdiscrediting€theÐ H˜ Ðother€side.óóðð€Therefore,€only€participants€siding€with€the€industry€should€be€on€the€program,Ð 4„ Ðð ðòòproducing€testimony€and€a€report€which€can€be€used€with€legislators.óóðð€€The€three€aims€of€theÐ  p Ðsymposium€would€be€to€produce€a€useable€book,€provide€media€coverage€(ð ðòòhighly€organizedóóðð),Ð  \ Ðand€to€ð ðòòneutralize€WHO€as€best€as€possible€on€the€public€smoking€issueóó.ðð€€ð ðòòIn€addition,€theÐ øH Ðsymposium€was€intended€to€establish€witnesses,€international€sociologists,€lawyers€and€scientistsÏthat€the€industry€could€count€on€in€other€areas.ððóó€ò ò[N.B.€The€proposed€convener€of€theÐ Ð  Ðconference€is€named€simply€as€ð ðIOðð,€a€local€branch€of€an€international€group,€one€withÏgood€relationships€to€the€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€and€also€to€the€World€Health€Organization.€€ð ðIOððÏprobably€stands€for€ð ðInterim€Organization,ðð€the€entity€that€bridged€the€1979„1980Ïtransition€from€Ô_ÔICOSIÔ_Ô€(International€Center€on€Smoking€Issues)€to€the€more€controllableÏÔ_ÔINFOTABÔ_Ô.€€See€*€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô€503328264€„€8272,€particularly€„8767.]ó óÐ pÀ Ðà  àOf€interest€in€this€memo€is€the€close€coordination€with€law€firm€principals,€such€as€MaryÏCovington€of€Covington€&€Burling,€Don€Ô_ÔHoelÔ_Ô€and€Charles€Tucker€from€Shook,€Hardy€&€BaconÏ(ð ðKansas€Cityðð);€and€the€major€manufacturers€BAT,€Imperial,€Philip€Morris,€and€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô.€ÌÌ*€30€November€1979,€Colby€memo€to€Ô_ÔPelzÔ_Ô,€ð ðAdams€ððCompensationðð.ðð€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô€503247368Ô#†XGAXX XGA7™#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð  $\" Ðà  à[ò òN.B.€€ð ðCompensationðð€refers€to€smokers€of€low€tar,€low€nicotine€cigarettes€inhalingÐ ø$H # Ðmore€deeply€and€longer€to€get€the€requisite€amount€of€nicotine€their€bodies€demand.]ó óÐ è%8!$ Ðà0  àòòÐ (#(# Ðà0  àFor€reference€I€attach€two€recent€papers€by€Dr.€Adams.€€As€I€am€sure€you€are€aware,€theÏð ðpoliticsðð€of€Imperial€ð ðdemandðð€that€there€is€no€compensation.€€The€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ôððs€politicsÏhave€changed€radically€in€that€the€late€Dr.€Weber€insisted€that€there€was€noÏcompensation,€but€now€Dr.€Ô_ÔAdlkoferÔ_Ô€wants€to€show€compensation.€€In€my€judgment,€asÏregards€the€majority€of€convinced€smokers,€there€is€compensation€...[but]€is€only€partialÐ p+À&* ÐÑ ïOÑâ  âÑe°Ñâ  âÑ  Ñover€the€long€run...from€the€point€of€the€smoking€and€health€controversy...this€is€probablyÏmeaningless.€€This€is€because€there€is€no€way€of€determining€the€smoking€behaviorÏchanges€„„€if€any€„„€of€the€very€small€number€of€smokers€who€may€or€may€not€be€ð ðat€riskððÏwith€regards€to€diseases€allegedly€associated€with€smoking.Ð (#(# ÐÌóó*€6€December€1979,€Colby€to€S.B.€Ô_ÔWittÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô,€the€Research€Council€for€Smoking€and€Health€andÐ  œ ÐÔ_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€ð ðStatuteðð€and€declarations€of€purpose,€in€German€(undated)€and€partially€translated€toÏEnglish.€500877291€„€7294Ô#†XGAXX XGA_£#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.€òòóóò ò[N.B.€€The€English€translation€of€the€Purpose€of€the€ResearchÐ Ù t ÐCouncil€is€totally€redacted€from€this€document.]ó ó€Ð É d Ðà  àIn€rough€translation,€the€statute€declares€that€the€purpose€of€the€Research€Council€is€toÏdiscover,€on€the€basis€of€present€knowledge,€if€or€how€nicotine,€alone€or€interacting€with€otherÏsubstances,€takes€part€in€the€pathogenesis€of€chronic€illnesses€associated€with€smoking.€€BecauseÏof€the€importance€and€extent€of€this€area€of€work€[smoking€and€health],€nicotine€researchÌis€at€the€center€of€the€activities€of€the€Research€Council.€€Basic€research€will€take€suitable€note€ofÏand€be€based€on€clinical€studies.€€In€certain€instances€work€with€other€scientific€disciplines€willÏgive€meaning€to€the€results.ÌÌ#€13€December€1979,€Meeting€notes€from€Ô_ÔBerndÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPelzÔ_Ô€distributed€to€Colby,€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô,€AlanÏÔ_ÔRodgmanÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔH.J.Ô_Ô€Ô_ÔWederÔ_Ô,€S.B.€Ô_ÔWittÔ_Ô,€ð ðÔ_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Scientific€Committee€(Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô)€Meeting,€Hamburg€Dec.€Ï12,€79.ðð€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô€500920366€„€0372Ô#†XGAXX XGAÕ©#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.€ò ò[N.B.€€Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô€stands€for€Ô_ÔTabakÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔForschungsÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔAusschussÔ_Ôó ó,Ð ñŒ Ðò òTobacco€Research€Committee.]ó óÐ á| Ðà  àScientists€at€the€meeting€represented€BAT,€British€Imperial,€Philip€Morris,€Ô_ÔReemtsmaÔ_Ô,ÏÔ_ÔRJRÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô,€and€Austria€Ô_ÔTabakwerkeÔ_Ô.Ìà  àA€paper€on€Ô_ÔnitrosamineÔ_Ô€levels€in€many€brands€of€cigarettes€from€different€nations€wasÏpublished€by€Drs.€€Ô_ÔRuhlÔ_Ô,€Adams,€Hoffman€in€a€reputable€but€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô„financed€German€tobaccoÏresearch€journal€(ð ðÔ_ÔBeitrageÔ_ÔÔ#†XGAXX XGA9¯#Ô€Ô_ÔzurÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔTabakforschungÔ_Ô€[Contributions€to€Tobacco€ResearchÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ..ðð].€€It€wasÐ } Ðfelt€ð ðòònot€what€one€would€like€to€seeóóðð€but€an€attempt€by€the€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€to€suppress€it€would€beÐ i Ðundesirable€given€the€cooperation€of€the€German€Federal€Health€Office€in€the€study.€€TheÏÔ_ÔReemtsmaÔ_Ô€representative€objected,€however.€€The€same€Dr.€Adams€continues€to€showÏcompensation€behavior€of€ð ðlight€cigaretteðð€smokers.€€Ô_ÔPelzÔ_Ô€then€related€a€discussion€about€theÏÔ_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€with€two€company€scientists€(Austria€Ô_ÔTabakwerkeÔ_Ô€and€PM)€on€the€way€to€the€airport.€Ïð ðòòThey€both€said€that€approval€of€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€research€was€more€or€less€based€on€a€generalÐ !  Ðjudgement€as€to€what€potential€harm€a€piece€of€research€could€do.óóðð€€Ô_ÔPelzÔ_Ôððs€own€role€in€insistingÐ ñ!Œ  Ðon€more€information€about€research€protocols,€they€warned,€could€lead€him€to€be€Ô_ÔmarginalizedÔ_Ô.€ÏBoth€scientists€said€appointment€of€Ô_ÔAdlkoferÔ_Ô€to€head€the€Scientific€Committee€was€a€mistakeÏð ðòòbecause€this€would€add€too€much€influence€to€the€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô.€€They€would€also€prefer€to€have€theÐ µ$P # Ðchairmanship€in€the€hands€of€members€of€industryóó.ððÐ ¡%