ÿWPC Ç}f&`šY‡#‹ºbRtQþ±Ð…>Íëšš‰ÌJ›oOû#î—±|¾Úˆ‚ï¡o é‹ï4#"Ì6áØf¸Râö”íBâ·5ûòQ2Û€”hŸ˜gÊŽ“[ökqæˆ0 ¥l¢ ó<èjXÛ×äÃÊK1*×5#lº6Ñ ¶ƒºR>fø»SvE:ŽÂð¿û›”ýUYá[Ô¬¶Ž–'‚_Ö¥2è®Ûl‘"4wôJZœ«ŒØØí8x®XÁ€<7V­žÑEA\Xöó |ÀŸ&ÒŸäo FÑñÖ6—1Ï®Gù,UNì8¼uº »O&M*¹a Œ²õʱ!§­ø¡u}ÇðYp{ÊMÕ™0œ£ê%dÞÿùíKr<=`Ö×Ε$‚¸Ä̾³`ýT,Á[½q,Ù'Ÿ«– û¢„ P5}R¯_libŠYÿ¸ ™ȳØ+²HúY9Ù•æL÷èžÝÉ9(wV’Äõ”ÍÆØˆ…ñ&†æþŸËñ=Z1Gþš ´mbXáQ¨£@’×5ìcúþ„ bKGBYobJË”nhh>V3·WŒÝØ5yØ]ÃPÞú=šÜÉÕ-IO#¿g²gzPw—EX/¦#!–UN· % 0( ^ 3w@?4“¢ m¤UN» NUN!Fo 0NµF 1uI 0c¾ 0w! 0Š˜ 0 " 0´Â 0Çv 0Û= 0ï 1‰ † ˜HP DeskJet 540 Printer ,,,, 0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡[mD(Þ >>D>D> >D!>">#>/$>%>Džq'.bk13|x%>ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular Ñ e Ñ(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman Regular<http://www.tobaccoresolution.com>(ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔ<http://www.tobaccodocuments.org>;3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à(Oé;$µµà0  àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` (#(#à(b·¤$¶¶à0  àà0` (#(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¸ ` (#` (#à(xir$··à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0¸ (#¸ (#à(ŒÜ$¸¸à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0h(#(#à(ŸF$¹¹à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0Àh(#h(#à(³Àô$ººà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0À(#À(#à(ǵ{$»»à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0p(#(#àxò–Gaeimquy}Bullet ListBullets List Verband R.J.websiteswebsiteOCRd RJRAdlkoferÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ8€GAXXdìdÈ8ÑÑ  ÑÑ€ ïOÑÔ‡ XGAXXXÔÑ  ÑÔ‡ „ð«„X XGAÔà@¦ ¦ "ìàò òSHAMEFUL€SCIENCE:ˆÐ ° ÐÌÌà@@@ìàÔ#† XGAX„ „ð««#ÔFour€Decades€of€the€Tobacco€Industryððs€Hidden€Research€on€Smoking€and€Healthó óˆÐ Ð  ÐÌÌÌÌà@ÜÜìàòòò òÔ_ÔNorbertÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔHirschhornÔ_Ô,€MDˆÐ l ¼ Ðà@š š ìàConsultant€to€the€World€Health€OrganizationˆÌÌÌÌÌSeptember€5,€1999ó óóóÐ ôD ÐÐ  à0 ÐÔ_Ôò òòòà@ÌÌ$ìàIntroductionóóˆÐ ° Ðà  àó óI€present€here€annotations€of€over€500€tobacco€industry€documents,€along€with€muchÐ œì Ðsupporting€material€from€other€sources,€that€tell€a€four„decadesðð€story€of€the€smoking€and€healthÏresearch€program€sponsored€by€the€members€of€the€Association€of€€Cigarette€Industries€ofÏGermany€(ð ðVerbandðð).€€Its€members€include€the€German€and€Austrian€cigarette€manufacturers€asÏwell€as€the€transnational€firms€of€Philip€Morris,€R.J.€Reynolds,€and€British€American€Tobacco.Ìà  àThe€documents€were€found€in€three€locations:€1)€On€the€websites€managed€by€theÏAmerican€tobacco€companies€at€<Ô4‚Ý 8ÔÝ‚ÍOÝÔÿÔòòÝ  ÝÔ5  Ôhttp://www.tobaccoresolution.com>Ô6oÔÝ‚ÍOƒƒÝóóÔÿÔÝ  ÝÔ7Ý „±Ô€;€these€are€marked€€€#€€.€€Ð $ t Ð2)€On€the€website€that€holds€the€39,000€Ô_ÔOCRððdÔ_Ô€secret€ð ðattorney„client€privilegeðð€documentsÏsubpoenaed€by€the€US€Congress,€at€<Ô4‚Ý \ÔÝ‚ÍOÝÔÿÔòòÝ  ÝÔ5  Ôhttp://www.tobaccodocuments.org>Ô6 ÔÝ‚ÍO!ƒÝóóÔÿÔÝ  ÝÔ7Ý ¨OÔ€;€these€are€marked€€*€.€Ð ü L  Ð3)€The€Minnesota€Tobacco€Document€Depository.€€Explanatory€material€is€marked€ò ò[N.B.....]ó ó.Ô#†XGAXX XGA€#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAԀРè 8  ÐÔ#†XGAXX XGA‚#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔThe€annotations€are€presented€chronologicallyÔ#†XGAXX XGAÚ#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ€except€for€the€first€two,€which€give€the€backgroundÐ Ø(  Ðof€the€German€research€program€and€tell€why€American€firms€became€involved.€Ìà  àSome€relevant€documents€are€still€to€be€found.€€While€nearly€all€the€documents€annotatedÏhere€come€from€Philip€Morris€and€RJR,€a€large€cache€of€British€American€Tobacco€documents€onÏthe€Verband€are€held€at€the€BAT€Depository€in€Guildford,€England,€and€have€not€yet€been€seen.€ÏNonetheless,€what€is€presented€in€the€next€128€pages€adequately€tells€the€astonishing€story€ofÏcorrupt€science€in€the€service€of€a€deeply€flawed€product.€€€The€selected€quotations€will€astonishÏeven€those€who€have€become€inured€to€what€has€already€been€discovered,€ð ðin€their€own€words.ððÌà  àBeyond€the€petty€squabbles€and€unpleasant€characters,€the€story€can€be€boiled€down€to€aÏfew€essential€themes€that€thread€themselves€throughout€the€annotations.ÌÌÓL€ ò–y3LÓÝ ‚3£ ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£= ÝÔ2ò–ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝThe€company€scientists€had€to€struggle€with€the€accumulating€and€on„rushing€evidenceÐ üL Ðthat€theirs€is€one€of€the€foulest€products€(in€the€environmental€sense)€sold€to€be€taken€intoÏhuman€bodies.€€That€struggle€was€seldom€openly€or€honestly€fought.݃3£= h ݌Р(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ ‚3£ ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£óÝÔ2ò–ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝEven€as€some€of€the€scientists€hoped,€in€vain,€to€create€the€ð ðsafer€cigarette,ðð€companyÐ ¬ü Ðlawyers€were€focused€entirely€on€avoiding€litigation,€and€loss€when€sued.€€An€army€ofÏpublic€relations€experts,€front„organizations,€and€corrupted€consultants€served€the€lawyers,Ïnot€the€truth;€the€companies,€not€the€public.݃3£ó݌Р(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ ‚3£ ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£òÝÔ2ò–ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝThe€German€tobacco€scientists,€led€by€the€wily€Professor€Franz€X.€Adlkofer,€managed€toÐ H!˜ Ðintegrate€and€ingratiate€themselves€with€leading€researchers,€academics€and€governmentÏofficials;€even€with€some€who€were€strongly€anti„tobacco.€€This€gave€the€German€industryÏthe€prestige€and€time€to€carry€out€research,€and€the€ability€to€influence€policy€not€just€inÏGermany€but€throughout€Europe€and€other€continents,€even€until€today.݃3£ò݌Р(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ ‚3£ ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£\ÝÔ2ò–ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝThe€German€scientists€knew€from€the€start€that€the€true€battleground€was,€and€still€is,Ð Ð& "% Ðòòpassive€smokingóó.€€Their€worry€was€not€so€much€whether€smoking€caused€disease€ð!ð€theyÐ ¼' #& Ðknew€early€on€it€did€ð!ð€but€they€were€obsessed€by€the€evidence€that€tobacco€poisonsÏreleased€into€the€air€could€affect€the€health€of€nonsmokers;€and€they€did€everything€theyÏcould€to€deny,€distort,€suppress,€and€finally€ignore€the€overwhelming€evidence.€€Ýƒ3£\‡ÝŒÐ (#(# ÐŒÝ  Ýò òòòÐ l+¼&* Ðà@``$ìàThe€documentsóóó óˆÐ ° Ð*€27€June€1980,€€Edwin€Jacob€of€the€law€firm€Jacob€&€Ô_ÔMedingerÔ_Ô,€€RJR€50468„1987„8,€Ì504682009€„€2011,€ð ðððJames€K.€€Johnston€Smoking€Issues€„€Briefing€Book.ððÌà  àThe€legal€briefing€for€an€incoming€CEO€gives€the€history€and€suggests€the€rationale€for€theÏAmerican€cigarette€companiesðð€interest€in€funding€and€directing€the€research€done€by€the€VerbandÌÌà0  àòòThe€European€tobacco€industryððs€approach€to€the€smoking€and€health€controversy€hasÐ 8 ˆ Ðalways€been€markedly€different€from€the€approach€taken€by€the€American€industry.€ÏSeveral€factors€probably€account€for€this€difference.€€„„€In€the€early€1950s,€the€AmericanÏindustry€was€run€largely€by€people€with€an€agricultural€outlook,€who€were€basicallyÏskeptical€of€the€claims€being€made€about€smoking.€€In€contrast,€the€European€industry,Ïparticularly€the€English€industry,€was€dominated€in€its€consideration€of€the€health€issueÏby€chemists€and€other€scientists€who€often€lacked€a€biological€background.€€TheseÏindustry€scientists€saw€the€statistical€association,€saw€carcinogens€in€tobacco€condensateÏand€concluded€that€the€smoking€and€lung€cancer€causation€claim€was€scientificallyÏestablished.€€The€European€industry€took€the€position€from€the€beginning€that€they€had€aÏbad€product,€and€that€attitude€prevails€today.€€The€commencement€of€litigation€in€theÏUnited€States€in€1954€encouraged€an€already€skeptical€American€industry€to€maintain,€ifÏscientifically€defensible,€the€view€that€the€case€against€smoking€had€not€been€proven.€ÏThe€litigation€also€required€lawyers€for€the€American€industry€to€find€eminent€scientists,Ïfrom€many€disciplines,€who€were€of€the€opinion€that€smoking€had€not€been€scientificallyÏestablished€as€a€cause€of€lung€cancer.€€When€they€were€found,€they€were€encouraged€byÏconsultation€with€their€colleagues€and€by€continued€analysis€and€research€to€maintainÏtheir€views.€€With€the€absence€of€lawsuits€in€Europe,€the€European€industry€seemedÏcontent€not€to€contest€vigorously€the€claims€made€against€smoking....€Particularly€inÏEngland,€the€industry€found€that€the€questioning€of€government€policy€and€the€like€by€theÏfew€scientists€who€disagreed€and€who€were€encouraged€in€research€by€the€industry€wasÏan€embarrassment....€As€a€result€of€the€difference€from€the€U.S.€picture,€the€EuropeanÏindustry€did€not€establish€organizations€to€fund€independent€scientists€who€couldÏinvestigate€whether€or€not€smoking€is€a€cause€of€human€disease.€€Instead,€industryÏlaboratories€were€established€by€the€English€industry€at€Harrogate€and€by€the€GermanÏindustry€in€Hamburg,€seemingly€in€order€to€examine€how€smoking€might€operate€in€theÏcausation€of€disease...€After€the€Royal€College€of€Physicians€Report€was€published€inÏ1962,€the€response€of€the€English€industry€was€muted,€not€vigorously€opposing€the€laterÏdeveloping€views€that€remedial€steps€should€be€taken.€€Ultimately,€this€led€to€variousÏrestrictions€on€advertising,€etc....€As€to€the€German€industryððs€institute,€it€developed€overÏthe€years€the€problems€that€the€American€industry€had€anticipated€with€an€industryÏlaboratory.€€The€Germans€have€established€a€research€program€to€replace€their€Institute.ÏMeanwhile,€the€English€industry€has€sold€its€laboratory€(Harrogate)€to€Ô_ÔHazeltonÔ_Ô,€whichÏis€still€carrying€forward€some€industry„financed€research....€Recently,€the€EuropeanÏpicture€has€become€clouded€by€growing€recognition€of€the€possibility€that€litigationÏproblems,€formerly€reserved€to€the€United€States,€might€now€crop€up€in€Europe€andÏelsewhere.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óó€€Ðh+¸&*(#(# ÐÔ#†XGAXX XGAI #ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ*€23€July€1992,€memo,€Charles€R.€Wall€to€Murray€H.€Bring€(both€PM€counsels),€PM€2022850392Ð ° Є€0402,€ð ðPhilip€Morris€Research.ððÌà  àWall€describes€funding€to€various€individuals€and€institutions€around€the€world€(seeÏdocuments€for€these€names).€€With€respect€to€the€Verband,€Wall€gives€the€rationale€for€supportingÏresearch€in€Germany:òòÐ `° ÐÌà0  àI€view€with€some€concern€the€research€effort€in€Germany.€€The€Research€CouncilÏoperates€much€like€the€Ô_ÔSABÔ_Ô€[Scientific€Advisory€Board]€of€the€Ô_ÔCTRÔ_Ô,€and€supportsÏresearch€based€on€grant€applications.€€Much€of€the€research€focuses€on€nicotine....€TheÏResearch€Councilððs€budget€is€approximately€2,500,000€DM,€of€which€our€share€isÏ$519,880.€€There€is€additional€research€funded€by€the€industry€outside€of€the€ResearchÏCouncil,€and€that€amount€is€budgeted€in€1992€at€approximately€2,900,000€DM,€of€whichÏour€share€is€$603,060.€€It€is€this€latter€research€that€I€believe€could€be€reduced€without€aÏsignificant€downside€to€the€industry....€Our€scientists€feel,€however,€that€it€is€important€toÏkeep€the€research€money€in€Germany,€i.e.,€continue€to€support€researchers€in€GermanyÏeven€if€we€are€not€supporting€them€through€the€Verband....€The€relationship€between€theÏindustry€and€the€German€government€seems€to€be€a€good€deal€better€than€theÏrelationship€between€the€industry€and€the€government€in€this€country.€€As€I€understand€it,Ïthere€are€regular€consultations€between€government€and€industry€scientists,€as€well€asÏconstructive€discussions€regarding€smoking„related€laws€and€regulations.€€The€industryÏin€Germany€appears€to€be€more€influential€with€the€government€than€the€industry€in€theÏU.S.€and,€for€that€reason,€the€industry€feels€it€is€important€to€maintain€a€substantialÏresearch€presence.€€Although€I€do€not€believe€litigation€is€imminent€in€Germany,€shouldÏit€occur,€the€fact€that€we€are€sponsoring€research€„„€whether€through€the€Verband,€orÏindividually€„„€could€be€of€substantial€help,€in€convincing€a€court€that€we€are€fulfillingÏour€duty€to€conduct€research.€€Nor€do€I€think€we€should€downplay€the€importance€ofÏhaving€scientific€contacts€in€as€important€a€country€as€Germany..óóШø(#(# ÐÌà  àò ò[N.B.€€In€1975,€the€Verband€closed€its€Research€Institute€laboratory,€leasing€theÐ €Ð Ðfacility€to€the€German€Government€for€a€nominal€one€DM€a€year.€According€to€the€1980ÏBBC€Panorama€program€exposing€the€practices€of€the€British€American€TobaccoÏCompany,€Verband€did€so€because€the€Instituteððs€Director,€Professor€W.€Ô_ÔDontenwillÔ_Ô,€hadÏdemonstrated€laryngeal€cancer€in€hamsters€inhaling€cigarette€smoke€(W.€Ô_ÔDontenwillÔ_Ô,€et€al.ÏJournal€of€the€National€Cancer€Institute€1973,€vol.€51,€1781„1832),€and€cardiovascularÏdisease€in€pigs.€€According€to€Panorama,€a€secret€Verband€meeting€pensioned€off€Dr.ÏÔ_ÔDontenwillÔ_Ô€with€1.6€million€DM,€the€equivalent€of€ten€years€salary.€€The€Research€InstituteÏwas€replaced€by€an€ð ðindependentðð€research€funding€agency€supported€by€the€German€andÏtransnational€cigarette€industry,€with€a€Research€Council€used€to€approve€researchÏproposals€coming€from€various€scientists€and€institutions.]ó óÐ ¸'#& ÐÌÔ#†XGAXX XGA$#ÔÔUKUS.,ÔÔ‡XGAXXXGAÔ#€1€April€1963,€ð ðDraft€International€Agreement€on€Exchange€of€Information...€[between]€theÐ )à$( Ðâ âTobacco€Research€Council€on€behalf€of€its€member€companies.€and€the€Ô_ÔWissenschaftlicheÔ_ÔÐ |*Ì%) ÐÔ_ÔForschungsstelleÔ_Ô€im€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€der€Ô_ÔCigarettenÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔIndustrieÔ_Ô€on€behalf€of€its€member€companies,ðð€BATÏ(File€no.€€B4908)€10536891€„€8919€(located€in€the€Minnesota€Tobacco€Depository).Ìâ âà  àA€contract€on€mutual€information€and€cooperative€research€„€a€ð ðgentlemanððs€agreementððÏto€share€results€pointing€to€a€cigarette€less€likely€to€cause€cancer.Ìà0  àÐ (#(# Ðà0  àòòThe€Tobacco€Research€Council€[UK]€and€the€Ô_ÔWissenschaftlicheÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔForschungsstelleÔ_Ô€agreeÐ L œ Ðby€this€contract€to€submit€to€each€other€without€delay€the€following€Ô_ÔinformationsÔ_Ô€whichÏhave€to€includeóó€òòall€technological€details€of€manufacture.€€These€are:€1.€€InformationÐ $ t Ðabout€modifications€to€cigarettes€or€other€tobacco€products€which€have€been€shown€to€beÏbeneficial€to€human€health.€€2.€€Information€about€modifications€to€cigarettes€or€otherÏtobacco€products€the€smoke€or€smoke€condensate€of€which€have€been€shown€to€produceÏless€biological€activity€to€an€extent€that€was€statistically€significant,€a)€in€a€test€(or€tests)Ïof€a€type€that€was€relevant€for€lung€cancer€or€other€human€diseases....Both€the€TobaccoÏResearch€Council€and€the€Ô_ÔWissenschaftlicheÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔForschungsstelleÔ_Ô€respectively€will€endeavourÏto€conclude€equal€contracts€with€AUSTRIA€Ô_ÔABAKWERKE,ViennaÔ_Ô...Ô_ÔADMINISTRAZIONEÔ_ÔÏDEI€Ô_ÔMONOPOLIÔ_Ô€DI€Ô_ÔSTATOÔ_Ô,€Rome...SERVICE€Ô_ÔDððEXPLOITATIONÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔINDUSTRIELLEÔ_ÔÏDES€Ô_ÔTABACSÔ_Ô€ET€DES€Ô_ÔALLUMETTESÔ_Ô,€Paris...Ô_ÔSVENSKAÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔTOBAKSÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔAKTIBOLAGETÔ_Ô,ÏStockholm...Ô_ÔVEREIGNIGTEÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔTABAKFABRIKENÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔAG,NeuchatelÔ_Ô.€óóò òÐ\¬(#(# ÐÌà  à[Ô_ÔN.B.Ô_Ô€€The€first€ð ðgentlemenððsðð€agreement€to€share€results€leading€to€cigarettesÏcausing€less€cancer.€ó óòòóóÔ#†XGAXXXGA2#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔÔUS.,UK.,2Ôà ¸ àò òA€1983€memo€by€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô€Senior€Scientist€Alan€Ô_ÔRodgmanÔ_Ô€and€Assoc.Ð  p ÐDirector€Frank€Colby€(17€December€1997,€Deposition€of€Frank€G.€€Colby€ð ðIn€The€Matter€ofÏState€of€Minnesota,€et€al.€€V.€€Philip€Morris,€et€al.,ðð€pages€54„5),€ð ðSmoking€and€HealthÏRelated€Research€Conducted€by€Philip€Morris,ðð€relates€that€ð ðThroughout€the€domesticÏindustry,€two€gentlemenððs€agreements€operative€in€the€early€days,ðð€agreed€that€ð ðanyÏcompany€discovering€an€innovation€permitting€the€fabrication€of€an€essentially€safeÏcigarette€would€share€the€discovery€with€others€in€the€industry;ðð€and€that€ð ðno€domesticÏcompany€would€use€intact€animals€in„house€in€biomedical€research.ðð€This€alone€would€haveÏprompted€the€major€transnational€firms€to€look€to€the€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€to€sponsor€such€research€inÏGermany.€€€*€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô€500877291€„7294,€6€December€1979,€gives€the€statutes€of€the€ResearchÏCouncil€for€Smoking€and€Health,€its€Secretariat,€the€Cigarette€Industry€Association€and€itsÏScientific€Department.€#€PM€2001228258,€circa€1970s,€gives€the€organizational€chartÏð ðScientific€Department€of€the€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€der€Ô_ÔCigarettenÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔIndustrieÔ_Ô,€directed€by€ð ðProf.€Dr.Ïmed.ðð€Franz€Ô_ÔAdlkoferÔ_Ô,€with€a€Research€Council€for€Smoking€and€Health€and€its€SecretariatÏadvising€Prof.€€Ô_ÔAdlkoferÔ_Ô€and€the€industry€laboratory€in€Munich.]Ìó óÌÔ#†XGAXX XGAò<#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ#€21€May€1963,€letter,€from€Ô_ÔLoetÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔVelmansÔ_Ô,€executive€Vice€President€Hill€&€KnowltonÐ à%0!$ ÐInternational€to€Helmut€Ô_ÔSchanzerÔ_Ô€of€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô€501477795€„€7798.Ìà  àFollowing€closely€on€the€April€ð ðgentlemenððs€agreementðð€this€is€the€first€approach€of€anÏAmerican€public€relations€firm€closely€identified€with€the€tobacco€industry€proposing€to€representÏÔ_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€and€provide€consultation,€ð ðwith€detailed€suggestions€on€how€to€deal€with€the€situation€ifÏand€when€the€lung€cancer€controversy€should€become€a€major€public€issue€in€the€FederalÏRepublic.ðð€Hill€&€Knowlton€work€closely€with€Campbell„Johnson€in€England,€another€industry€PRÐ h+¸&* Ðfirm.€Proposed€consultants€include€Ô_ÔVelmansÔ_Ô€(a€former€Dutch€oil€company€consultant),€GeraldÏSchroeder€(German„born€US€citizen€with€ties€to€the€1948€presidential€candidate€Thomas€E.ÏDewey)),€Ô_ÔGertaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔTzschaschelÔ_Ô€(German€journalist€with€close€ties€to€the€Bonn€Government).ÌÔ#†XGAXX XGA¦C#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔÌ#€26€August€1964,€minutes,€ð ðDiscussion€at€German€Ô_ÔForschungstelleÔ_Ô.ððÔ#†XGAXX XGA¾H#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ€BAT€(File€no.€B1725€atÐ `° ÐMinnesota€Depository)€105532610€„€2611.€Ìà  àLists€members€of€the€committee€running€the€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô:€Ô_ÔReemstsmaÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔB.A.T.Ô_Ô,€Ô_ÔBrinkmann,Ô_ÔÏÔ_ÔNeuerbergÔ_Ô,€and€a€representative€of€smaller€manufacturers.€ð ðòòThe€first€four€members€have€98%€ofÐ $ t Ðthe€cigarette€trade.óóðð€€Clearly,€BAT€is€the€only€multinational€member€at€this€time€through€itsÐ  ` ÐGerman€subsidiary.€€ð ðòòThe€informal€agreement€between€the€German€cigarette€manufacturers€toÐ ü L  Ðrestrict€advertising€expenditure€had€recently€been€brought€up€to€date€and€was€still€in€operation.óóððÐ è 8  ÐÌ*€13€August€1965,€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô€503272396,€ð ðAbstract€of€Scientific€literature.ððÌà  àEarliest€mention€in€industry€papers€turned€over€to€Minnesota€of€€research€done€at€theÏÔ_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€laboratory€dealing€with€animals€made€to€inhale€cigarette€smoke€and€the€tumorsÏproduced.ÌÔ#†XGAXX XGAiI#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔÌÔ#†XGAXX XGA.N#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ*€19€July€1966,€trip€report,€Ô_ÔR.B.Ô_Ô€Griffith€(Brown€and€Williamson€researcher)€to€A.€Ô_ÔYeamanÔ_ÔÐ \¬ Ð(B&W€in„house€counsel),€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô€680204107€„€4114.Ìà  àDescribes€visits€to€Industry€laboratories€in€England,€Sweden,€Germany,€France.€€TheÏcomments€on€the€German€industry€labs€reveal€at€this€early€date€the€rationale€behind€ð ðsmoking€andÏhealthðð€research€done€by€the€tobacco€companies,€more€for€public€relations€and€political€advantageÏthan€for€preventing€disease.Ìà0  àòòÐ (#(# Ðà0  à[The€Germans]€have€apparently€convinced€their€Minister€of€Health€that€they€know€moreÏabout€smoking€and€health€than€anyone€else,€that€they€are€taking€responsible€actions,€andÏhe€apparently€turns€to€them€for€advice.€€The€German€companies€seem€to€be€workingÏclosely€together,€and€have€decided€that€no€one€can€afford€the€luxury€of€a€temporaryÏcompetitive€advantage€in€the€smoking€and€health€area.€BAT,€for€example,€has€company„¼supported€research€which€shows€that€ð ðKRONEðð€[Ô_ÔspÔ_Ô?],€their€newest€brand,€has€50%€ofÏthe€biological€activity€of€other€brands€(based€on€mouse€skin€painting).€They€will€notÏadvertize€this€under€any€circumstance€and€presumably€will€make€the€processes€usedÏavailable€to€others€when€they€are€certain€there€is€a€health€significance.€€They€do€notÏconsider€that€they€are€in€a€vulnerable€position€because€they€are€conducting€mouse€skinÏpainting€tests,€but€rather€consider€that€this€was€essential€in€establishing€their€positionÏwith€their€Minister€of€Health.€€I€consider€the€German€industry€to€be€in€a€better€positionÏthan€the€industry€of€any€other€country,€and€hope€that€the€U.S.€industry€can€move€in€thatÏdirection.óóÐÌ&"%(#(# ÐÌÔ#†XGAXX XGAqN#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ*€15€January€1969,€K.€€Ô_ÔCarollÔ_Ô€to€M.€€Ô_ÔCrohnÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô€50381„€4318,€ð ðInhalation€experiments€withÐ ¤(ô#' Ðcigarette€smoke.ððÌâ âà  àCites€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€abstract€of€experiments€with€golden€hamsters:€Ð |*Ì%) ÐÔ_Ôà0  àòòLong„term€cigarettes€smoke€exposure€in€hamsters€led€only€occasionally€to€trachealÐ ° Ðâ âpapillomas€and€not€to€squamous€cancer.€€However,€one€could€sensitize€these€animalsÏwith€diethylnitrosamine€and€enhance€the€tumor€production€initiated€by€this€carcinogen€byÏa€variety€of€volatile€irritants€including€tobacco€smoke.óó€€ò ò[N.B.€€Nitrosamines€are€aÐ tÄ Ðproduct€of€burning€tobacco,€related€to€the€nitrate€content€of€processed€leaf,€andÏpotent€carcinogens.]ó óÐP  (#(# ÐÌÔ#†XGAXX XGAØU#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ#€1971,€ð ðSmoking€and€Health...Comments€of€the€VdC€(Association€of€Cigarettes€Manufacturers)Ð ( x Ðreleased€to€the€members€of€The€Subcommittee€on€the€Food€Law€Reform,ðð€,€RJR€504834531€„Ï4532€(only€title€and€first€page€available).Ìà  àAn€early€acknowledgment€that€smoking€causes€cancer,€but€with€the€implied€belief€thatÏmodern€cigarettes€with€filters€and€lower€tar€might€not€be€the€same€as€smoked€previously.ÌÌà0  àòòThe€cigarette€industry€does€not€dispute€that€statistical€studies€conducted€mainly€in€theÐ °  Ð1950's€in€the€United€States€pointed€up€statistical€relationships€between€cigarette€smokingÏand€lung€cancer.€€It€feels€compelled,€however,€to€state€the€following.€€Scientists€agreeÏthat€the€latency€period€between€cigarette€smoking€and€the€development€of€the€diseaseÏamounts€to€several€decades.€Professor€Schmael€of€the€German€Cancer€Research€InstituteÏof€Heidelberg€set€the€latency€period€at€30€to€40€years.€€This€means€that€findings€obtainedÏtoday€must€be€attributed€to€a€cigarette€consumption€that€goes€back€over€several€decades.€ÏThe€cigarettes€on€the€market€today€in€Germany,€at€any€rate,€can€no€longer€be€comparedÏin€any€way....óóÐ`(#(# Ðà  àÌÔ#†XGAXX XGA¹Y#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ#€€4€October€1974,€Paul€Isenring€to€various€Philip€Morris€staff€and€affiliates€including€DonaldÐ è8 ÐHoel,€Shook€Hardy€&€Bacon€counsel€to€ICOSI€(International€Committee€on€Smoking€Issues,€anÏindustry„sponsored€public€relations€institute),€ð ðGermany€ððVerbandðð.ððÔ#†XGAXX XGAÒ^#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ€PM€1003727787€„€7790.Ð À Ðà  àNew€German€food€law,€if€rigorously€applied,€could€create€advertising€ban€on€tobaccoÏð ðòòplus€education€programs€to€curb€down€cigarette€consumptionóó.ðð€Public€Health€Minister€objectedÐ ˜è Ðto€Reemtsmaððs€new€nicotine„free€cigarette.€€With€the€industry€being€attacked,€Verband€neededÏmuch€more€ð ðscientific€materialðð€on€smoking€and€health,€particularly€as€the€French€MonopolyÏclaimed€their€darker€cigarettes€were€healthier€than€the€ð ðlightðð€German€cigarettes€(fewer€smoke,Ïless€inhalation).€€Verband€sees€necessity€to€disprove€the€claim,€and€also€to€produce€ð ðòòsaferóóððÐ H!˜ Ðcigarette.ÌÔ#†XGAXX XGA2`#ÔÌÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ*€18€July€1975,€Don€Hoel€(Counsel,€Shook,€Hardy€and€Bacon)€memo€to€A.€Holtzman€(PhilipÐ  $\" ÐMorris),€PM€2024964938.Ìà  àð ðòòA€recent€television€program€[in€Germany]€described€smoking€as€ððthe€most€importantÐ ä%4!$ Ðsingle€risk€factorðð€in€cardiovascular€disease€causation....€Additionally,€the€contacts€of€theÏVerband€with€the€Health€Ministry€are€diminishing€because€of€the€influx€of€anti„smokingÏcrusaders€in€that€agency.óóðð€Further€bad€news€was€the€possibility€that€Reemstma,€the€only€whollyÐ ¨(ø#' ÐGerman„owned€company€might€leave€the€voluntary€advertising€code€of€the€Verband,€which€couldÏâ âcause€a€ð ðblowupðð€of€the€Verband,€and€the€imminent€dissolution€of€the€Verbandððs€ResearchÐ €*Ð%) ÐInstitute€with€the€ð ðgolden€handshakeðð€to€its€Director€Dontenwill€who€found€laryngeal€cancers€inÏhamsters€exposed€to€smoke.Ìâ âÌÔ#†XGAXX XGA-c#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ*€24€July€1975,€Frank€Colby€letter€to€Wilfried€€Dembach€(RJR€lawyer€in€Cologne,€Germany),€RJRÐ tÄ Ð500259565€and€500259421.Ìà  àColby€offers€to€keep€Dembach€abreast€of€all€the€research€on€health€and€smoking,€publishedÏor€not.€€Those€not€in€the€public€domain€ð ðòòmay,€please,€not€be€quoted€in€any€shape€or€formóó.ððÐ 8 ˆ Ðò òÌà  à[N.B.€Frank€Colby,€a€chemist,€was€RJRððs€manager/director€of€research€andÏscientific€information€from€1951€to€1979;€associate€director€of€scientific€issues€from€1979„¼1983;€a€consultant€working€out€of€the€Jacob€&€Medinger€law€firm,€which€represented€RJR,Ïfor€some€years€after.€€He€was€a€refugee€from€Nazi€Germany,€got€his€doctorate€at€theÏUniversity€of€Geneva,€Switzerland.€€Colbyððs€position€description€with€RJR€states€underÏð ðprincipal€accountabilities,€first€ð ðòòEfficiently€provide€the€technical€expertise€necessary€for€theÐ ¬ü  ÐCompany€€to€combat€anti„tobacco€claims.óóðð€€17€December€1997,€Deposition€of€Frank€G.€Ð ˜è  ÐColby€ð ðIn€The€Matter€of€State€of€Minnesota,€et€al.€€V.€€Philip€Morris,€et€al.,ðð€page€67.]€ó óÐ „Ô  Ðò òó óÔ#†XGAXX XGAg#ÔÌÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ#€€July€1975,€no€author,€translated€from€the€German,€ð ðGermany€„„€ððVerbandðð.€€ReflectionsÐ \¬ Ðtowards€PR„work€of€the€Cigarette€Industry.ðð€PM€1000219760€„€9768.Ô#†XGAXX XGAßk#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔÐ H˜ Ðà  àIncreasing€attacks€on€the€cigarette€industry,€supported€by€the€Federal€Health€Ministry.€ÏThe€Verband€was€not€prepared€to€respond€to€the€attacks.€€Author€suggests€that€an€ð ðòòinformationÐ  p Ðserviceóóðð€be€created€to€influence€the€media,€medical€community,€health€authorities,€etc.,€whichÐ  \ Ðwould€be€incorporated€in€the€USA€(the€ð ðInternational€Tobacco€Science€Informationðð€[perhapsÏICOSI€„€International€Council€on€Smoking€Issues]€to€serve€in€different€countries.€€In€Germany,€DrÏKirch€(pro„tobacco€medical€author€of€ð ðThe€Cigaretteðð)€would€be€editor€of€a€newsletter€publishedÏby€RAU„publishers€in€Dusseldorf.€€Verband€and€the€US€Tobacco€Institute€would€supply€the€basicÏinformation.€€A€brief€booklet€for€smokers€and€tobacco€industry€workers€would€deal€with€ð ðòòanti„Ð ¨ø Ðtobacco€propaganda.ðð€ð ðLike€for€all€other€stimulants€and€food€„„€it€is€the€exaggeration€which€canÏbe€harmfulóó.ðð€à ` àAssertion€of€hazards€from€passive€smoking€is€ð ðòòan€exceptionally€effectiveÐ €Ð Ðððweaponóóðððð€in€the€hands€of€anti„tobacco€forces,€and€needs€to€be€countered.€€News€releases,Ð l¼ Ðsmokersðð€newsletter,€etc.€to€be€distributed€through€tobacconists€shops€(750,000€copies).ÌÌÔ#†XGAXX XGAÛl#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ#€24€October€1975,€Paul€Isenring€(Philip€Morris)€speech€to€Managing€Committee€of€Verband,€Ð 0"€  Ðð ðððSmoking€and€Healthðð€„„The€Industry€Policy€Today€and€in€the€Future.ðð€PM€2024965269€„€5271Ô#†XGAXX XGAGr#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð #l! Ðà  àWith€anti„tobacco€movement€becoming€more€active€in€Europe€(ð ðòòEverywhere,€there€areÐ $X" Ðheavy€tax€increases,€in€various€countries€based€on€the€ððSmoking€and€Healthðð€issueóó.ðð),€led€byÐ ô$D # ÐWHO,€the€response€from€the€European€and€German€industry€has€been€ð ðòòsilenceóó,ðð€as€each€companyÐ à%0!$ Ðseeks€only€market€shares,€not€a€common,€industry„wide€policy.€€In€particular,€GermanÏmanufacture€of€ð ðòòlighter€and€lighter€cigarettes...low€in€nicotine€in€smoke€or€nicotine€free....€Do€weÐ ¸'#& Ðreally€want€to€dig€our€own€grave€in€this€manneróó.ðð€The€threat€is€the€destruction€of€the€TobaccoÐ ¤(ô#' ÐIndustry,€prohibition€of€smoking.€€The€important€questions€to€be€answered€are:Ìâ âÔ_ÔÐ |*Ì%) Ðà0  àòò1)€Can€the€Industry,€in€Germany€and€in€Europe,€continue€to€keep€silence€or€is€it€ready€toÐ ° Ðâ âwork€out€a€new€policy€which€should€consist€in€bring€the€fact€of€the€scientific€controversyÏwith€regard€to€ð ðSmoking€and€Healthðð€and€to€the€importance€of€the€industry€in€general,Ïto€the€knowledge€of€the€public,€government,€parliament?Ð (#(# Ðà0  à2)€In€this€context,€the€product€policy€regarding€the€low€in€nicotine€smoke€cigarettes€andÏthe€nicotine€free€cigarettes€may€be€reconsidered.€€This€would€be€in€the€highest€interest€ofÏthe€smokers€„„€our€customers€„„€and€therewith€of€our€industry.óóÐ8 ˆ(#(# ÐÌÔ#†XGAXX XGA^s#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ#€5€November€1975,€minutes€of€discussion€following€Ô_ÔIsenringÔ_Ôððs€presentation,€Ð  ` Ðð ðRe:€PR€activity€and€ð ðSmoking€and€Health.ððPM€2024965211€„€5217.Ô#†XGAXX XGA¡y#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔÐ ü L  Ðà  àDiscussants€agree€a€public€relations€activity€is€needed€(along€the€lines€of€the€18€July€1975Ïproposal),€at€least€to€counter€the€statistics€published€by€the€Federal€Government€on€140,000Ïsmoking„related€deaths€a€year,€and€ð ðDM€20€Ô_ÔmilliardsÔ_Ô€as€cost€for€social€consequences.ðð€ÏDiscussants€were€exercised€about€possible€prohibition€of€smoking€at€work€places,€ð ðespeciallyÏdangerous€as€the€sales€would€be€severely€affected€through€such€a€measure.ðð€Chairman€of€theÏmeeting,€Mr.€Dieter€von€Ô_ÔSpechtÔ_Ô€(of€the€BAT€Ô_ÔCigarettenfabrikenÔ_Ô€GmbH),€suggested€a€ResearchÏCouncil€be€established€to€recommend€to€the€German€Industry€what€research€should€be€funded.€ÏDespite€the€warnings€by€Ô_ÔIsenringÔ_Ô€and€PM/€Switzerlandððs€Helmut€Ô_ÔGaischÔ_Ô,€von€Ô_ÔSpechtÔ_Ô€declared€thatÏð ðThe€objective€of€the€Research€Council€should€be€to€support€projects€from€which€positiveÏindications€regarding€a€ððsafer€cigaretteðð€could€be€expected.ðð€Another€point€of€contention€was€theÏVerbandððs€desire€to€include€Ernst€Ô_ÔWynderÔ_Ô€(developer€of€the€mouse„skin€cancer€assay€and€one€ofÏthe€early€scientists€to€link€smoking€to€lung€cancer)€on€the€Research€Council.€€PM€objected.ÌÌÔ#†XGAXX XGA¯z#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ*€24€February€1976,€Colby€Memo€for€the€Ô_ÔRecord,Ô_Ô€ð ðConversation€with€Dr.€Koenig€of€the€VerbandÐ ä4 Ðin€Hamburg.ðð€RJR€500293555€„€3556.Ô#†XGAXX XGAd€#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ€€ò ò[N.B.€Harold€Koenig€was€the€Chief€AdministrativeÐ Ð  ÐOfficer€of€the€Verband€laboratory.]€ó óÔ#†XGAXX XGA^#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔÐ À Ðà  àDiscussing€a€two„day€symposium,€the€first€to€be€dedicated€to€ð ðòòbiasedóóðð€research,€theÐ ¬ü Ðsecond€to€the€beneficial€effects€of€smoking.€€ð ðòòEven€though€I€did€not€discuss€this€with€Dr.€Koenig,Ð ˜è Ðthe€obvious€danger€there€to€me€could€be€a€new€emphasis€on€low€tar€and€nicotine.ððÌóóÌ*€28€April€1976,€memo,€Colby€to€Ô_ÔH.D.Ô_Ô€Ô_ÔRickertÔ_Ô€(RJR€in„house€counsel),€ð ðÔ_ÔSpenglerÔ_Ô€contract,ðð€RJRÏ502741260.ÌÌà0  àòòAs€you€may€know,€Ed€[Jacob],€Tim€{Ô_ÔFinneganÔ_Ô]€[both€of€Jacob,€Ô_ÔMedingerÔ_Ô€&€Ô_ÔFinneganÔ_Ô]Ð  #p! Ðand€myself€prepared€a€lengthy€document€commenting€on€the€research€projects€which€areÏplanned€on€behalf€of€the€German€Cigarette€Industry,€some€of€which€are€clearlyÏdetrimental.óóÐä%4!$(#(# ÐÌ*€4€August€1976,€letter,€Colby€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô,€RJR€510715323.Ìà  àSends€along€comments€by€RJR€scientists€on€some€particular€research€protocol€ostensiblyÏfrom€the€Verband:€€ð ðòòThis€is€of€course€a€purely€scientific€evaluation€which€may€or€may€not€beÐ ”)ä$( ÐÔ_ÔoverridenÔ_Ô€by€political€considerations.ððóóÐ €*Ð%) ÐÐ l+¼&* Ð#€17€November€1976,€Paul€Ô_ÔIsenringÔ_Ô€memo€to€several€Ô_Ôpersons,Ô_Ô€ð ðGermany€„„€Verband€„„€ResearchÏproject.€Beneficial€Effects€of€Smoking.ðð€PM€1002610069Ô#†XGAXX XGA‚#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð œì Ðà  àÔ_ÔIsenringÔ_Ô€want€s€Verband€to€contact€the€Tobacco€Institute,€BAT„Germany,€Philip€Morris„¼Germany€to€coordinate€with€their€US„based€companies.€€Philip€Morris€could€consider€such€aÏproject€and€its€approach.ÌÌ#€Circa€1976,€Verbandððs€public€relations€plan,€RJR€500257486€„€7487.Ìà  àShows€early€entry€of€Verband€into€the€PR€field,€unrelated€to€tobacco€research.€€ItemsÏinclude€the€following€aims:€ð ðòòProving€the€scientific€irrelevance€of€the€thesis€that€passive€smokingÐ  ` Ðdamages€the€health€of€the€non„smoker....€Outlining€the€benefits€of€smoking;€reassuring€theÏsmokers€of€their€habit....Ridiculing€the€lunatics€of€the€anti„smoking„league....Furthering€theÏimage€of€smoking€as€a€desirable€social€habitóó.ðð€Techniques€include€direct€mailings,€approaches€toÐ Ô$  Ðmedia,€government,€medical€groups.à h àà À àà  àà p àà È àÐ À  ÐÌ*€26€April€1977,€memo€from€Colby€to€Edwin€Jacob€(Jacob€&€Ô_ÔMedingerÔ_Ô€Law€Firm),€€a€hand„¼written€translation€from€the€German€by€Colby€of€the€first€two€pages€of€a€20+€page€VerbandÏposition€paper€on€Smoking€and€Health.€RJR€500269280€„€9281.Ìà  àThe€topics€listed€are:€òòð ðBasic€position€of€the€[German]€Cigarette€Industry.€€Problem€ofÐ \¬ Ðððpassive€smoking.ðð€The€development€of€cigarettes€offered€in€the€German€market.€€Reduction€ofÏcondensate,€gas€phase,€and€plant€protection€agents.€€Does€smoking€of€mild€cigarettes€lead€toÏhigher€consumption?€€Advertising€of€tobacco€products:€Voluntary€restrictions€of€advertising€byÏthe€German€Cigarette€Industry.€€Warning€labels€on€packages.€The€cigarette€as€entrance€toÏÔ_Ôdrugs?ððÔ_ÔóóÐ øH ÐThe€first€chapter€is€translated:ÌÌà0  àòòThe€cigarette€industry€does€not€dispute€the€point€that€statistical€studies€conducted€in€theÐ ¼  ÐUnited€States€in€the€fifties€indicate€a€statistical€correlation€between€cigarette€smokingÏand€lung€cancer.€€The€cigarette€industry€also€does€not€denyóó€òòthat€tobacco€smoke€containsÐ ”ä Ðcarcinogenic€substances.€€However,€animal€experiments€conducted€in€independentÏinstitutions€throughout€the€world€have€shown€that€we€are€dealing€here€with€relativelyÏweak€carcinogens.€€As€a€result,€only€very€large€doses€of€smoke€condensate€or€tobaccoÏsmoke€seemed€to€produce€tumors€on€a€small€number€of€experimental€animals.€€The€dosesÏwere€so€large€that,€if€conclusions€from€animal€experiments€can€be€transferred€to€man,Ïthey€would€correspond€to€completely€unrealistic€number€of€cigarettes.óóÐ#l!(#(# ÐÌ*€3€June€[probably€in€1977],€Colby€letter€to€Dieter€von€Ô_ÔSpechtÔ_Ô€(BAT€Germany),€ð ðRe:€VerbandÏ(Adlkofer)€Nicotine€Research€Concept.ðð€RJR€500281851€„€1853.Ô#†XGAXX XGAµˆ#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔà È àÐ à%0!$ Ðà  àColby€presents€numerous€arguments,€based€on€considerations€of€scientific€experimentalÏdesign,€why€Franz€Adlkofer€(Medical€Research€Director€of€the€Verband„funded€laboratory)Ïshould€abandon€plans€to€study€nicotine€effects€on€animals€through€inhalation.€€Colby€notes€thatÏlawyers€Ed€Jacob€and€Ô_ÔWilfriedÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô€had€already€spoken€with€Adlkofer€on€the€subject.€Ïâ âAdverse€findings€from€such€experiments€might€be€used€by€ð ðour€adversaries.ðð€This€relates€to€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðthreat€that€the€FDA€might€regulate€tobacco€if€claims€were€made€on€the€benefits€of€nicotine,€thusÏall€such€research€should€stop.Ìâ âÔ_ÔÌ*€22€June€1977,€Colby€memo€to€the€record,€RJR€502740064.Ìà  àColby€decides€not€to€provide€additional€funds€to€Verband,€ð ðòòWe€have€been€in€disagreementÐ `° Ðwith€the€whole€program€altogetheróó.ðð€Hopes€to€influence€Philip€Morris€Europe€to€follow€suit.€Ð L œ ÐÌ*€1€July€1977,€Colby€ð ðUnedited€Draft€Notes,ðð€ð ðSome€Thoughts€On€Selected€Highlights€of€anÏInformation€System€for€the€Verband€der€Deutschen€Cigaretten€Industrie€Purpose.ðð€RJRÏ500273956€„€3958.Ô#†XGAXX XGAN”#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔÐ ü L  Ðà  àColby€notes€are€clearly€meant€to€be€addressed€to€the€German€tobacco€industry,€offering€toÏbuild€a€scientific€library€in€Germany€similar€to€what€he€had€built€in€the€USA.€€He€hopes€otherÏEuropean€manufacturers€would€help€subsidize€the€effort.€€The€purpose€includes€havingÏappropriate€literature€to€respond€to€attacks€on€the€German€cigarette€industry€in€the€area€ofÏsmoking€and€health,€but€also€to€help€the€Research€Council€(ð ðForschungsratðð)€evaluate€researchÏproposals,€and€to€be€abreast€of€cigarette€technology€and€additives.ÌÌ#€8€July€1977,€Colby€trip€Report€Notes,€RJR€511074355€„€4357.Ìà  àColby€uses€a€ð ðconfidantðð€within€Verband€to€try€convince€Dieter€von€Specht€ð ðòòto€affect€theÐ H˜ Ðpolicies€of€the€Verband€regarding€smoking€and€health....€to€achieve€a€less€compliant€attitudeÏtoward€the€Government€and€anti„tobacco€medical€establishments€in€Germany.óóðð€€He€alsoÐ  p Ðobliquely€criticizes€continued€support€to€Ernst€Wynder€to€study€bladder€cancer€[presumably€as€aÏresult€of€smoking],€Verband€support€of€research€on€nicotine€as€a€co„carcinogen,€and€on€smokersððÏð ðcompensationðð€[when€smoking€light€cigarettes].ÌÌ*€29€July€1977,€Colby€report,€ð ðReport€on€trip€to€Europe,€October€1976.€1.€Project€on€theÏpsychosomatic€aspects€of€lung€cancer.€Prof.€Dr.€Blohmke,€Dr.€Baltrusch,€Mr.€Jacob.ðð€€RJRÏ500949347€„€9348Ô#†XGAXX XGAz™#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð ”ä ÐÒe°Òà0 ½ àà  àThis€reports€seems€to€set€the€structure€for€RJR€overseas€funding€of€research.€ItÏwould€not€involve€Americans,€funding€would€come€through€RJRððs€legal€representatives€butÏkept€a€secret.Ð ½(#½(# ÐÌà0 ½ àòòThe€general€conditions€for€the€research€grants€were€mentioned€to€them....€[among€others]Ð 0"€  Ðthat€specifically€no€US€researchers€would€be€involved....€I€assured€them€that€there€wouldÏbe€complete€freedom€of€publication€but€that€we€would€reserve€ourselves€the€right€ofÏvetoing€any€mentioning€of€the€financial€support€received€from€Haus€Neuerburgóó.Ðô$D #½(#½(# ÐÒ°ewŸÒÌ*€14€September€1977,€memo,€Colby€to€H.C.€Roemer€(RJR€counsel),€ð ðBlohmke€project,ðð€RJRÏ504312107.Ìà  àOne€of€the€first€indications€of€€American€tobacco€companiesðð€intentions€to€ship€tobaccoÏresearch€on€smoking€and€health€overseas,€with€strict€control€over€the€work€shared€by€RJRððsÏGerman€counsel€and€US„based€scientists€who€reported€to€home„office€counsel€and€U.S.€law€firms.ÌÔ_ÔÐ h+¸&* Ðà0  àòòIn€my€judgment,€it€is€desirable€to€send€a€substantial€amount€of€money€to€R.J.€ReynoldsÐ ° ÐTobacco,€GmbH,€Germany,€in€order€for€them€to€have€funds€available€for€the€Ô_ÔBlohmkeÔ_ÔÏproject....€Ô_ÔWilfriedÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô€has€suggested€that€a€formal€letter€be€sent€to€him€and€he€hasÏproposed€the€following€draft:€ð ðOur€Company€is€interested€in€doingóóò ò€[hand„stricken,Ð tÄ Ðsubstituted€with€òòð ðthe€support€ofððóó]ó ó€òòmedical€research€outside€the€United€States.€WithÐ d´ Ðregard€to€the€funds€óóò ò[hand„written€insert:€òòð ðfor€research€in€Germanyððóó]ó ó€òòwe€provide€youÐ T ¤ Ðwith€the€necessary€financial€means€up€to€an€annual€budget€of€U.S.€dollar€250,000.00.ÏThe€projects€themselves€should€be€handled€by€yourself€on€behalf€of€R.J.€ReynoldsÏTobacco€GmbH,€Germany.€All€details,€especially€the€issue€of€the€research€and€theÏscientists,€shall€only€be€determined€after€our€expressed€approval.óó€ò ò[N.B.€The€ð ðÔ_ÔBlohmkeÔ_ÔÐ  X  ÐProjectðð€was€research€into€the€psychosomatic€origins€of€lung€cancer.]Ð (#(# Ðó óÌ*€Approximately€September€1977,€Colby€draft€report€to€W.€€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô,€RJR€502741197€„€1200.Ìà  àColby€is€concerned€about€several€persons€the€Verband€will€appoint€to€the€newlyÏestablished€German€Tobacco€Research€Council.€€He€is€dead„set€against€a€Prof.€€Ô_ÔSchettlerÔ_Ô:ÌòòÌà0  à...not€a€good€scientist...his€endorsement€of€margarine€and€the€financial€support€he€hasÏenjoyed€from€the€German€margarine€industry...endorsing€some€cardiovascular€drugsÏwithout€scientific€justification€but€because€he€was€ððsubsidizedðð€by€the€firm€marketing€suchÏdrugs...Ô_ÔSchettlerÔ_Ô€is€vehemently€anti„tobacco€and€interprets€and€often€distorts€any€data€inÏa€manner€which€is€as€anti„smoking€as€possible.Ð (#(# ÐóóÌà  àColby€also€against€a€Dr.€Valentin€because€it€came€out€that€he€was€being€financed€by€theÏtobacco€industry€when€he€spoke€against€bans€on€public€smoking,€although€he€had€denied€suchÏpayments€at€the€time€„€it€would€provide€ammunition€to€adversaries.€€Further,€Dr.€Adlkofer€ð ðòòhasÐ à0 Ðconsistently€shown€poor€judgment€regarding€scientific€matters.óóðð€€Especially€as€the€newÐ Ì Ðarrangement€of€Verband,€the€Research€Council€will€be€for€Adlkofer€to€ð ðòòdream€upóóðð€the€projectsÐ ¸ Ðand€the€Council€to€ð ðòòconsentóó.ðð€€Colby€insists€RJR€withhold€financial€support€under€such€anÐ ¤ô Ðarrangement.€€Colby€feels€it€is€unethical€to€pay€Ernst€Ô_ÔWynderÔ_Ô€to€be€on€the€Council.ÌÌà0  àòòÔ_ÔWynderÔ_Ô€is€totally€and€uncompromisingly€opposed€to€smoking€and€his€advocacy€of€theÐ h ¸ Ðððless€harmful€cigaretteðð€is€only€an€intermediate€step€to€weaning€the€smoker€totally.€€TheÏonly€ððusefulðð€result€which€could€come€from€such€payments€would€be€him€reiterating€hisÏstatements€that€the€German€cigarettes€are€the€lightest€cigarettes€on€the€world€market.€óóÐ,#|!(#(# ÐÌà  àColby€finally€insists€that€Verband€give€ð ðòòfirms,€including,€of€course,€RJR€three€months€inÐ %T # Ðwhich€to€approve€a€research€project€as€per€prior€agreementóó.ððòòÐ ð%@!$ ÐÌóó*€2€November€1977,€letter,€Alan€Ô_ÔRodgmanÔ_Ô€(RJR€senior€scientist)€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô€(RJR€GermanÐ È'#& Ðcounsel),€RJR€515972148€„€2152.Ìà  àÔ_ÔRodgmanÔ_Ô€objects€to€Verband€spending€money€to€research€phosgene€(a€chemical€resultingÏfrom€Ô_ÔfreonÔ_Ô€expansion€of€tobacco€leaf,€which€bulked€up€and€therefore€lessened€the€amount€ofÏtobacco€used€per€cigarette)€in€tobacco€smoke.€€He€provides€the€Ô_ÔDontenwillÔ_Ô€data€on€hamstersÐ x+È&* Ðexposed€to€cigarette€smoke€(twice€a€day€for€120€weeks)€with€and€without€phosgene€and€shows€ÏÔ_ÔfreonÔ_ÔÔ_Ô„untreatedÔ_Ô€tobacco€seemed€to€reduce€tumors€in€the€hamster€larynx€by€about€a€third.€€Here€weÏsee€in€an€industry€document€the€Ô_ÔDontenwillÔ_Ô€data€that€may€have€led€to€his€involuntary€andÏpremature€retirement:€Comparing€expanded€to€control€tobacco,€22%€and€34%€of€hamsters,Ïrespectively,€€had€either€cancer€or€benign€Ô_ÔpapillomasÔ_Ô€with€10%€and€6%€having€actual€malignantÏcancer.ÌòòÌóó*€29€November€1977,€Colby€memo€to€RJR€in„house€counsel€H€Ô_ÔRoemer,Ô_Ô€ð ðContact€with€theÐ $ t ÐGerman€Cigarette€Trade€Association.ðð€RJR€503247230€„€7240Ô#†XGAXX XGABŸ#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð  ` Ðà  àComments€on€his€discussion€with€Franz€Adlkofer€(scientific€director€of€the€Verband„Ïfunded€research€laboratory)€that€while€Adlkofer€had€ð ðòòthe€òòabilityóó€to€understand€the€scientificÐ è 8  Ðrealities€and€the€political€background€of€the€smoking€and€health€controversy....€However,Ïunfortunately,€his€convictions€do€not€seem€to€last,€and€he€is€swayed€easily€and€will€not€alwaysÏstand€up€for€his€convictions.óóðð€Notes€that€Ô_ÔWynderÔ_Ôððs€bladder€cancer€proposal€was€turned€downÐ ¬ü  Ðð ðòòbecause€R.J.€Reynolds„Germany€had€protested€against€it.ððóóÐ ˜è  ÐÌ#€20€December€1977,€Helmut€Ô_ÔGaischÔ_Ô€(Philip€Morris€International)€letter€to€Herbert€BentleyÏ(Imperial€Tobacco€Co.€„€a€BAT€subsidiary),€RJR€500298998€„€8999.Ìà  àCurious€to€find€a€PM€letter€to€Imperial€in€the€RJR€files.€Ô_ÔGaischÔ_Ô€complains€about€VerbandððsÏindependent€ways.€€The€letter€and€attached€Colby€aide„memoire€also€shows€how€the€principalÏmembers€of€the€tobacco€industry€tried€to€suppress€research€that€might€throw€bad€light€on€theirÏproduct;€or€lead€to€standard€measurements€that,€perhaps,€could€lead€to€regulation;€and€onlyÏcondoning€experiments€to€discredit€results€negative€for€the€industry.€€Ironically,€standard€FTCÏmeasurements€of€mainstream€smoke€tar€and€nicotine€are€strongly€defended€€by€the€industry€inÏcontrast€to€the€more€realistic€measurements€under€real„conditions€of€smoking.ÌÌà0  àòòLast€week€on€15òòthóó€and€16òòthóó€of€December,€scientific€meetings€took€place€at€theÐ ¨ø Ðheadquarters€of€the€German€Verband€in€Hamburg€on€the€subject€of€passive€smoking.€IÏhad€delegated€Dr.€Fink€of€our€laboratory€on€behalf€of€Philip€Morris€Germany.€He€hadÏbeen€briefed€by€me€to€follow€the€policies€outlined€by€Ô_ÔI.C.O.S.I.Ô_Ô€[International€Council€onÏSmoking€Issues,€an€industry€information€and€PR€organization].€€In€particular,€I€hadÏdrawn€his€attention€to€the€fact€that€it€had€been€found€by€Ô_ÔI.C.O.S.I.Ô_Ô€not€to€be€in€theÏinterests€of€the€industry€to€experiment€to€much€with€Ô_ÔsidestreamÔ_Ô€smoke€as€this€could€leadÏto€the€development€of€standard€methods€for€Ô_ÔsidestreamÔ_Ô€smoke€determination,€somethingÏwe€would€like€to€avoid€at€all€costs€because€it€is€scientifically€nonsense.€Instead€we€wouldÏlike€to€deepen€as€quickly€as€possible€our€knowledge€as€to€the€measurement€of€ambientÏsmoke€under€realistic€conditions....€As€it€turned€out,€some€company€scientists€present€atÏthe€Hamburg€meeting€did€not€seem€to€feel€bound€by€the€Ô_ÔI.C.O.S.I.Ô_Ô€view.€€I€very€stronglyÏfeel€that€we€must€make€sure€that€the€objectives€of€Ô_ÔI.C.O.S.I.Ô_Ô€are€followed€by€companyÏscientists,€otherwise€we€risk€detrimental€effects€for€industry....€The€German€Verband€has,Ïin€any€case,€a€tendency€of€going€their€own€peculiar€ways.Ð (#(# ÐóóÌAppended€to€the€letter€is€a€memo€note€from€Colby€date€4€January€1978:€òòÐ h+¸&* ÐÔ_Ô‡à0  àI€telephoned€Dr.€Gaisch€on€January€3òòrdóó,€explaining€to€him€that€I€had€rectified€mattersÐ ° Ðwith€the€Verband€during€my€visit€with€them€on€December€16òòthóó,€1977,€and€that€we€hadÐ œì Ðcome€to€a€tentative€understanding:€a)that€they€would€not€do€any€testing€of€sidestreamÏsmoke,€such€as€developing€standardized€conditions,€etc.,€except€as€stated€under€(b).€B)ÏThat€the€only€work€which€would€be€commissioned€by€the€Verband€would€be€to€re„run€allÏthe€experiments€and€only€the€experiments€described€in€the€Brunneman/Hoffman€papers,Ïto€determine€whether€the€values€were€accurate.€c)€It€was€understood€that,€subject€toÏagreement€by€ICOSI€Committees,€etc.,€any€measurements€of€environmental€nitrosaminesÏunder€real€life€conditions€(as€opposed€to€Neurath,€etc.€sidestream€collecting€device),Ïwould€be€carried€out€via€ICOSI.óóÐü L (#(# ÐÌ*€21€February€1978,€Colby€memo€to€Roemer,€ð ðExcerpts€of€minutes€from€the€latest€meeting€of€theÏP.R.€Committee€of€the...Verband.ðð€RJR€50028„0674Ô#†XGAXX XGA(·#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð À  Ðà  àVerband€P.R.€Committee€warns€about€the€impending€referendum€in€California€to€curtailÏpublic€smoking.€ð ðòòIt€is€also€important€not€to€underestimate€its€potential€opinion„molding€effectsÐ ˜è  Ðon€the€German€publicóó.ððÐ „Ô  ÐÌ*€15€March€1978,€S.B.€Witt€(RJR€in„house€Counsel)€letter€to€Hume€Stewart„Moore(Chairman,ÏGallaher,€Ltd.),€RJR€50233„0421.Ìà  àThis€memo€shows€the€interesting€connectedness€of€German€researchers€who€were€lookingÏto€show€carcinogens€in€cigarettes€(and€thus€try€make€their€removal€possible)€with€the€Verband.ÏOne€of€Ernst€Wynderððs€colleagues,€Dietrich€Hoffman,€had€published€data€in€the€1960s€withÏWynder€showing€the€tumorigenic€effects€of€cigarette€smoke.€In€the€late€1970s€he€was€working€onÏnitrosamines,€but€also€writing€a€position€paper€for€Verband€on€passive€smoking.€€The€internationalÏcompanies€kept€doing€their€best€to€limit€any€damage€German€researchers€could€do.ÌÌòòà0  àI€understand€that€an€accommodation€has€been€reached€between€the€German€associationÐ ¨ø Ð(Verband)€and€Dr.€Hoffman€which€will€be€incorporated€in€a€redraft€of€the€Position€PaperÏon€Public€Smoking;€essentially€it€will€acknowledge€that€from€a€scientific€standpoint€Dr.ÏHoffmanððs€work€is€not€relevant....€Finally,€we€heard€during€the€course€of€the€session€onÏFriday€that€Philip€Morris€has€done€some€work€essentially€aimed€at€ððdiscrediting,ðð€if€thatÏis€not€too€strong€a€word,€the€methodology€used€by€Dr.€Hoffman.óóÐD!”(#(# ÐÌ*€22€March€1978,€letter€from€Colby€to€Edwin€Jacob€of€Jacob€&€Medinger,Ìð ðRE:€Nitrosamines€and€sidestream€smoke/Germany.ðð€RJR€500281911Ô#†XGAXX XGAöÇ#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð $X" Ðà  àColby€objects€to€continued€Verband€funding€of€€Dr.€Dietrich€Hoffman€(ð ðòòof€the€WynderÐ ô$D # Ðgroupóóðð)€whose€research€on€second„hand€smoke€was€ð ðòònot€obtained€under€real€life€conditionsóó,ððÐ à%0!$ Ðand€whose€ð ðòòunrealistic€data€will€be€quoted€against€usóó.ðð€Adlkofer€promises€Hoffman€willÐ Ì&"% Ðseparately€and€personally€present€his€future€proposals€to€the€German€Industry€scientists,€withÏColby€in€attendance.ÌÌâ â*€29€March€1978,€memo€to€file,€S.B.€Witt,€RJR€500549438€and€€500549441.Ð |*Ì%) Ðà  àDiscussion€of€national€research€and€role€of€ICOSI€to€set€up€standards€for€measurement€ofÏâ âsmoke€constituents,€and€to€report€out€research€favorable€to€the€industry.Ìà0  àòòAt€the€outset,€Dr.€[Herbert]€Bentley€[Imperial€Tobacco/UK]€announced€himself€in€favorÐ ˆØ Ðof€ð ðstaying€close€to€national€associations€to€make€sure€they€donððt€embark€on€researchÏwhich€might€be€embarrassing€for€us,ðð€which€was€music€to€our€ears....€SpenglerÏmentioned€the€work€of€Dr.€Hoffman€in€Germany€[on€nitrosamines],€and€the€work€of€€theÏòòVerbandóó€to€disprove€his€theories.€€PME€is€also€doing€research€to€discredit€HoffmanððsÐ 8 ˆ Ðtheories,€and€has€offered€to€make€it€available€to€ICOSI.Ð (#(# Ðà  àóóÌ#€29€March€1978,€Philip€Morrisððs€Paul€Isenring€memo€to€ð ðHoffmanðð,€PM€2501025100,€ð ðICOSI„¼Public€Smoking€Paper.ððÌà  àUrges€coordination€and€a€ð ðmodus€vivendiðð€between€the€two€principal€law€firmsÏrepresenting€the€industry,€Jacob€&€Medinger€(RJR)€and€Shook,€Hardy€&€Bacon€(Philip€Morris,ÏTobacco€Institute€and€other€US€tobacco€companies),€and€their€involvement€in€European€issues.€ÌÌ*€30€March€1978,€Colby€memo€to€RJR€in„house€counsel€Samuel€B.€€Witt,€ð ðICOSI€WorkingÏGroup€of€the€EC.ðð€RJR€50094„4076Ô#†XGAXX XGAÕÎ#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð pÀ Ðà  àColby€advises€Witt€that€an€ICOSI€[International€Council€on€Smoking€Issues]€be€explicitÏabout€why€cigarette€companies€are€producing€low€tar€and€nicotine€cigarettes€„€a€matter€ofÏcompetition,€not€to€promise€health€benefits.€If€the€German€Industry€does€not€change€its€ð ðòòbasicÐ 4„ Ðattitude,óóðð€Colby€suggests€strongly€that€RJR„Germany€resign€from€the€Verband.Ð  p ÐÌÔ#†XGAXX XGA‘Ö#Ô*€21òòò òó óóó€April€1978,€memorandum€from€P.€Isenring€to€CD€Durden,€on€ICOSI€„€EEC€Task€Force€onÐ øH ÐConsumerism,€PM€2501025098.Ìà  àA€response€is€needed€to€an€EEC€paper,€ð ðThe€Tobacco€and€the€Health€of€the€Consumer.ððÌIt€will€require€working€from€an€industry€paper€previously€submitted€to€the€EEC€on€publicÏsmoking,€drafted€by€the€law€firm€of€Jacob€&€Medinger,€and€that€the€Verband€should€lend€itsÏmaterials.ÌÌÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ*€1€June€1978,€Colby€memo€to€Senior€RJR€Scientist€Alan€Rodgman,€ð ðInformation€for€Dr.Ð l¼ ÐLaureneððs€weekly€meeting€with€Mr.€Hobbs.ðð€RJR€500885524Ô#†XGAXX XGAAÚ#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð X ¨ Ðà  àAlerts€Rodgman€to€ð ðSome€potentially€forthcoming€changes€in€the€smoking€and€healthÏresearch€policies€of€the€German€Cigarette€Manufacturers€Trade€Association€(Verband),ððÏdiscussed€with€lawyers€Dembach€and€Jacob.ÌÌ*€19€June€1978,€Colby€memo€to€RJR€in„house€counsel€R.C.€Roemer,€RJR€500280584.Ô#†XGAXX XGA,Û#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔÐ ô$D # Ðà  àWants€himself€and€Ed€Jacob€to€speak€to€Verband€before€they€actually€make€the€changes€inÏtheir€research€policies.ÌÌ*€17€July€1978,€Colby€letter€to€Wilfried€Dembach€(RJR„Germany€counsel),€RJR€50028„1041.ÌÌà0  àòòI€am€planning€to€start€a€major€file€for€future€reference€documenting€the€thesis€thatÐ |*Ì%) Ðadvertising€does€not€sell€cigarettes,€but€sells€merely€switching€from€one€brand€to€another.€Ô_ÔÐ h+¸&* ÐPlease€send€me€all€the€material€you€have€on€this€topic....€include€whatever€material€mayÏbe€available€from€the€Verband.óó€[ò òN.B.€€First€indication€of€Colby€moving€off€from€hisÐ œì Ðexpertise€as€a€chemist€and€scientist.]ó óÐŒÜ(#(# ÐÌ*€28€July€1978,€abstract€of€publication,€in€German,€from€the€Verband,€ð ðNOT€TO€BE€GIVENÏOUT€WITHOUT€Ô_ÔFGCÔ_Ô€O.K.ðð,€ð ðSome€Definitions€on€the€alleged€carcinogenic€and€co„carcinogenicÏeffects€of€tobacco€smoke€condensate.ðð€RJR€510826747€„€6748Ô#†XGAXX XGA·Ü#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð < Œ Ðà  àDefinitions€include€primary€carcinogens€such€as€Ô_ÔbenzoÔ_Ô(a)€Ô_ÔpyreneÔ_Ô,€tumor„initiators€orÏpromoters€such€as€Ô_ÔdibenzanthraceneÔ_Ô€and€phenol,€co„carcinogens€that€with€another€substanceÏaccelerate€formation€of€tumors€such€as€Ô_ÔcatechinÔ_Ô.€€Anonymous€author€notes€that€no€mechanism€isÏknown€to€distinguish€a€promoter€from€a€co„carcinogen.ÌÌ*€3€August€1978,€Colby€memo€to€Ô_ÔD.R.Ô_Ô€Ô_ÔPielÔ_Ô,€ð ðInformation€for€Dr.€Ô_ÔLaureneÔ_ÔððsÌweekly€meeting€with€Mr.€Ô_ÔHobbsÔ_Ô.ðð€RJR€500885513Ô#†XGAXX XGAá#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð °  ÐÌà0  àòòAt€the€confidential€request€of€the€German€Cigarette€Manufacturers€Association,€I€haveÐ ˆØ  Ðdrafted€a€ð ðLetter€to€the€Editorðð€on€behalf€of€a€German€scientist€associated€with€theÏVerband€responding€to€the€recent€paper€by€Ô_ÔAronowÔ_Ô€on€passive€smoking.€€SomeÏinformative€material€was€sent€to€the€Verband€and€other€measures€were€undertaken€inÏorder€to€prevent€them€from€organizing€a€symposium€on€carbon€monoxide,€which€has€aÏpotentially€damaging€effect€on€our€Industry.Ð (#(# ÐóóÌ*€17€August€1978,€memo€from€Colby€to€H€Ô_ÔRoemerÔ_Ô€(RJR€in„house€counsel),€copies€to€outsideÏlegal€counsels€(Ô_ÔHoelÔ_Ô,€Jacob,€Ô_ÔWittÔ_Ô),€ð ðPR€Committee€Meeting€Minutes€„„€Germany.ðð€RJRÏ500280787Ô#†XGAXX XGA+ä#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð Ô$ Ðà  àQuotes€Adlkoferððs€views€on€smoking€and€health€controversy:€ÌÌà0  àòòIn€considering€the€more€recent€publications€of€mortality€statistics€on€lung€cancer€andÐ ˜è Ðheart€attacks€in€the€U.S.A.,€Great€Britain€and€West€Germany,€as€well€as€the€studies€byÏHammond,€Wald,€and€Ô_ÔWynderÔ_Ô,€one€can€come€to€the€conclusion€that€the€mild€cigarette€isÏnot€necessarily€the€answer,€as€frequently€asserted,€to€the€health€risks€related€to€smoking.ÏDr.€Adlkoferððs€viewpoint€much€indicates€a€notion€that€a€cigarette€with€a€relatively€highÏnicotine€content€and€a€low€condensate€content€óó[i.e.,€tar]€òòis€the€cigarette€of€the€future.óóÐ4"„ (#(# ÐÌ#€31€August€1978,€Colby€memo€to€Alan€Ô_ÔRodgmanÔ_Ô,€ð ðInformation€for€Dr.€Ô_ÔLaureneÔ_Ôððs€weeklyÏmeeting€with€Mr.€Ô_ÔHobbsÔ_Ô.ðð€RJR€500885509Ô#†XGAXX XGAÉç#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð ø$H # Ðà  àComments€on€British€Hunter€Committee€(Independent€Scientific€Committee€on€SmokingÏand€Health)€Report,€its€second€on€smoking€and€health,€likely€to€be€as€critical€of€tobacco€as€theÏfirst,€and€urging€Government€regulation.€€Discusses€ð ðunpublished€Ô_ÔWynderÔ_Ô€dataðð€on€allegedÏparadoxical€epidemiological€findings€on€smoking€and€cardiovascular€disease,€discussed€with€Dr.Ï[Gary]€Huber€and€the€Verband.Ìâ âÐ €*Ð%) Ð#€1€September€1978,€Colby€memo€to€H.C.€Ô_ÔRoemerÔ_Ô,€ð ðGerman€ððCompensationðð€Study.ðð€RJRÏâ â503647069Ô#†XGAXX XGAÐë#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð œì Ðà  àThe€study€under€Verband€sponsorship€will€not€be€supported€by€RJR„Germany.€€Colby,ÏJacob,€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô€will€discuss€this€study€as€ð ðòòone€of€the€topicsóóðð€in€the€upcoming€September€11Ð tÄ Ðmeeting€with€Verbandððs€Ô_ÔDrsÔ_Ô€Koenig€and€Adlkofer.ÌÌ*€28€September€1978,€Colby€report€to€H.€Ô_ÔRoemerÔ_Ô,€ð ðDiscussions€with€the€Verband.ðð€€€RJRÏ503240579€„€0582Ô#†XGAXX XGA“î#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð $ t Ðà  àColby€strongly€discourages€Verband€from€any€research€on€nicotine€and€compensation.€òòð ðIÐ  ` Ðconsider€the€nicotine€oriented€research€concept€and€the€planned€research€derived€therefrom€toÏbe€totally€worthless.óóðð€Colby€is€particularly€incensed€by€the€concept€of€ð ðòòcompensationóóðð€to€increaseÐ è 8  Ðnicotine€intake,€when€at€the€same€time€the€Verband€has€given€up€researching€the€beneficial€effectsÏof€nicotine.€ð ð...òòat€worst,€only€a€small€minority€of€smokers€are€adversely€affected€[by€smoking]....Ð À  ÐAll€the€other€cigarette€companies€have€reversed€themselves€and€have€now€decided€not€toÏparticipate€in€the€compensation€studyóó.ðð€€Ð ˜è  Ðà  àColby€seeks€to€besmirch€the€reputation€of€a€cancer€specialist,€one€whose€research€cast€aÏnegative€light€on€cigarettes:€ÌÌà0  àòòI€obtained€some€information€from€a€reliable€source€that€the€head€of€the€current€GermanÐ H˜ ÐIndustry€Finance€Research€Council€on€Smoking€and€Health,€i.e.€Prof.€Ô_ÔSchmaehlÔ_Ô,€a€widelyÏknown€expert€in€chemical€Ô_ÔcarcinogenesisÔ_Ô,€has€and€is€receiving€financial€kickbacks€fromÏsome€of€the€current€research€grantees€of€the€(Verband€financed)€German€TobaccoÏResearch€Council.€I€was€also€informed€that€these€were€kickbacks€for€personal€use€and€notÏsome€possibly€defensible€contribution€towards€Prof.€Ô_ÔSchmaehlÔ_Ôððs€own€research€projects....ÏFrom€still€another€source,€I€was€informed€that€indeed€Prof.€Ô_ÔSchmaehlÔ_Ô€is€ððin€greatÏfinancial€needðð.óóм (#(# ÐÌ*€September€1978,€Colby€to€Ô_ÔRoemerÔ_Ô,€RJR€503240499€„€0502.Ìà  àConcern€about€leakage€of€scientific€information,€connections€between€scientists€fromÏdifferent€companies€and€countries,€tied€to€fear€of€litigation€in€the€USA.€€ð ðòòIn€a€US€lawÐ l¼ Ðcase...foreign€files€may€not€be€immune€to€subpoena....€We€then€discussed€a€potential€futureÏmechanism€for€how€to€control€undesirable€contacts€by€Ô_ÔICOSIÔ_Ô€member€companies€or€Ô_ÔnationalÔ_ÔÏtrade€associations€from€one€country€with€scientists€from€other€countries€and€how€to€develop€suchÏa€mechanism€without€jeopardizing€our€German€companies€funded€research€contactsóó.ðð€ò ò[N.B.Ð #l! ÐColby€wrote€ð ðòòcontactsóó,ðð€not€ð ðcontracts.ðð]ó óÐ  $\" ÐÌ*€3€October€1978,€Colby€memo€to€H.€C.€Ô_ÔRoemerÔ_Ô,€ð ðGerman€Claims€Alleging€Filter€CigarettesÏAllegedly€Less€Safe€Than€Regular€Cigarettes.ðð€RJR€501790036Ô#†XGAXX XGAÄð#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð Ð& "% ÐòòÌà0  àI€have€just€been€informed€that€a€sensationalist€type€German€magazine€called€ð ðQuickðð,Ïhas€published€an€interview€with€Prof.€€Ô_ÔSchettlerÔ_Ô€of€Heidelberg€University.€€In€thisÏinterview€Prof.€Ô_ÔSchettlerÔ_Ôóó€òòalleges€that€smoking€is€the€most€ð ðimportantðð€risk€factor€inÐ €*Ð%) Ðcardiovascular€diseases.€€He€also€alleges€that€the€newer€filter€cigarettes€are€not€ð ðsafeððÐ l+¼&* Ðeither,€but€are,€in€effect,€less€so€than€the€regular€old€style€cigarettes....€One€of€the€mostÏnoticeable€facts€about€this€story€is€that€Prof.€Ô_ÔSchettlerÔ_Ô€is€the€second€most€importantÏresearch€grantee€(after€Dr.€Ô_ÔWynderÔ_Ô)€of€the€German€Verband.€€I€had€tried€unsuccessfullyÏfor€years,€repeatedly,€to€convince€the€German€Industry€that€Prof.€€Ô_ÔSchettlerÔ_Ô€was€a€personÏnot€to€be€trusted€and€had€even€given€them€some€information€about€some€questionableÏdealings€he€allegedly€has€been€involved€in€with€the€German€drug€industry.€€I€also€warnedÏthem€that€he€was€using€the€cigarette€Industry€as€a€scape„goat€to€bolster€his€integrity.€€TheÏfact€of€being€able€to€say€ð ðI€told€you€soðð€provides€slim€satisfaction€if€weighed€against€theÏunfavorable€effect€such€a€blast€must€have€on€the€German€Industry€as€a€whole.Ð (#(# ÐóóÌ*€5€October€1978,€Colby€report€H.C.€Ô_ÔRoemerÔ_Ô,€ð ðDiscussions€with€the€Verband€on€their€suggestedÏnicotine€research€concepts.ðð€RJR€503247193,€503247196,€503247198,€503247200€„€7210Ô#†XGAXX XGA¹û#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð Ô$  Ðà  àColby€comments€on€recruiting€German€scientists€to€do€tobacco€research:€About€a€DoctorÏDieter€Ô_ÔNeubertÔ_Ô€(who€wanted€to€research€the€effects€of€tobacco€on€fetuses),€ð ðòòWhen€we€first€sawÐ ¬ü  Ðhim,€there€was€no€possibility€to€ððinvestigateðð€him,€but€since€that€time€a€literature€search€of€himÏhas€been€made€and€no€adverse€statements€on€smoking€have€been€uncovered€to€dateóó.ððÐ „Ô  ÐColby€continues:ÌÌà0  àòòIt€has€been€extremely€difficult€in€the€past€to€recruit€the€above€discussed€German€researchÐ H˜ Ðgrantees€and€reading€hundreds€of€papers€published€by€them.€€Even€for€each€of€theÏresearch€grantees€it€took€several€persistent€contacts€before€they€showed€enoughÏconfidence€in€the€seriousness€of€our€endeavor€to€ð ðseek€out€the€truthðð€and€to€fund€theirÏresearch€ð ðwithout€any€strings€attached....ðð€Our€original€approach€ð ðgambitðð€was€to€tellÏthem€that€we€had€been€trying€for€several€years€to€convince€our€U.S.€parent€Company€toÏauthorize€our€German€and€other€European€Companies€to€fund€research€in€WesternÏEurope€and,€firstly€in€Germany,€because€of€our€convictions€that€some€research€inÏWestern€Europe€in€general,€and€in€Germany€in€particular,€is€at€least€as€good€as€the€bestÏU.S.€scientific€efforts....€It€was€also€generally€agreed€that€it€would€be€desirable€toÏmaintain€our€relationship€entirely€confidential....We€believe€that€the€results€to€dateÏalready€assure€us€we€will€be€able...to€show€the€Verband€that€it€is€possible€to€support€firstÏrate€research€by€top€quality€scientists€from€Germanyððs€most€prestigious€institutions€whereÏthe€research€is€open€in€the€sense€that€like€all€worthwhile€research,€results€are€notÏforegone€conclusions€or,€in€other€words,€worthless.€ò òóó[N.B.€€Given€the€low€opinion€ColbyÐ 0"€  Ðand€others€had€of€German€research,€there€was€clearly€another€motive,€as€shown€inÏthe€next€sentence.]òò€ó ó€At€present€we€cannot€expect€that€any€of€our€current€grantees€wouldÐ  $\" Ðconsent€to€be€a€witness€in€the€eventuality€that€our€German€Company€would€have€toÏdefend€itself€in€a€liability€case.€€However,€Ô_ÔW[ilfriedÔ_Ô]€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô€seems€to€think€that€noÏsuch€witnesses€will€conceivably€be€needed€before€1980.óó€ò ò[N.B.€The€appendix€to€thisÐ Ô&$"% Ðreport€gives€the€sequence€of€dealings€with€Dieter€Ô_ÔNeubergÔ_Ô,€indicating€his€value€toÏRJR€was€more€as€a€prestigious€scientist€than€his€research.]ó óа($'(#(# ÐÌà  àColby€then€reports€on€the€September€11€meeting€in€London€with€Drs.€€Adlkofer€andÏKoenig;€attending€were€Ed€Jacob,€Dr.€Charles€Ô_ÔNystromÔ_Ô,€Colby,€and€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô.€€Ð t+Ä&* Їà0  àòòMr.€Jacob€then€proceeded€to€explain€the€dangers€of€nicotine€research€from€the€point€ofÐ ° Ðview€of€the€Industry,€with€special€reference€to€the€threat€of€the€American€Industry€beingÏplaced€under€the€jurisdiction€of€the€Food€and€Drug€Administration.€€He€also€mentionedÏthat€some€work€of€the€Council€for€Tobacco€Research„U.S.A.€on€nicotine€ð ðreceptorsðð€hadÏto€be€terminated€because€of€a€possibility€of€such€work€being€wrongly€interpreted€ofÏhaving€commercial€implications.€€Dr.€Koenig€then€claimed€that€he€was€aware€of€theÏspecific€problems€of€the€American€Industry€supporting€nicotine€work€in€Germany€throughÏits€German€affiliates€which€could€be€alleged€to€be€related€to€such€problems€as€addiction.ÏDr.€Koenig€and€Dr.€Adlkofer€then€stated€that€in€their€judgment€it€was€desirable€to€findÏout€more€about€the€effects,€if€any,€of€nicotine€in€laboratory€animals€on€cancer,Ïarteriosclerosisóó,òò€pregnancy,€etc.€Mr.€Jacob€then€state€that€under€no€circumstances€wouldÐ è 8  ÐReynolds€support€any€research€in€Germany€that€we€would€or€could€not€support€in€theÏU.S....€We€then€somewhat€forcibly€and€„„€deliberately€„„€overbearingly€extracted€fromÏthem€an€unequivocal€promise€that€before€any€effort€which€was€made€to€commence€or€inÏany€other€way€start€a€specific€research€project,€RJR€„„€like€the€other€member€CompaniesÏof€the€Verband€„„€would€have€a€minimum€of€three€months€to€evaluate€each€proposal....ÏAlmost€all€of€the€meeting€in€London€dealt€with€the€legal€perils€and€related€aspects€of€theÏconcepts€on€nicotine€oriented€research€of€the€Verband....€I€also€tried€to€explain€to€Dr.ÏAdlkofer€and€his€associates€why€I€considered€the€other€ð ðcornerstoneðð€of€his€researchÏconcept,€i.e.€the€so„called€compensation€study,€scientifically€totally€worthless.€€ò òóó[N.B.Ð 4„ ÐJacobððs€concern€was€that€research€showing€putative€benefit€of€nicotine€would€leadÏFDA€to€classify€it€as€a€drug,€hence€regulate€it€in€tobacco.]òòó óÐ`(#(# ÐóóÌà  àColby€goes€on€to€suggest€Adlkofer€stick€to€basic€research€on€human€disease€ð ðòòalleged€to€beÐ è8 Ðassociated€with€tobaccoóó,ðð€however,€ððby€definition,ðð€such€research€could€not€deal€with€tobacco.Ð Ô$ ÐColby€then€turns€to€the€Chairman€of€the€Research€Council,€a€Prof.€€Ô_ÔSchmaehlÔ_Ô,€who€ð ðòòa€widelyÐ À Ðknown€expert€in€chemical€Ô_ÔcancerogenesisÔ_Ô,€is€receiving€financial€kickbacks€from€some€of€theÏcurrent€research€grantees€of€the€(Verband„financed)€German€Tobacco€Research€Council...forÏpersonal€useóó.ððÐ „Ô ÐÌ*€8€December€1978,€Colby€memo€to€H.C.€Ô_ÔRoemerÔ_Ô,€RJR€500871996.Ìà0  àÐ (#(# Ðà0  àòòAs€an€example€of€its€ð ðÔ_ÔwatergateÔ_Ôðð€endeavors,€the€German€Verband€has€made€fundsÐ 4"„  Ðavailable€to€Dr.€Ô_ÔWynderÔ_Ô€for€his€American€Health€Foundation€óó[in€New€York€City]òò,€to€beÐ  #p! Ðthe€front€in€financing€a€Symposium€on€carbon€Ô_Ômonoxide,heldÔ_Ô€in€Berlin€in€October€(ðð78)€.Ð (#(# ÐÌóó#€6€February€1979,€Report€by€Ô_ÔA.W.M.Ô_Ô€St.€Ô_ÔAubynÔ_Ô€to€Philip€Morris,€ð ðVisit€to€Verband€derÐ ä%4!$ ÐÔ_ÔCigarettenÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔIndustrieÔ_Ô,€Hamburg,€30th€and€31st€January€1979.ðð€PM€2501159601€„€9607Ô#†XGAXX XGAg#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð Ð& "% Ðà  àA€comprehensive€review€of€the€Verband€activities€including€public€relations€and€responsesÏto€attack,€ð ðòòat€arms€lengthóó,ðð€that€is,€through€third€parties:€publications€and€films€for€the€public€andÐ ¨(ø#' Ðhealth€professionals€from€independent€film€makers€and€publishers;€comparing€all€risks€to€health;Ïaligning€with€specialist€physicians;€presenting€a€positive€outlook,€not€offensive,€to€maintain€theÏsocial€acceptability€of€smoking.€€Two€paragraphs€stand€out:Ð l+¼&* Їà0  àòòòòRisksóó.€€The€type€of€clandestine€operations€in€which€the€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€is€involved€clearly€carryÐ ° Ðcertain€risks€of€detection,€by€such€people€as€investigative€journalists,€of€the€link€betweenÏthe€industry€and€the€end€product.€€Ô_ÔHKÔ_Ô€óó[Harold€Koenig]òò€believes€that€the€precautions€theyÐ ˆØ Ðtake€are€sufficient€to€enable€the€industry€to€be€able€to€deny€any€link€and€says€that€suchÏrisks€as€remain€are€acceptable€to€the€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€member€companies.óó€Ð`°(#(# Ðà0  àÐ (#(# Ðà0  àòòBy€this€form€of€combined€approach€the€German€industry€seems€to€have€defended€itselfÐ 8 ˆ Ðbetter€than€many€countries€from€the€worst€excesses€of€the€various€anti„smoking€lobbiesÏand€has€maintained€a€higher€standing€for€itself€and€its€product€in€the€public€mind....Ï[Ô_ÔM]anyÔ_Ô€of€the€methods€used€there€could€well€be€suitable€for€adaptation€to€the€U.K.Ïcontext.Ð (#(# ÐóóÌÔ#†XGAXX XGAÏ#Ô*€2€March€1979,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔTabakforschungsauschussÔ_Ô€(Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô€„„€Tobacco€Research€Board)€€meetingÐ À  Ðnotes€taken€by€Ô_ÔBerndÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPelzÔ_Ô€(RJR€Germany)€ò ò[N.B.€Ô_ÔPelzÔ_Ô€eventually€goes€to€work€for€RJRððsÐ ¬ü  ÐÔ_ÔFoxfireÔ_Ô€Plantation,€a€tobacco€growing€station€in€the€USA]ó ó,€RJR€500920533€„€0534.Ð œì  Ðà  àÔ_ÔNitrosamineÔ_Ô€research€by€a€facility€identified€as€Ô_ÔAustratonÔ_Ô€approved,€carcinogen€studies€byÏProf.€Ô_ÔSchmaehlÔ_Ô€rejected.€€A€study€at€Ô_ÔAustratonÔ_Ô€on€the€effect€of€smoke€of€smoke€on€DNA€repair€inÏhamsters€is€mentioned€(no€details)€as€well€as€Dr.€Schererððs€literature€review€on€co„carcinogenicÏproperties€of€nicotine.ÌÌà0  àòòAdlkofer€felt€it€was€impossible€to€decline€Ô_ÔSchmaehlÔ_Ôððsóó€òòsuggestion€(political€considerationÐ (x Ðand€not€suggesting€a€modified€research€protocolóó€[Adlkofer€suggests€applying€condensatesÐ d Ðon€mouse€skin€from€cigarettes€with€varying€tar:€nicotine€ratios€and€from€cigarettes€madeÏ30€and€10€years€ago.]€òòThe€committee€members€felt€that€such€research€would€not€revealÐ ì< Ðanything€new....€[They]€were€unanimous€in€saying€that€they€see€no€clear€cut€need€for€anÏalternative€proposal.óóÐÄ(#(# ÐÌÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ*€26€March€1979,€Letter€from€W.€€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô€to€Dr.€Ô_ÔE.B.Ô_Ô€Ô_ÔBruecknerÔ_Ô,€Research€Society€onÐ œì ÐSmoking€and€Health,€RJR€500924525.€Ìà  àLetter€advances€RJR€payments€for€research€projects€invoiced€but€notes€that€RJR€is€onlyÏpaying€for€projects€it€has€already€approved,€not€new€projects€not€yet€reviewed.ÌÌ*€19€April€1979,€Colby€memo€to€Alan€Ô_ÔRodgmanÔ_Ô,€ð ðInformation€for€Dr.€Ô_ÔLaureneÔ_Ôððs€weekly€meetingÏwith€Mr.€Ô_ÔHobbsÔ_Ô.€RJR€501627697€„€7700Ô#†XGAXX XGA¼(#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð $#t! Ðà  àThis€is€one€of€the€few€€ð ðattorney„client€privilegedðð€documents€that€is€additionally€heavilyÏcensored€(ð ðòòprivileged€material€redactedóóðð).€€A€hand„written€cover€sheet€reads€ð ðòòPlease€read€&Ð ü$L # Ðdestroy€without€making€copies.óóððÐ è%8!$ Ðà  àÌà0  àòòSurprisingly,€the€Verband€had€decided€to€invite€òòDr.€Ô_ÔGoriÔ_Ôóó,€apparently€without€checkingÐ À'#& Ðahead€of€time€with€the€member€firms,€more€specifically€with€RJR„GmbH....€Dr.€Ô_ÔGoriÔ_ÔÏð ðbuttonholedðð€me€a€the€Verband€meeting€and€asked€me€point€blank€whether€ð ðI€agreedÏthat€the€German€Tobacco€Industry€is€sponsoring€research€which€would€not€be€permittedÏby€your€lawyers€in€the€United€States.ðð€I€thought€it€futile€to€deny€the€obvious€or€to€replyóóÐ p+À&* Ðòòthat€I€could€not€comment.€€I€stated€therefore€that€we€only€had€a€very€small€market€shareÐ ° Ðin€Germany€and€that€our€influence€was€therefore€limited.€€(Confidential).€€óóò ò[N.B.€Ô_ÔGoriÔ_ÔÐ œì Ðwas€employed€at€the€National€Institutes€of€Health,€heading€up€the€smoking€andÏhealth€program;€he€sought€for€years€to€develop€a€ð ðsafeðð€cigarette.]ó óÔ#†XGAXX XGAƒ+#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔòòÐxÈ(#(# ÐóóÌòòóó*€26€April€1979,€Colby€trip€report€to€Max€Ô_ÔCrohnÔ_Ô,€ð ðTrip€to€Germany...some€highlights„mainly€onÐ P   ÐVerband€grantees€meeting...ðð€RJR€504821254€„€1256.ÌÌà0  àòòAs€others€and€I€predicted€several€years€ago€when€this€Council€was€first€organized€by€theÐ  d ÐVerband,€the€òòoutcomeóó€was€the€òòworst€of€two€possible€worldsóó;€(1)€Poor,€or€at€best,Ð  P  Ðmediocre€science,€(2)€Most€of€the€findings€were€negative€from€an€Industry€point€of€view.€ÏThe€only€somewhat€favorable€aspect€of€the€activities€of€the€Council€is€that€it€probablyÏhelped€the€Verband€establish€a€òònon„confrontationóó,€though€not€an€amicable€òòrelationshipóóÐ Ä  Ðwith€important€òòGerman€Governmentóó€Health€and€related€authorities....а (#(# ÐóóÌ*€23€May€1979,€Colby€memo€to€Alan€Ô_ÔRodgmanÔ_Ô,€ð ðInformation€for€Dr.€Ô_ÔLaureneÔ_Ôððs€weekly€meetingÏwith€Mr.€Ô_ÔHobbsÔ_Ô.ðð€RJR€500885452€„€5453Ô#†XGAXX XGAâ0#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð tÄ Ðà  àColby€attended€the€Scientific€Technical€Advisory€Group€of€Ô_ÔICOSIÔ_Ô€in€Brussels,€andÏprovided€ð ðintelligenceðð€on€Philip€Morris/Europe,€BAT,€and€Imperial.ÌÌà0  àòòPM/E€has€had€for€several€years,€as€a€wholly€owned€subsidiary,€a€major€commercialÐ $t Ðresearch€institute€in€Cologne/Germany,€which€does€animal€and€other€biological€research.ÏPM/E€has€completed€a€study€on€analyses€of€cigarette,€respectively€filter€tip,€stubs,Ïcomparing€tar/nicotine€intake€of€cigarettes€about€twenty€years€ago,€i.e.€mostly€non„filterÏcigarettes€having€high€nicotine/tar€deliveries,€vs.€€Recent€cigarettes,€i.e.€mostly€filterÏcigarettes€having€high€nicotine/tar€Ô_Ôdeliveries.Ô_Ô€€The€results€allegedly€show€that€there€is€noÏsubstantial€difference€in€nicotine€intake€by€Swiss€smokers€as€a€whole...€[I]€can€not€makeÏa€judgment€how€valid€the€PM€conclusion€is€that€there€is€ð ðcompensation.ðð€€óóò òИè(#(# ÐÌó óIn€the€same€memo€Colby€noted€the€retirement€from€BAT€of€senior€scientist€Dr.€Green,€soon€to€beÐ pÀ Ða€whistle„blower.Ô#†XGAXX XGA„5#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔòòÐ \ ¬ ÐóóÌ*€29€May€1979,€Colby€report€to€S.B.€Ô_ÔWittÔ_Ô,€ð ðPhilip€Morris/Europe.ðð€RJR€500942103Ô#†XGAXX XGAN:#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð 4"„  Ðà  àVerband€and€Dr.€Ô_ÔSchmaehlÔ_Ô€(German€Cancer€Institute)€managed€to€get€a€paper€onÏÔ_ÔnitrosaminesÔ_Ô€by€an€ex„PM€Ô_ÔreseacherÔ_Ô,€now€with€Ô_ÔWynderÔ_Ôððs€American€Health€Foundation,€presentedÏat€a€seminar€sponsored€by€Ô_ÔSchmaehlÔ_Ô.€€Colby€also€reports€that€PM€is€enlarging€their€R&D€facilitiesÏin€Neuchatel,€and€ð ðòòhas€had€for€several€years,€as€a€wholly€owned€subsidiary,€a€major€commercialÐ ä%4!$ Ðresearch€institute€in€Cologne/Germany,€which€does€òòanimalóó€and€other€biological€òòresearchóóóó.ðð€€InÐ Ð& "% ÐNeuchatel€they€discovered€that€Swiss€smokers€using€low€tar/low€nicotine€filter€cigarettes€get€theÏsame€amount€of€nicotine€as€when€they€smoked€the€old€non„filter€high€tar€and€nicotine€cigarettes.€€ÏColby€tries€to€downplay€the€importance€of€this€finding:€ð ðòòThis€type€of€study€requires€a€great€manyÐ ”)ä$( Ðassumptions.óóððÐ €*Ð%) ÐÐ l+¼&* ÐÔ#†XGAXX XGA!;#ÔÔ‡XGAXXXGAÔÔUKUS.,Ô#€4€June€1979,€Memo€from€Ô_ÔBATCOÔ_Ôððs€Ô_ÔD.G.Ô_Ô€Felton€to€Ô_ÔS.J.Ô_Ô€Green,€Ô_ÔL.C.F.Ô_Ô€Blackman€(BATÐ ° Ðresearchers),Ô#†XGAXXXGA­?#ÔÔ‡XGAXXXGAÔÔUS.,UK.,Ì?ÔÔUKUS.,Ô€ð ðMeeting€with€Philip€Morrisððs€Dr.€R.€€Ô_ÔSeligmanÔ_Ô€(Ô_ÔV.P.Ô_Ô€R&D)€and€Dr.€Ô_ÔT.S.Ô_Ô€Ô_ÔOsdenÔ_ÔÐ œì Ð(Director€of€Research)€Philip€Morris€Research€Ô_ÔCenterÔ_Ô,€Richmond,€USA.ðð€€Minnesota€DepositoryÏBAT€(File€no.€€C12)€100429313€„€314ÔUS.,UK.,/AÔÔUKUS.,ÔÔ#†XGAXXXGAö@#ÔÔ‡XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð tÄ ÐÌà0  àòòThey€commented€that,€in€their€opinion,€Ô_ÔICOSIÔ_Ô€was€a€ððconspiracy€by€Reynolds€andÐ L œ ÐImperial€to€thwart€BAT€and€Philip€Morrisðð€in€their€international€operations.€€TheyÏclearly€did€not€trust€Colby€or€Jacob€and€said€that€the€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€staff€(Ô_ÔKonigÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔAdlkoferÔ_Ô)Ïhad€found€Jacob€a€trial.€I€said€that€I€understood€Jacob€had€advised€Ô_ÔICOSIÔ_Ô€that€there€wasÏdanger€in€working€on€nicotine€for€a€variety€of€reasons€and€that€might€have€hadÏrepercussions€for€the€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô.ðð€óóÔ#†XGAXXXGAC#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔÔUS.,UK.,åBÔÐè 8 (#(# ÐÌ*€3€July€1979,€Redacted€Colby€attachment€of€abstract€of€a€study€by€German€scientist€to€lawyersÏÔ_ÔWittÔ_Ô€and€Jacob,€ð ðEffects€of€Smoking€on€Human€Umbilical€Veins.ðð€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô€511286585Ô#†XGAXX XGA&F#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð ¬ü  Ðà  àPathological€changes€found€in€umbilical€arteries€and€veins€of€children€of€smoking€mothers,Ïand€not€in€non„smokers.€Related€to€low€birth€weights€of€such€children.ÌÌÔ#†XGAXX XGA“G#Ô*€19€July€1979,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô€meeting€notes€by€Ô_ÔPelzÔ_Ô€to€W.€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô€(Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô€German€counsel),€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_ÔÐ \¬ Ð503247057€„€7058.Ìà  àMembers€express€great€dissatisfaction€òòð ðwith€the€way€the€Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô€is€handled€by€the€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô.ððÐ 4„ ÐóóThey€complain€of€wasted€money€(ð ðòòunless€one€rated€the€public€relations€effect€that€highðð)óó,€thatÐ  p Ðresearch€was€not€being€used€to€produce€new€cigarettes,€and€that€Ô_ÔAdlkoferÔ_Ô€had€arbitrarily€chosenÏthe€members€of€the€new€Ô_ÔForschungsratÔ_Ô€(research„proposing€and€grant„making€body€of€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô).ÌÌÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ#€20€July€1979,€Colby€letter€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô,€ð ðRe:€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€Executive€Meeting,€June€26,€1979.ðð€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_ÔÐ Ð  Ð500920451€„€0453.Ô#†XGAXX XGA.L#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔÐ ¼  Ðà  àColby€comments€on€a€paper€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€intends€to€send€to€the€German€Medical€Weekly.€€ð ðòòIÐ ¨ø Ðfind€especially€the€comments€preceding€the€actual€report€on€the...reference€to€alleged€adverseÏhealth€effects€of€smoking,€as€well€as€the€references€to€the€ððless€harmful€cigarettesðð,€scientificallyÏunacceptable€and€politically€unpalatableóó.ðð€€Colby€also€objects€to€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€research€on€Ô_ÔpolycyclicÔ_ÔÐ l¼ Ðhydrocarbons€and€electrostatic€precipitation€of€cigarette€smoke€„€particularly€because€adversariesÏwould€ð ðòòmanipulateóóðð€the€methodology€and€information.Ð D!” ÐÌÔ#†XGAXX XGAXM#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ#€2€August€1979,€Colby€memo€to€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô€in„house€counsel€S.B.€Ô_ÔWittÔ_Ô,€ð ðÔ_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€grantees.ðð€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_ÔÐ #l! Ð503247017Ô#†XGAXX XGA‡P#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð $X" Ðà  àColby€complains€of€the€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€report,€ð ðResearch€grantees,ðð€where€ð ðòòsome€commentsÐ ô$D # Ðwhich€wrongly€allege€that€cigarette€smoking€is€harmful.óóððÐ à%0!$ ÐÌ*€5€August€1979,€Colby€letter€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô€50872449.Ìà  àColby€likes€a€Prof.€€Ô_ÔKrokowskiÔ_Ôððs€ð ðòòopen„minded€attitude€towards€smoking€for€yearsóó,ðð€andÐ ¤(ô#' Ðnotes€that€he€is€ð ðòòthe€first€good€potential€candidate€to€serve€as€ððwitnessððóó.ðð€ò ò[N.B.€€Colby€was€theÐ )à$( Ðfirst€to€develop€a€method€of€recruiting€ð ðfriendlyðð€scientists€and€medical€doctors€by€carefulÏscreening.€€The€method€was€formalized€a€decade€later€in€the€Asian€and€European€Ô_ÔETSÔ_ÔÐ l+¼&* ÐConsultant€Projects,€among€other€such€programs€to€find€friendly€witnesses€for€litigationÏand€testimony€at€legislatures.]ó óÐ œì ÐÌ#€*€8€August€1979,€Colby€memo€to€Alan€Ô_ÔRodgmanÔ_Ô€(RJR€Senior€Scientist),€RJR€502443594„Ï3595.€Ìà  àThe€sometimes€cosy€relationship€of€the€Verband€with€government€officials€is€illustratedÏhere:€ð ðòòSome€time€ago€Don€Ô_ÔHoelÔ_Ô,€of€Shook,€Hardy€&€Bacon,€received€a€request€from€the€ChiefÐ 8 ˆ ÐExecutive€of€the€Verband€[von€Ô_ÔSpechtÔ_Ô]€ð!ð€who€is€also€the€Chief€executive€of€Ô_ÔB.A.T.Ô_Ô€Germany€ð!ð€toÏfurnish€him€ððpro€and€conðð€material€on€nicotine€for€the€purpose€of€transmitting€it€to€an€anti„¼tobacco€bureaucrat€of€the€European€Economic€Community.€To€my€astonishment,€Mr.€Ô_ÔHoelÔ_ÔÏcomplied€with€that€request€as€madeóó.ððÐ è 8  ÐÌ*€28€August€1979,€Colby€letter€to€Franz€Adlkofer,€RJR€500872130.Ìà  àColby€expresses€the€need€to€hide€RJRððs€sponsorship€of€University€research€in€Germany:€ÌÌà0  àòòAs€I€informed€you,€Dr.€Koenig,€etc.,€several€months€ago,€we,€i.e.€R.J.€Reynolds€GmbH€inÐ „Ô  ÐCologne,€are€sponsoring€a€limited€amount€of€ððsmoking€and€healthðð€research€in€GermanÏUniversities.€At€that€time€I€also€advised€you€that€these€projects€would€have€to€remainÏconfidential€between€the€researchers€and€ourselves€until€data€ready€for€publicationÏwould€be€available....€Attached€please€find€the€manuscript€of€the€first€of€these€studies....ÏPlease€keep€this€manuscript€confidential€until€publication,€and€our€involvement€in€thisÏproject€should,€please,€also€be€kept€confidential€until€advised€otherwise.óóÐ \(#(# ÐÌ*€29€August€1979,€Colby€memo€to€Alan€Ô_ÔRodgmanÔ_Ô,€RJR€50162„7508,€ð ðMonthly€status€report.ððÏRJR€503247017Ô#†XGAXX XGAÃQ#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð Ð  Ðà  àAmong€other€activities,€ð ðObtained€confidential€information€on€the€relationship€between€theÏBritish€Tobacco€Industry€and€the€Hunter€Committee.ððÌÌ*€5€September€1979,€Colby€draft€memo€to€RJR€in„house€counsel€S.B.€Ô_ÔWittÔ_Ô,€€ð ðÔ_ÔRJRTIÔ_Ô€funding€ofÏsmoking€and€health€research€in€Germany€and€elsewhere.ðð€RJR€500950146„€0148Ô#†XGAXX XGA5]#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð l¼ Ðà  à$750,000€over€three€years.€€Purpose€of€research€is€to€fund€ð ðòòòòimpeccableóóóóðð€smoking€andÐ X ¨ Ðhealth€research.€€But€under€that€rubric€is€the€substantial€reason,€recruiting€spies€and€witnesses:€ÌÌà0  àòòTo€establish€relations€of€mutual€trust€with€leading€scientists€„„€beyond€the€grants€ð!ð€asÐ #l! Ðscientific€advisers,€as€a€resource€to€find€ð ðwitnessesðð€ð!ð€if€needed€ð!ð€for€liability€litigations,Ïgovernmental€bodies,€etc.,€as€a€confidential€source€of€information€on€the€activities€of€ourÏadversaries,€etc.Ð (#(# ÐÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÌóóProjects€funded€by€the€Verband€often€done€by€scientists€hostile€to€the€tobacco€industry:Ð ¸'#& Ðð ðòòObviously,€ððpoliticallyðð€such€data€are€Ô_ÔdoubluÔ_Ô€damaging€if€financed€by€the€industry....€FundingÐ ¤(ô#' Ðððimpeccable€research€also€means€to€exclude...researchers€prejudiced€against€the€TobaccoÏÔ_ÔIndustry.óóÔ_ÔÐ |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ð*€14€September€1979,€Colby€memo€to€S.B.€Ô_ÔWittÔ_Ô,€ð ðVerband€Smoking€and€Health€Research€GrantÏProcedures.ðð€RJR€503246989€„€7011Ô#†XGAXX XGA_#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð œì Ðà  àColby€outlines€the€grant€making€procedures€of€the€Verband,€ð ðòòadopted€over€ourÐ ˆØ Ðobjectionsóó.ððÐ tÄ ÐÌà0  àòò1)€There€will€be€projects€submitted€by,€or€solicited€from€various€university€and€researchÐ L œ Ðinstitute€scientists.€€These€will€be€evaluated€as€to€their€scientific€merit€by€the€new€GermanÏTobacco€Research€Councilóó€òò(see€below).€€However,€the€Executive€Board€of€the€VerbandÐ $ t Ðreserves€itself€the€right€to€veto€or€otherwise€control€publication.€2)€The€Verband,€i.e.ÏAdlkoferóó€òòand€company,€will€originate€other€projects€and€choose€their€researchers€withinÐ ü L  ÐGermany€and,€possibly,€also€outside€Germany,€in€a€form€akin€to€what€we€call€in€thisÏcountry€ð ðcontract€research.ðð€For€this€type€of€project€the€Verband€plans€also€to€reserveÏitself€the€right€to€veto€or€otherwise€control€publication....€€Chiefly€due€to€Edððs€óó[Jacob],Ð À  ÐòòÔ_ÔWilfriedÔ_Ôððsóó€[Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô]òò,€and€my€initiatives,€the€Verband€has€agreed€that€all€memberÐ ¬ü  Ðcompanies€will€have€three€months€to€comment,€before€any€irrevocable€commitments€areÏmade.€€(I€am,€however,€skeptical€whether€the€Verband€will€always€be€scrupulous€inÏobserving€this.)€€Any€company€has€the€right€to€withhold€its€funding€from€any€project.€ÏSimilarly,€there€seems€to€be€an€unwritten€understanding€that€any€member€company€mayÏveto€any€of€the€projects....€The€Verband€has€asked€approval€of€a€specific€researchÏproposal€(ð ðEffect€of€carbon€monoxide€and€nicotine€on€Ô_ÔminipigsÔ_Ôðð),€which€in€the€judgmentÏof€Dr.€Ô_ÔPelzÔ_Ô€and€myself,€is€totally€ill€conceived.€€Also,€nearly€all€the€òòscientistsóó€of€the€otherÐ  p Ðfirms€are€against€this€project.€€€€óó€òò€€€€€€óó€€€€Ð \(#(# ÐÌà  àColby€also€objected€to€some€appointees€to€the€Research€Council,€ð ðòòpersonal€friends€of€Dr.Ð ä4 ÐAdlkofer.óóðð€especially€Prof.€Ô_ÔSchettlerÔ_Ô.Ð Ð  ÐÌ*€19€September€1979,€Colby€memo€to€S.B.€Ô_ÔWittÔ_Ô€„€includes€portions€of€5€September€1979€memo,€,Ïð ðÔ_ÔRJRTIÔ_Ô€Financed€Smoking€and€Health€Research€in€Germany€to€Date€„„€1977„79.ðð€RJRÏ500877333€„€7342Ô#†XGAXX XGANd#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð €Ð Ðà  àColby€describes€the€kind€of€research€RJR€has€funded:€1)€Whether€lung€cancer€and/orÏsmoking€are€associated€with€a€personððs€psychological€makeup,€war€experiences,€religion,€etc.Ï$200,000€annually.€2)€Whether€the€handwriting€of€lung€cancer€patients€can€reveal€characteristicsÏassociated€with€lung€cancer.€$18,000.€€3)€Enzyme€markers€in€human€cells€predicting€susceptibilityÏto€lung€cancer.€€ð ðòòThe€Ô_ÔCTRÔ_Ô„USA€and€other€organizations€have€spent€millions€of€dollars€on€thisÐ #l! Ðconcept....€Results€to€date€have€been€disappointing€and€the€original€concept€is€now€very€much€inÏquestion.óóðð€4)€Toxicologically€caused€cancer€ð ðthresholdðð€theory.€€ð ðòòIncomplete€results€to€date€„„Ð ô$D # Ðinvolving€chemicals€in€no€way€related€to€tobacco€„„€have€not€turned€out€as€hoped€foróó.ðð€$110,000.Ð à%0!$ Ð5)€Epidemiologic€study€of€total€Cancer€rates€in€Hamburg,€corrected€for€shift€in€population€andÏimproved€diagnoses,€have€not€changed,€but€locations€of€cancer€have€[Colby€doesnððt€specify!].Ï$25,000.€€6)€Comparison€of€ð ðòòannoyanceóóðð€from€second„hand€smoke€to€other€industrial€odors.Ð ¤(ô#' Ð$35,000.€€7)€Dr.€Ô_ÔNeubertÔ_Ôððs€studies€on€[voluntarily]€aborted€fetuses€from€smoking€and€non„¼â âsmoking€women.€€Obstacle€to€study€is€a€change€in€voluntary€abortion€methods.€€Ô_ÔNeubertÔ_Ô€proposesÐ |*Ì%) ÐÔ_Ôgoing€to€animal€models.€€$48,000.€€8)€Chain„smoking€Prof.€€Staecker€believes€extroversion€causesÏboth€smoking€and€ð ðòòcertain€respiratory€patternsóó.ðð€$58,000.ò òÐ œì Ðâ âó óÌ#€24€September€1979,€Colby€memo€to€Dembach€and€Bernd€F.€€Pelz€[ò òN.B.€€Pelz€was€RJR„Ð tÄ ÐGermany€scientist€assigned€to€keep€track€of€Verband€deliberations€and€operations,€see€RJRÏ50087738.]ó ó,€ð ðVerband€Research€Projects€Approval.ðð€RJR€50094522€„€4523.Ô#†XGAXX XGA#n#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔÐ P   Ðà  àColby€confirms€the€Verband€procedures€as€outlined€to€S.B.€Witt€14€September€1979.€ÏEmphasizes€need€for€close€RJR€review€of€ALL€proposed€projects€(not€just€those,€apparently,Ïfunded€by€RJR).€ð ðòòThese€projects€need€not€only€be€assessed€from€a€purely€scientific€point€of€view,Ð  h Ðbut€also€from€a€legal€point€of€view€(i.e.€Sam€Witt,€Ed€Jacob,€etc.).óóððÐ  T  ÐÌ*€5€October€1979,€Colby€memo€to€S.B.€Witt,€ð ðVerband€Research€Project€„„€Umbilical€CordsÏPathology.ðð€RJR€503246995€„€6996Ô#†XGAXX XGA7v#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð È  Ðà  àColby€writes,€ð ðòòThe€Verband€is€planning€to€undertake€a€new€research€project€which€isÐ ´  Ðdescribed€in€the€attachment.€€I€am€planning€to€advise€Wilfried€Dembach€and€Bernd€Pelz€asÏfollows,€provided€you€approveóó.ðð€€He€objects€not€to€the€researchòò€óó(ostensibly€looking€at€cords€ofÐ ŒÜ  Ðinfants€delivered€to€smoking€and€non„smoking€mothers)€but€to€the€researchers€who€have€beenÏassociated€with€or€published€research€on€pregnancy€and€smoking€or€on€minipigs,€€ð ðòòwhich€areÐ d´ Ðmostly€very€anti„smokingóó,ðð€and€ð ðòòa€serious€embarrassment€to€the€German€Industryóó.ððÐ P  ÐÌ#€5„8€November,€1979,€synopsis€of€conference,€unsigned,€ð ðSmoking€and€health€issues€conference.ÏBAT€(Minnesota€Select€set,€BOX€11,€File€no.€FC0077)€301097811Ô#†XGAXX XGA£x#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð d ÐòòÔ#†XGAXX XGA5|#Ôóóà0  àÐ (#(# Ðà0  àòòThe€German€example€indicates€that€the€industryððs€greatest€ally€is€its€consumer.€TheÐ ì< ÐVerband€shows€that€a€dialogue€through€third€parties€with€the€scientific€community€on€theÏhealth€aspects€of€smoking€can€reflect€well€on€the€industry€and€avoid€isolation.Ô‡ XGAXXXGAÔ€ÐÄ(#(# ÐóóÌ*€19€November€1979,€memo€from€Bernd€Pelz€to€W.€Dembach,€ð ðVdC„TabakforschungsausschussÏ(TFA)„Meeting.ðð€[Verband€Tobacco€Research€Committee.]€RJR€500877295€„€7298Ô#†XGAXX XGAØ}#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð ˆØ Ðà  àSecond€of€a€number€of€reports€by€Pelz,€assigned€to€report€on€the€Verband€researchÏdeliberations.€€The€TFA€became€the€successor€to€the€Forschungsrat€(Research€Council).€TheÏresearchers€discussed€the€need€to€ð ðòòdo€something€about€nitrosamines€in€smokeóó.ðð€€Pelz€reports,Ð L!œ Ðð ðòòòòHeavy€metals€in€smokeóó.€€This€discussion€I€regard€a€personal€victory:€there€will€be€no€researchÐ 8"ˆ  Ðfollow„up€by€the€Verband€on€the€publication€by€Prof.€€Mueller€on€Cadmium€in€tobaccoóó.ððÐ $#t! ÐÌÔ#†XGAXX XGAä~#Ô*€19€November€1979,€VdC€TFA€meeting€notes€by€Pelz€to€Dembach,€RJR€500920074€„€0078.Ð ü$L # Ðà  àMuch€discussion€on€nitrosamines€in€tobacco€and€the€need€to€reduce€their€levels.ÏDiscussion€of€cadmium€in€tobacco.€€Evidence€that€the€different€companies€had€to€be€careful€ofÏtheir€competitive€advantages,€and€not€share€research€ideas.€€A€secret€side„note€to€RJR€USAÏreveals€how€VdC€is€influencing€a€European€Commission€Literature€study€on€tar€and€nicotine.Ìà  àòòNitrosamines€in€beer€to€him€[Fink€of€PM/Neuchatel,€FTR,€Fabriques€Tabak€Reunies]€areÐ ˜)è$( Ðnot€an€issue€any€more€after€the€changes€that€were€introduced€by€the€brewing€industry....€[H]ighÏnitroso„nornicotine€(NNN)€values€found€by€Hoffman€were€also€found€in€experiments€by€PM.€€Ô_ÔDr.Ð p+À&* ÐÔ_ÔKlusÔ_Ô€essentially€reached€the€conclusions€made€by€Fink,€that€tobacco€industry€should€doÏsomething€about€Ô_ÔnitrosaminesÔ_Ô€in€smoke....€Ô_ÔSeehoferÔ_Ô€[BAT]€wanted€to€know€from€Dr.€Fink€whatÏleads€he€would€use€to€get€a€reduction€of€Ô_ÔnitrosaminesÔ_Ô€in€smoke.€€Fink€said€they€would€work€on€it,Ïbut€was€not€in€a€position€to€say€more.óóÐ tÄ Ðà  àÌòòà  àHeavy€metals€in€smoke:€This€discussion€I€regard€a€personal€victory:€there€will€be€noÐ L œ Ðresearch€follow€up€by€the€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€on€the€publication€by€Prof.€Muller€on€Cadmium€in€tobacco,Ïand€unless€necessitated€by€outside€pressure€the€subject€will€not€be€on€the€agenda€of€theÏCommittee€for€the€next€year.ÌÌà  àWhen€discussing€the€problems€of€Ô_ÔCorestaÔ_Ô,€it€became€pretty€obvious€that€practically€allÏcompanies€for€competitive€reasons€have€restricted€or€put€a€ban€on€scientific€publications.€Dr.ÏFink€(PM)€for€example€reported€that€in€general€3€out€of€4€potential€publications€are€rejected€[byÏhis€company].ÌÌà  àEuropean€Commission€Literature€Study€(òòThis€is€strictly€confidential€and€not€for€outsideÐ „Ô  Ðuse)óó€The€Ô_ÔECÔ_Ô€Commission€has€contracted€the€Ô_ÔFreseniusÔ_Ô€Institute€to€do€a€literature€survey€on€theÐ pÀ Ðdetermination€of€tar€and€nicotine€and€other€toxicologically€relevant€constituents€of€tobaccoÏsmoke.€€The€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€has€been€in€touch€with€Ô_ÔwithÔ_Ô€Institute€since€Spring€1979€and€is€supplying€cost€ofÏthe€literature.€€Ô_ÔDr.Ô_Ô€Ô_ÔFreseniusÔ_Ô€in€discussion€with€selected€Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô€members....ÌÌóóÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ#€20€November€1979,€translation€of€memo€by€E.€Ô_ÔBruecknerÔ_Ô€of€the€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€members,Ð  \ Ðð ðòòregarding€biological€experimentsóó,ðð€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô€50087„2076.Ð øH Ðà  àA€clear€alarm€that€non„industry€government€research€could€harm€the€industry,€andÏacknowledging€the€link€between€cigarettes€and€lung€cancer.ÌÌà  àà0 ` àòòWe€have€just€been€informed€on€a€confidential€basis€that€a€leading€GermanÐ ¨ø Ðresearch€institute€is€doing,€on€behalf€of€the€German€Federal€Ministry€of€theÏInterior,€inhalation€experiments€on€the€effect€of€cigarette€smoke€on€lung€retentionÏof€dusts.€€Asbestos€is€also€included€in€the€experiments.€€The€researchers€have€beenÏrequested€to€use€conditions€which€simulates€actual€real€life€conditions€as€closelyÏas€possible.€For€that€reason€they€use€in€their€experiments€several€(German)Ïcigarette€brands€which€have€a€high€market€share.€€It€seemsà  àquestionable€whetherÐ 0"€  Ðthe€results€to€be€expected€will,€in€all€cases,€lead€to€an€exoneration€of€cigarettes,Ïespecially€since€we€know€from€the€United€States€that€97%€of€the€asbestos€workersÏwhich€died€of€lung€cancer,€were€smokers.€€We€will€continue€to€follow€this€topicÏand€explore€whether€or€not€we€will€be€able€to€use€our€influence.Ð ` (#` (# ÐóóÌ#€21€November€1979,€Edwin€Jacob€memorandum€to€files,€ð ðMeeting€With€Executive€Board€ofÏÔ_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€re€Research€Structure€November€13,€1979.ðð€PM€100012218€„€2222Ô#†XGAXX XGAŒ#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð ¤(ô#' Ðà  àòòÌà0  àI€had€referredóó€òòto€the€statement€of€research€concept€agreed€with€Ô_ÔKonigÔ_Ô€Ô_Ôóó[HaroldÔ_Ô€Koenig]òòÐ |*Ì%) Ðduring€our€meetings€last€year...and€changes€were€made€in€the€draft€statute€for€theÐ h+¸&* ÐResearch€Council,€as€follows:€I)€References€to€product€development€or€improvement€wereÏeliminated€from€the€statute.€€ii)€No€scientific€approval€of€the€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€or€members€of€theÏIndustry€will€be€required€for€specific€research€projects.€€iii)€There€will€be€no€requirementÏthat€the€Council€make€recommendations€with€regard€to€product€improvement....€Part€ofÏthe€problem€óó[how€to€engage€company€scientists€in€the€Council€review€of€projects]€òòmightÐ `° Ðbe€in€asking€the€wrong€question.€€It€is€not€helpful€to€obtain€negative€reaction€of€theÏscientists€and€then€go€forward€on€political€grounds.€€It€might€be€more€helpful€to€tell€theÏscientists€that€a€political€decision€to€do€a€project€has€been€made€and€invite€theirÏcooperation€in€making€it€as€effective€as€possible,€given€whatever€the€political€parametersÏmight€be.óóÐü L (#(# ÐÌ*€28€November€1979,€Richard€Ô_ÔMarcotullioÔ_Ô€(Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô€ð ðManagerial€Employeeðð),€memorandum€to€file,€Ïð ðÔ_ÔICOSIÔ_Ô€International€Public€Smoking€Symposium.ððÔ#†XGAXX XGA¹’#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô€502122792€„€2797Ô#†XGAXX XGAÀ˜#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð À  Ðà  àLong€soliloquy€about€a€major€conference€on€public€smoking€whose€industry€sponsorshipÏthe€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€wanted€kept€secret,€otherwise€it€ð ðòòwould€preclude€the€ability€to€attract€theÐ ˜è  Ðparticipants€desired,óóðð€that€is,€the€best€scientists,€as€well€as€the€expected€participation€of€the€WorldÐ „Ô  ÐHealth€Organization.€€Ô_ÔMarcotullioÔ_Ô€and€others€were€of€the€opinion€that€this€should€be€an€industryÏshow,€not€a€venue€for€scientific€or€legal€debate€or€controversy.€€If€anything,€the€pressure€onÏindividuals€to€stop€smoking€ought€to€be€raised€as€ð ðòòdebateóóðð€with€the€intention€of€€ð ðòòdiscrediting€theÐ H˜ Ðother€side.óóðð€Therefore,€only€participants€siding€with€the€industry€should€be€on€the€program,Ð 4„ Ðð ðòòproducing€testimony€and€a€report€which€can€be€used€with€legislators.óóðð€€The€three€aims€of€theÐ  p Ðsymposium€would€be€to€produce€a€useable€book,€provide€media€coverage€(ð ðòòhighly€organizedóóðð),Ð  \ Ðand€to€ð ðòòneutralize€WHO€as€best€as€possible€on€the€public€smoking€issueóó.ðð€€ð ðòòIn€addition,€theÐ øH Ðsymposium€was€intended€to€establish€witnesses,€international€sociologists,€lawyers€and€scientistsÏthat€the€industry€could€count€on€in€other€areas.ððóó€ò ò[N.B.€The€proposed€convener€of€theÐ Ð  Ðconference€is€named€simply€as€ð ðIOðð,€a€local€branch€of€an€international€group,€one€withÏgood€relationships€to€the€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€and€also€to€the€World€Health€Organization.€€ð ðIOððÏprobably€stands€for€ð ðInterim€Organization,ðð€the€entity€that€bridged€the€1979„1980Ïtransition€from€Ô_ÔICOSIÔ_Ô€(International€Center€on€Smoking€Issues)€to€the€more€controllableÏÔ_ÔINFOTABÔ_Ô.€€See€*€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô€503328264€„€8272,€particularly€„8767.]ó óÐ pÀ Ðà  àOf€interest€in€this€memo€is€the€close€coordination€with€law€firm€principals,€such€as€MaryÏCovington€of€Covington€&€Burling,€Don€Ô_ÔHoelÔ_Ô€and€Charles€Tucker€from€Shook,€Hardy€&€BaconÏ(ð ðKansas€Cityðð);€and€the€major€manufacturers€BAT,€Imperial,€Philip€Morris,€and€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô.€ÌÌ*€30€November€1979,€Colby€memo€to€Ô_ÔPelzÔ_Ô,€ð ðAdams€ððCompensationðð.ðð€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô€503247368Ô#†XGAXX XGA7™#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð  $\" Ðà  à[ò òN.B.€€ð ðCompensationðð€refers€to€smokers€of€low€tar,€low€nicotine€cigarettes€inhalingÐ ø$H # Ðmore€deeply€and€longer€to€get€the€requisite€amount€of€nicotine€their€bodies€demand.]ó óÐ è%8!$ Ðà0  àòòÐ (#(# Ðà0  àFor€reference€I€attach€two€recent€papers€by€Dr.€Adams.€€As€I€am€sure€you€are€aware,€theÏð ðpoliticsðð€of€Imperial€ð ðdemandðð€that€there€is€no€compensation.€€The€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ôððs€politicsÏhave€changed€radically€in€that€the€late€Dr.€Weber€insisted€that€there€was€noÏcompensation,€but€now€Dr.€Ô_ÔAdlkoferÔ_Ô€wants€to€show€compensation.€€In€my€judgment,€asÏregards€the€majority€of€convinced€smokers,€there€is€compensation€...[but]€is€only€partialÐ p+À&* ÐÑ ïOÑâ  âÑe°Ñâ  âÑ  Ñover€the€long€run...from€the€point€of€the€smoking€and€health€controversy...this€is€probablyÏmeaningless.€€This€is€because€there€is€no€way€of€determining€the€smoking€behaviorÏchanges€„„€if€any€„„€of€the€very€small€number€of€smokers€who€may€or€may€not€be€ð ðat€riskððÏwith€regards€to€diseases€allegedly€associated€with€smoking.Ð (#(# ÐÌóó*€6€December€1979,€Colby€to€S.B.€Ô_ÔWittÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô,€the€Research€Council€for€Smoking€and€Health€andÐ  œ ÐÔ_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€ð ðStatuteðð€and€declarations€of€purpose,€in€German€(undated)€and€partially€translated€toÏEnglish.€500877291€„€7294Ô#†XGAXX XGA_£#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.€òòóóò ò[N.B.€€The€English€translation€of€the€Purpose€of€the€ResearchÐ Ù t ÐCouncil€is€totally€redacted€from€this€document.]ó ó€Ð É d Ðà  àIn€rough€translation,€the€statute€declares€that€the€purpose€of€the€Research€Council€is€toÏdiscover,€on€the€basis€of€present€knowledge,€if€or€how€nicotine,€alone€or€interacting€with€otherÏsubstances,€takes€part€in€the€pathogenesis€of€chronic€illnesses€associated€with€smoking.€€BecauseÏof€the€importance€and€extent€of€this€area€of€work€[smoking€and€health],€nicotine€researchÌis€at€the€center€of€the€activities€of€the€Research€Council.€€Basic€research€will€take€suitable€note€ofÏand€be€based€on€clinical€studies.€€In€certain€instances€work€with€other€scientific€disciplines€willÏgive€meaning€to€the€results.ÌÌ#€13€December€1979,€Meeting€notes€from€Ô_ÔBerndÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPelzÔ_Ô€distributed€to€Colby,€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô,€AlanÏÔ_ÔRodgmanÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔH.J.Ô_Ô€Ô_ÔWederÔ_Ô,€S.B.€Ô_ÔWittÔ_Ô,€ð ðÔ_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Scientific€Committee€(Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô)€Meeting,€Hamburg€Dec.€Ï12,€79.ðð€Ô_ÔRJRÔ_Ô€500920366€„€0372Ô#†XGAXX XGAÕ©#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.€ò ò[N.B.€€Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô€stands€for€Ô_ÔTabakÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔForschungsÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔAusschussÔ_Ôó ó,Ð ñŒ Ðò òTobacco€Research€Committee.]ó óÐ á| Ðà  àScientists€at€the€meeting€represented€BAT,€British€Imperial,€Philip€Morris,€Ô_ÔReemtsmaÔ_Ô,ÏÔ_ÔRJRÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô,€and€Austria€Ô_ÔTabakwerkeÔ_Ô.Ìà  àA€paper€on€Ô_ÔnitrosamineÔ_Ô€levels€in€many€brands€of€cigarettes€from€different€nations€wasÏpublished€by€Drs.€€Ô_ÔRuhlÔ_Ô,€Adams,€Hoffman€in€a€reputable€but€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô„financed€German€tobaccoÏresearch€journal€(ð ðÔ_ÔBeitrageÔ_ÔÔ#†XGAXX XGA9¯#Ô€Ô_ÔzurÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔTabakforschungÔ_Ô€[Contributions€to€Tobacco€ResearchÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ..ðð].€€It€wasÐ } Ðfelt€ð ðòònot€what€one€would€like€to€seeóóðð€but€an€attempt€by€the€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€to€suppress€it€would€beÐ i Ðundesirable€given€the€cooperation€of€the€German€Federal€Health€Office€in€the€study.€€TheÏÔ_ÔReemtsmaÔ_Ô€representative€objected,€however.€€The€same€Dr.€Adams€continues€to€showÏcompensation€behavior€of€ð ðlight€cigaretteðð€smokers.€€Ô_ÔPelzÔ_Ô€then€related€a€discussion€about€theÏÔ_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€with€two€company€scientists€(Austria€Ô_ÔTabakwerkeÔ_Ô€and€PM)€on€the€way€to€the€airport.€Ïð ðòòThey€both€said€that€approval€of€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô€research€was€more€or€less€based€on€a€generalÐ !  Ðjudgement€as€to€what€potential€harm€a€piece€of€research€could€do.óóðð€€Ô_ÔPelzÔ_Ôððs€own€role€in€insistingÐ ñ!Œ  Ðon€more€information€about€research€protocols,€they€warned,€could€lead€him€to€be€Ô_ÔmarginalizedÔ_Ô.€ÏBoth€scientists€said€appointment€of€Ô_ÔAdlkoferÔ_Ô€to€head€the€Scientific€Committee€was€a€mistakeÏð ðòòbecause€this€would€add€too€much€influence€to€the€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô.€€They€would€also€prefer€to€have€theÐ µ$P # Ðchairmanship€in€the€hands€of€members€of€industryóó.ððÐ ¡%#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð ¡< Ðà  àColby€describes€ð ðòòspecial€projectsóó,ðð€ones€which€are€contracted€and€handled€by€the€VerbandÐ ( Ðbut€have€been€kept€confidential€from€the€old€Research€Council€and€the€new€Research€Council.Ïò ò[N.B.€€Probably€means€the€Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô,€Tobacco€Research€Committee.]ó ó€Ð e ÐÌà0  àòòThe€Verband€has€total€control€over€the€design€of€the€experiments,€the€right€of€theÐ AÜ Ðresearchers€to€publish....€These€projects€likewise€need€to€be€kept€confidential€to€theÏoutside€(including€Ô_ÔCTRÔ_Ô)€excepting€those€having€a€ððneed€to€knowðð€within€RJR,€PhilipÏMorris,€Jacob€&€Ô_ÔMedingerÔ_Ô,€and€Shook/Hardy.€€These€are€the€projects€where€we€try...toÏachieve€some€consensus€between€Philip€Morris€and€us....€Incidentally,€I€may€have€openedÏa€somewhat€better€line€of€communication€with€PM€on€such€projects,€by€talking€directly€toÏDr.€Tom€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô€(Alan€Ô_ÔRodgmanÔ_Ôððs€equivalent€at€PM)€and/or€Alex€Holtzman.óóÐÉ#d"(#(# ÐÌà  àThe€ð ðòòspecialóóðð€and€ð ðòòconfidentialóóðð€projects€included€the€following:€1.€€Co„Ô_ÔcarcinogenesisÔ_Ô€ofÐ ¡% #ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð Uð ÐÌà0 ½ àòòDr.€Ô_ÔKaussmannÔ_Ô€stated€that€the€general€impression€in€the€Scientific€Commission€is€„€and€asÐ -È Ðfar€as€he€could€tell€amongst€other€member€companies€„€that€since€about€a€year€RJR€isÏopposing€most€projects€and€is€very€rarely€agreeing€to€projects....€€It€is€my€generalÏimpression€that€in€the€next€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Board€meeting€RJR€will€come€under€attack.óóÐñ!Œ ½(#½(# ÐÔ#†XGAXX XGAŠ#ÔÌ*€21€May€1982,€memo€from€Ô_ÔPelzÔ_Ô€to€Adlkofer,€ð ðÔ_ÔGrossarthÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔMaticekÔ_Ô€proposal,ðð€RJR€503246639.Ìà ½ àThe€study€ð ðPsychological€and€medical€factors€as€predictors€of€cancer€and€cardiovascularÏdisease€with€particular€reference€to€cigarette€smoking,ðð€was€approved€and€funded€by€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€withoutÌinforming€Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô.€€RJR€insists€a€Dr.€Ô_ÔBastiaansÔ_Ô€be€included€in€the€contract€as€ð ðòòco„worker€for€Prof.Ð &("% ÐÔ_ÔGrossarthÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔMaticekÔ_Ô.ðð€óóò ò[N.B.€€J.€Ô_ÔBastiaansÔ_Ô€of€University€of€Leyden€had€been€ð ðdiscoveredðð€byÐ y'#& ÐFrank€Colby€in€1974,€RJR€504853314,€as€a€researcher€who€ð ðòòstresses€psychosomatic€aspects€ofÐ i($' Ðdisease,€particularly€heart€disease.€Have€not€found€a€paper€in€which€he€mentions€tobacco.ðð€óóInÐ U)ð$( Ðother€words,€Ô_ÔBastiaansÔ_Ô€is€to€be€Ô_ÔGrossarthÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔMaticekÔ_Ôððs€watcher.€€In€any€case,€Ô_ÔGrossarthÔ_Ô„¼Ô_ÔMaticekÔ_Ô€did€not€disappoint:€òòð ð[his]€published€data€(semi„privately€in€a€non„peer€reviewÐ -+È&* Ðserial)...Ô_Ôlend[sÔ_Ô]€powerful€support€to€the€constitutional€hypothesis€of€the€alleged€associationÐ ,´'+ Ðbetween€smoking€and€lung€cancer.óóðð€€Colby,€to€S.B.€Ô_ÔWittÔ_Ô€21€May€1983,€RJR€501626920€„Ð e Ð6921.]ó óÐ Qì ÐÌÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ*€24€May€1982,€Peter€Van€Every€(RJR€in„house€counsel)€memo€to€R.€Ô_ÔMarcotullioÔ_Ô,€F.€Colby,€P.Ð )Ä ÐÔ_ÔSchulerÔ_Ô,€U.€Ô_ÔKuhlenschmidtÔ_Ô€(portion),€ð ðContact€with€the€Verband.ðð€RJR€500950316Ô#†XGAXX XGA‹#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð ° Ðà ½ àVan€Every,€new€to€his€post€succeeding€S.B.€Ô_ÔWittÔ_Ô€who€became€VP€of€RJR,€lays€down€theÏrules€on€all€procedures€of€reporting€to€and€from€Germany.€€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô€[RJR€counsel€in€Germany]€toÏact€as€point€man,€monthly€reports€to€go€to€scientists€and€lawyers,€ð ðòòContact€with€the€Verband.€Ð Ù t ÐExcept€in€extraordinary€circumstances,€only€[RJR„Germany]€GmbH€should€have€direct€contactÏwith€the€Verband€and€the€Ô_ÔForschungsratÔ_Ô.€The€reason€for€this€is€to€strengthen€the€influence€of€theÏGmbH€personnel....€In€the€past€there€has€been€confusion€at€the€Verband€and€Ô_ÔForschungsratÔ_Ô€as€toÏwho€speaks€for€RJR.óóððÐ ‰$  ÐÌÔ#†XGAXX XGAð#Ô#€24€May€1982,€meeting€notes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSCMÔ_Ô,€PM€2028524678€„€€4681.Ð aü  Ðà ½ àRJR€rejected€the€use€of€hamsters€in€the€proposed€animal€Ô_ÔsidestreamÔ_Ô€smoke€exposure€study.ÌÌÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ*€1€June€1982,€Ô_ÔPelzÔ_Ô€memo€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô,€,€ð ðTelephone€Note,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€„„€Professor€Adlkofer...ðð€RJRÐ %À Ð502664593Ô#†XGAXX XGA“#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð ¬ Ðà ½ àProf.€€Adlkofer€suggested€a€meeting€with€Ô_ÔPelzÔ_Ô€as€ð ðòòrelations€between€the€Verband€and€RJRÐ ý˜ Ðhave€been€recently€hampered€by€deplorable€fictionsóó.ððÐ é„ ÐÌÔ#†XGAXX XGA²#Ô#€2€June€1982,€meeting€notes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSCMÔ_Ô,€PM€2028524676€„€4677.Ð Á\ Ðà ½ àVarious€proposals€submitted€and€discussed.ÌÌ*€4€June€1982,€telex€from€Ô_ÔPelzÔ_Ô€to€RJR€counsel€Peter€Van€Every,€ð ðÔ_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€matters,ðð€RJR€503246015€„Ï6016,€also€RJR€504331572€„€1573..Ìà ½ àÔ_ÔPelzÔ_Ô€outlines€objections€to€Adlkoferððs€dosimetry€study€proposal.€€The€research€has€alreadyÏbeen€done€by€others,€donððt€repeat€it€you€might€find€something.ÌÌà0 ½ àòòPlease€note€that€these€researchers€ð!ð€commonly€regarded€as€avowed€critics€of€smoking€ð!ðÐ !¼ Ðcould€not€find€amounts€of€smoke€constituents€in€the€body€fluids€of€passive€smokers€whichÏcould€have€any€Ô_ÔadverseÔ_Ô€health€effects.€€Further€studies€could€only€weaken€these€alreadyÏexisting€results€from€our€opponents.€€Anti„smoking€activists€will€always€claim€that€anyÏamounts€of€exposure€on€non„smokers€to€tobacco€smoke€is€a€certain€type€of€assault€andÏbattery€regardless€of€whether€the€concentration€of€tobacco€smoke€in€the€humanÏenvironment€is€measurable€by€highly€sensitive€analytical€instruments€or€not.óóЩ$D #½(#½(# ÐÌà ½ àò ò[N.Bó ó.€ò òÔ_ÔPelzÔ_Ô€cites€three€authors:€Ô_ÔHugodÔ_Ô,€et€al.€ð ðExposure€of€passive€smokers€to€tobaccoÐ &"% Ðsmoke€constituents,ðð€Ô_ÔIntÔ_Ô€Arch€Ô_ÔOccupÔ_Ô€Environ€Health€1978;€42:€21„9.€€Russell,€et€al,Ïð ðAbsorption€by€non„smokers€of€carbon€monoxide€from€room€air€polluted€by€tobaccoÏsmoke,ðð€Lancet€1973;€1:€576„9.€€Russell,€et€al,€ð ðBlood€and€urinary€nicotine€in€non„smokers,ððÏLancet€1975;€1:€179„81.€€Despite€the€title,€Ô_ÔHugodÔ_Ô€measured€only€the€room€air,€notÏabsorption€by€people.€€He€does€say€that€ð ðòòpassive€smoke€under€usual€conditions€should€[not]Ð !+¼&* Ðhave€a€lasting€adverse€effect€on€otherwise€healthy€individuals,ðð€but€limited€this€statement€toÐ  ,¨'+ Ðhydrocyanic€acid,€total€particulate€matter,€nicotine€and€carbon€monoxide.€€óóBut€guess€what?Ð e ÐThe€study€was€supported€by€the€Verband!€under€the€rubric€of€the€€Ô_ÔForschungsgesellschaftÔ_ÔÏÔ_ÔRauchenÔ_Ô€und€Ô_ÔGesundheitÔ_Ô.€€òòà Å àóóRussell€in€1973€showed€elevations€of€carbon€monoxide€in€theÐ =Ø Ðblood€of€non„smokers€to€dangerous€levels€after€a€little€over€an€hour€in€a€very€smoky€room,€asÏif€they€had€actively€smoked€one€cigarette.€€In€1975€Russell€wrote:€ð ðòòIt€is€concluded€that,€as€aÐ ° Ðresult€of€passive€smoking,€most€urban€non„smokers€have€measurable€amounts€of€nicotine€inÏtheir€body€fluids€for€most€of€their€lives.ððóó]ó óÐ í ˆ ÐÌ*€8€June€1982,€telex€from€Ô_ÔPelzÔ_Ô€to€Van€Every,€ð ðÔ_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€epidemiologic€study€on€public€smoking,ðð€RJRÏ503246029€„€6030.Ìà ½ àCounsels€against€joining€in€such€a€study€(cost,€complexity,€need€to€Ô_ÔcoopeateÔ_Ô€withÏdepartments€of€health)€but€principally,ÌÌà0 ½ àòòIt€is€highly€likely€that€the€contemplated€supplementary€studies€on€risk€groups€will€lead€toÐ aü  Ðadverse€results€because€of€the€proneness€of€these€risk€groups€towards€negative€statementsÏon€smoking€and€the€lack€of€medical€knowledge€about€the€cause€of€the€diseases€(chronicÏbronchitis,€asthma).óóÐ%À½(#½(# ÐÌ*€9€June€1982,€memo€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔPelzÔ_Ô,€ð ðÔ_ÔASFCÔ_Ô€smoking€and€health€related€research€projects,ðð€RJRÏ503246497€„€6500.Ìà ½ àReviews€the€work€of€the€Swiss€Cigarette€Manufacturersðð€Association,€mainly€in€the€one„¼person€show€of€Dr.€€Ô_ÔBaettigÔ_Ô.€€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€accuses€Adlkofer€of€trying€to€expand€his€empire€by€bringingÏÔ_ÔBaettigÔ_Ô€support€from€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô.€€The€project€list€is€unreadable.ÌÌ*€14€June€1982,€meeting€notes,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô,€RJR€501545609€„€5615.Ìà ½ àMore€discussions€of€the€various€projects€being€proposed€or€funded€to€begin€or€put€offÏbecause€of€objections€by€one€or€more€members.€ð ðòòCurrently,€RJRððs€relations€to€the€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€are€highlyÐ ]ø Ðstressed.€€Adlkofer€openly€attacked€RJR.ððóó€One€decision€taken€by€Adlkofer€was€to€have€the€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_ÔÐ Iä ÐBoard€approve€ð ðòòcertain€research€projects€with€political€impact,ððóó€and€not€to€discuss€these€with€theÐ 5Ð ÐÔ_ÔTFAÔ_Ô.€(The€ð ðBoardðð€is€the€Ô_ÔForschungsratÔ_Ô,€an€institution€similar€to€the€Council€for€TobaccoÏResearch.)ÌÌÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ*€16€June€1982,€Colby€memo€to€Peter€J.€van€Every,€ð ðRe:€Research€proposal€to€the...Verband€on€anÐ å!€  Ðepidemiological€study€on€ððpassive€smokingðð€and€lung€cancer.ððÌà ½ àColby€strongly€recommends€that€RJR€veto€the€study€on€scientific,€economic€and€politicalÏgrounds,€especially€ð ðòòif€the€study€would€be€flawed€and€lead€to€results€similar€to€the€Ô_ÔHirayamaÔ_ÔÐ ©$D # ÐÔ_Ôstudyóó.ððÔ_ÔÐ •%0!$ ÐÌ*€29€June€1982,€memo,€Ô_ÔPelzÔ_Ô€to€RJR€lawyers€(USA€mainly)€and€Colby,€ð ðSummary€of€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_ÔÏSmoking€and€Health€Research€Projects,ðð€RJR€500905494.ÌÌà0 ½ àòòThe€German€Cigarette€Industry€association€(Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô)€is€sponsoring€smoking€and€healthÐ 1*Ì%) Ðrelated€research€through€direct€contracts€with€researchers,€and€indirectly€through€theÏÔ_ÔForschungsratÔ_Ô,€and€institution€similar€to€the€Ô_ÔCTRÔ_Ô€[Council€for€Tobacco€Research,€USA].óóÐ ,¤'+½(#½(# ÐÔ_Ô‡Ô#†XGAXX XGA{4#Ô#€30€June€1982,€meeting€notes,€Fink€to€Osdene,€VDC€Scientific€meeting,€PM€2028524673€„€€4675.Ð e Ðà ½ àA€ð ðòòcompetent€Federal€authorityóóðð€has€proposed€to€do€an€epidemiological€study€of€passiveÐ Qì Ðsmoking€(it€will€turn€out€to€be€Dr.€Ueberla).€RJR€rejects€a€compensation€study.€€Adlkofer€arguesÏfor€òòð ðscientific€support€for€an€industry€policy€which€was€the€only€possibility€of€maintaining€theÐ )Ä Ðcigarette€as€a€socially€acceptable€product€even€in€the€long€term.ððÌóóÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔÌÔ#†XGAXX XGAV;#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ*€1€July€1982,€Pelz€report,€1€July€1982,€RJR€500534225€„€28,€ð ðòòMeeting€with€Dr.€Adlkofer...€toÐ í ˆ Ðdiscuss€the€Verband€research€philosophy,€and€other€issues€that€have€caused€friction€between€theÏVerband€and€RJR€on€matters€of€smoking€and€health„related€researchóó.ðð€€Ð Å ` Ðà ½ àNote€below€Adlkoferððs€philosophy€of€a€ð ðsafer€cigarette.ððÌà ½ àÌà0 ½ àòòKey€Results.€€1.€€The€Verband€research€focuses€on€three€areas€of€research:€a)€publicÐ ‰$  Ðsmoking,€b)€risk€factors€and€c)€ð ða€less€harmful€cigarette.ðð€€While€progress€appearsÏpossible€on€a)€and€b),€research€on€c)€will€continue€to€be€a€point€of€controversy€andÏdisagreement€with€the€VdC.€€2.€€Progress€appears€to€be€possible...on€the€composition€andÏway€of€operation€of€the€scientific€committee,€and€on€the€way€research€projects€areÏapproved.€€3)€The€research€philosophy€of€Prof.€€Adlkofer€will€continue€to€be€a€point€ofÏcontroversy€and€disagreement,€i.e.€he€being€the€one€who€defines€the€goals€and€direction€ofÏVerband€research€rather€than€the€members€of€the€VdC....€Prof.€€Adlkofer€said€thatÏcompared€to€Philip€Morris,€RJRTG€seemed€to€be€much€more€dependent€on€decisions€madeÏin€the€USA....€That€smoking€was€not€only€correlated€with€various€types€of€cancer€but€alsoÏconstituted€a€real€risk€factor€in€regard€to€cancer,€was€to€[Adlkofer]€beyond€doubt....€TheÏUS€lawyers€would€do€everything€possible€to€maintain€that€friend„foe€relationship€betweenÏscientists€and€industry....€In€this€sense€he€considered€FGC€[Colby]€more€a€lawyer€than€aÏscientist....€ð ð[A]€less€assailable,€less€harmful...cigaretteðð€was€his€main€reason€for€beingÏwith€the€Verband.€óó€€òòHe€said€the€disagreement€on€this€subject€with€RJR€was€almostÐ q  Ðunbearable€for€him....€In€his€mind€the€open€discussion€about€a€ð ðless€harmful€cigaretteððÏbetween€scientists€and€Industry€has€greatly€helped€Industry€in€Germany....€€Talking€aboutÏð ðthe€less€harmful€cigarette,ðð€he€said€that€in€his€view€there€was€a€regulation€of€nicotineÏuptake€in€smokers.€Therefore,€it€was€of€no€use€to€him€to€go€down€in€nicotine€deliveryÏbelow€.4/.5€mg/cigarette,€because€otherwise€the€cigarettes€would€not€be€smoked.€€As€aÏconsequence,€he€said,€one€would€have€to€lower€the€condensate€delivery€down€to€a€ratio€ofÏ10€for€T/N.€€ò òThis€would€most€likely€prolong€the€latency€period€for€cancer€by€another€5„Ð å!€  Ð10€years,€and€thus€would€make€it€a€no„issue€for€the€cigarette€industry....óó[N.B.€EmphasisÐ Õ"p! Ðadded.]òò€€€ó óIn€his€view€there€was€not€enough€momentum€behind€such€research€in€theÐ Á#\" Ðindividual€companies....€He€added€that€he€was€very€happy€with€his€role€of€instigating€suchÏresearch€and€creating€unrest€among€Industry.óóÐ%8!$½(#½(# ÐÌ*€2€July€1982,€Pelz€telex€to€Van€Every,€ð ðEpidemiology€working€group.€€Meeting€with€Prof.€ÏAdlkofer.ðð€RJR€503246039Ô#†XGAXX XGA™;#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð a(ü#' Ðà ½ àð ðòòFrom€the€discussion€it€became€very€clear€that€Prof.€€Adlkoferððs€prime€objective€is€toÐ M)è$( Ðcreate€unrest€among€industry€in€order€to€force€industry€into€a€direction€of€research€that€he€callsÏless€harmful€or€less€assailable€cigarette€researchóó.ððÐ %+À&* ÐÔ_ÔÔ#†XGAXX XGAVG#ÔÐ ,¬'+ Ð*€14€July€1982,€memo€from€Colby€to€Jay€Giles,€ð ðWeekly€Highlights,ðð€RJR€501626550.Ìà0 ½ àòòThere€were€additional€activities€on€trying€to€prevent€the€Verband€from€carrying€throughÐ Qì Ðthe€epidemiologic€study€on€public€smoking....óóÐ=ؽ(#½(# ÐÌ*€15€July€1982,€telex€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€to€Van€every,€ð ðÔ_ÔTFAÔ_Ô€meeting...re€Ô_ÔepiÔ_Ô€study€/€lecture€by€A.,ðð€RJRÏ503246244€„€6245.ÌÌà0 ½ àòòA.[Ô_ÔdlkoferÔ_Ô]€óógrosslyòò€summarized€the€research€proposal€by€Prof.€U.[Ô_ÔeberlaÔ_Ô]....€A.€statedÐ Ù t Ðthat€the€task€force€members€had€not€understood€this€research€proposal€from€the€politicalÏpoint€of€view....€(A.)€regarded€this€touchy€project€an€entire€political€project€which€only€theÏBoard€should€discuss€but€not€the€Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô.€A.€stated€that€he€will€push€this€project€through€atÏthe€next€Board€meeting.óó€€ò ò[N.B.€The€politics€may€have€had€its€payoff.€€For€instance,Ð ‰$  ÐÔ_ÔUeberlaÔ_Ô€wrote€a€letter€to€the€New€England€Journal€of€Medicine€sharply€criticizingÏthe€important€study€by€Ô_ÔHechtÔ_Ô€showing€uptake€by€non„smokers€of€tobacco„specificÏlung€carcinogenic€Ô_ÔnitrosaminesÔ_Ô€from€passive€exposure.€€Ô_ÔUeberlaÔ_Ô€signed€himself€fromÏthe€University€of€Munich.€€See€òòNew€England€Journal€óóof€Medicine€1993;€329:1543„6,Ð =Ø  Ðand€1993;€330:€1016„7.€€As€President€of€the€Federal€Health€Office,€Ô_ÔUeberlaÔ_Ô€was€in€anÏÔ_ÔinfluentialÔ_Ô€position€to€determine€policies€on€tobacco,€both€in€Germany€and€withinÏEurope.€€See€20€September€1983.]òòó óМ½(#½(# ÐÌà0 ½ à[Adlkofer]€said€that€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€research€is€destined€to€deliver€a€frame„work€for€a€less€harmfulÏcigarette€which€should€be€utilized€by€the€R&D€departments€of€the€individual€memberÏcompanies€to€design€presentable€cigarettes.€The€problem€is€how€to€make€such€a€productÏÔ_ÔsmokableÔ_Ô.€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€research€will€prepare€the€basic€concept€for€a€product€modification;Ïnicotine€must€be€present€in€a€cigarette€in€sufficient€amounts€but€without€the€other€toxicÏsubstances....€[Ô_ÔH]eÔ_Ô€knew€that€the€less€harmful€cigarette€is€a€hot€issue....óóÐu½(#½(# ÐÌ*€15€July€1982,€meeting€notes,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô,€RJR€501545528€„€5533.Ìà ½ àMore€review€and€re„review:€Ô_ÔUeberlaÔ_Ôððs€project€will€go€to€the€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Board€where€the€memberÏcompanies€can€deal€with€the€politics;€a€task€force€for€the€dosimetry€study€was€formed;€Ô_ÔsidestreamÔ_ÔÏsmoke€analysis€protocols€were€handed€in€from€the€different€companies;€Dr.€Ô_ÔNeurathÔ_Ô€introduced€hisÏresearch€protocol€for€tobacco„specific€Ô_ÔnitrosaminesÔ_Ô;€the€N„Ô_ÔPAHÔ_Ô€experiment€at€Richmond€assumedÏmore€importance€for€PM;€a€plan€to€terminate€Grimmerððs€research€on€smoke€carcinogens€by€havingÏoutside€experts€run€it€down€(Hoffman,€Ô_ÔPreussmannÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔSugimuraÔ_Ô);€Dr.€Ô_ÔObeÔ_Ô€wants€to€test€his€cultureÏmedium€as€a€source€of€chromosomal€abnormalities€ion€on„smokers;€€Adlkoferððs€budget€projectionÏfor€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€and€the€Ô_ÔForschungsratÔ_Ô€research€for€1982„85€is€DM€4„5€million€per€year.ÌÌà0 ½ àòòCooperation€with€Prof.€Ô_ÔWynderÔ_Ô.€€Adlkofer€recommended€continuous€cooperation€andÐ …& "% Ðstressed€Ô_ÔWynderÔ_Ôððs€pro„industry€attitude€vis„a„vis€public€smoking.€€Because€of€his€expertiseÏÔ_ÔWynderÔ_Ô€shall€be€paid€$US€100,000€for€another€year€as€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€consultant.€€Cooperation€withÏPeter€N.€Lee€(statistician).€Adlkofer€described€P.€Lee€as€a€statistician€of€high€expertiseÏwho€had€done€a€lot€of€work€for€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô.€Cooperation€ought€to€be€continued.€€Annual€salaryÏâ âas€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€consultant€will€be€DM€20,000€„€in€addition€Adlkofer€intends€to€give€him€ð=ð2000€„Ð !+¼&* Ðas€fringe€benefit€and€additional€DM€50,000€„€for€doing€the€statistics€of€the€Ô_ÔGrossarthÔ_Ô„¼Ô_ÔMaticekÔ_Ô€project.óóÐQì½(#½(# Ðâ âà ½ àà  àÌÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ*€21€July€1982,€part€of€a€memorandum€report,€Ô_ÔJKÔ_Ô€Wells€(Brown€and€Williamson€in„house€counsel)Ð )Ä Ðto€Ô_ÔW.W.Ô_Ô€Wyatt€(B&W€management),€ð ð12.€Ernst€Ô_ÔBrucknerÔ_Ô€from€the€Verband€Reported€on€SeveralÏProjects.ðð€BW€00006„182090005Ô#†XGAXX XGA8\#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð  œ ÐòòÌà0 ½ àThe€Verband€is€funding€a€study€which€will€conclude€that€the€motivation€of€anti„smokers€isÏessentially€a€power€drive....€The€Verband€has€funded€legal€literature€and€a€conferenceÏintended€to€produce€material€useful€to€those€who€would€oppose€the€Ô_ÔECÔ_Ôððs€activities€in€non„¼economic€fields,€such€as€consumerism€and€health€policy....€The€Verband€is€attempting€toÏobtain€three€government€studies€which€were€undertaken€to€show€advertising€influencesÏpeople€to€start€smoking€but€which€were€dropped€when€the€results€were€going€against€theÏgovernmentððs€position....€The€Verband€is€funding€work€by€an€academic€who€will€discussÏpolitical€misuse€of€the€language€as€illustrated€by€the€equation€of€nicotine€with€hard€drugsÏthrough€the€term€ð ðaddictionðð.Ð ½(#½(# ÐÌóó*€22€July€1982,€Colby€memo€to€van€Every,€ð ðRe:€Smoking€and€health€related€activities€of€theÐ ¬ ÐVerband.ðð€RJR€500534218Ô#†XGAXX XGAÈ]#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð ý˜ Ðà ½ àÌà0 ½ àòò1.€€It€has€been€learned€that€the€Verband€pays€to€Dr.€Ô_ÔWynderÔ_Ô€the€absolutely€incredible€sumÐ Õp Ðof€$100,000€annually€as€a€consultant€fee....€€2.€€More€importantly,€prof.€€Adlkofer€hasÏbecome€more€articulate€recently€regarding€his€ð ðmissionðð€of€trying€to€bring€the€GermanÏIndustry€to€adopt€the€ð ðsafer€cigaretteðð€philosophy...€€3.€€Mr.€von€Ô_ÔSpechtÔ_Ô€is€chief€executiveÏof€BAT/Hamburg,€Germany;€he€is€also€chairman€of€the€Germany€Industry€VerbandÏExecutive€Committee,€composed€of€chief€executives€of€the€participating€companiesÏ(Ô_ÔVerstandÔ_Ô)....€There€can€be€no€question€that€they€share€the€same€view€on€the€so„calledÏð ðless€harmful€cigarette.óóððÐIä½(#½(# ÐÌÔ#†XGAXX XGAáa#Ô*€28€July€1982,€memo€from€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔPelzÔ_Ô,€ð ðProposed€Ô_ÔObeÔ_Ô€project€of€the€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô,ðð€RJR€511074309.Ð !¼ Ðà ½ àConcerned€that€Ô_ÔObeÔ_Ô€will€simply€confirm€his€original€findings€of€chromosomal€abnormalitiesÏin€smokers;€even€if€he€finds€that€the€culture€medium€contributed,€ð ðòòhe€will€most€likely€only€ððsoftenððÐ ù ” Ðhis€allegations....€It€cannot€be€excluded€that€Prof.€Adlkofer€will€utilize€results€of€this€study€toÏpropagate€further€his€allegedly€ððless€harmful€or€less€assailable€cigarette.ððððóóÐ Ñ"l! ÐÌ*€18€August€1982,€meeting€notes€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô,€RJR€501014963€„€4967.ÌòòÌà0 ½ àòòProjects€on€Public€Smoking€Epidemiologic€Study€óóAdlkofer€informed€that€the€òòScientificÐ &"% ÐAdvisory€Board€óóshall€comprise:€Prof.€Lange€(Head€of€Statistics€Dept.,€TechnicalÐ m'#& ÐUniversity,€Munich)€€Prof.€Viktor€(Head€of€Statistics€Dept.,€University€of€Heidelberg)ÏProf.€Ô_ÔLehnertÔ_Ô€(Head€of€Institute€for€Industrial€Medicine,€Hamburg)€Prof.€Rose€(Dept.€OfÏMedical€Statistics€and€Epidemiology,€London€School€of€Hygiene€and€Tropical€Medicine)Ïâ âProf.€Ô_ÔWynderÔ_Ô€(American€Health€Foundation)€Dr.€Ô_ÔGarfinkelÔ_Ô€(American€Cancer€Society)Ð +¸&* ÐDr.€Ô_ÔSugimuraÔ_Ô€(Director€of€the€National€Cancer€Center€Research€Institute,€Tokyo,€Japan)Ïóó[for€Ô_ÔUeberlaÔ_Ôððs€public€smoking€study]òò.ÐQì½(#½(# Ðâ âóóÌà ½ àBids€put€out€to€research€institutes€for€the€animal€Ô_ÔsidestreamÔ_Ô€smoke€study,€Ô_ÔObeÔ_Ôððs€projectÏapproved,€dosimetry€task€force€in€place.€€Cadmium€was€declared€carcinogenic€by€Germanyððs€Ô_ÔMAKÔ_ÔÏCommission.€€à  àThe€flavor€additive€Ô_ÔcoumarinÔ_Ô€was€found€to€damage€the€liver€in€animals,€producingÐ  œ Ðfibrosis€of€the€small€bile€ducts€and,€said€Adlkofer,€òòð ðIt€could€not€be€excluded€that€the€majority€ofÐ í ˆ Ðanimals€had€Ô_ÔcholangiofibrosesÔ_Ô,€only,€but€a€small€number€of€animals€had€Ô_ÔcholangiocarcinomaÔ_Ô.ððóóÐ Ù t ÐNonetheless,€President€of€the€Federal€Department€of€Health€Ô_ÔUeberlaÔ_Ô€said€he€would€postpone€a€finalÏdecision€on€Ô_ÔcoumarinÔ_Ô€until€all€the€data€are€in,€and€òòð ðwould€not€consider€Ô_ÔcholangiofibrosesÔ_Ô€a€majorÐ ± L  Ðobstacle€for€an€official€permit€to€use€Ô_ÔcoumarinÔ_Ô€as€additive€for€tobacco€products.ððóó€€ò ò[N.B.€ThisÐ  8  Ðlast€statement€reveals€the€pernicious€effect€on€public€health€of€the€easy€relationship€betweenÏthe€Verband€and€the€Professors,€who€sometimes€become€public€officials.]ó ó€€Ô_ÔUeberlaÔ_Ô€was€readyÐ y  Ðto€act,€however,€€if€BATððs€Barclay€was€to€be€sold€in€Germany€(the€Ô_ÔActronÔ_Ô€filter€that€tested€oneÏway€and€smoked€another€in€relation€to€tar€content).ÌÌ#€19€August€1982,€meeting€notes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSCMÔ_Ô,€PM€2501325754€„€5759.Ìà ½ àÔ_ÔUeberlaÔ_Ô€declares€that€he€has€demonstrated€that€there€is€no€proof€of€passive€smokingÏcausing€lung€cancer.€€Ô_ÔSCMÔ_Ô€reviews€several€international€studies€on€smoking€and€heart€diseaseÏ(including€a€European€study€by€Geoffrey€Rose€showing€heart€disease€rising€while€cigaretteÏconsumption€was€falling)€and€concludes€that€the€correlation€ð ðòòcannot€be€very€close.ððóóÐ Ýx ÐÌ*€31€August€1982,€memo€to€file€from€R.€Ô_ÔSeligmanÔ_Ô,€PM€scientist,€ð ðDiscussion€with€AlexÏHoltzman,ðð€PM€1003726061€„€6062.ÌòòÌ€à0 ½ àMr.€Holtzman€has€no€information€concerning€exposure€of€animals€to€Ô_ÔsidestreamÔ_Ô€smokeÐ y Ðunder€the€auspices€of€R.J.€Reynolds.€Through€discussion€with€Dr.€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô€we€were€madeÏaware€of€the€fact€that€the€Ô_ÔVDCÔ_Ô€is€not€going€ahead€with€its€Ô_ÔsidestreamÔ_Ô€study.Ð ½(#½(# ÐóóÌ#€2€September€1982,€meeting€notes,€ð ðÔ_ÔTFAÔ_Ô€task€force€ððDosimetry,ðððð€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô€(inferred),ÏRJR€501014626€„€€4628.Ìà ½ àTask€Force€decides€to€do€a€literature€review€and€write€a€summary€paper.€€BAT€(for)€andÏRJR€(against)€disagreed€on€measuring€Polonium„210.€RJR€had€scientific€and€ð ðòòpoliticalóóðð€objections.Ð í!ˆ  ÐRJR€opposed€a€proposal€to€develop€a€€theoretical€model€of€Ô_ÔsidestreamÔ_Ô€smoke€(which€could€lead€toÏa€safer€cigarette)€on€grounds€that€product€development€was€a€companyððs€business,€not€theÏVerbandððs.ÌÌÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ*€9€September€1982,€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€memo€(partial),€RJR€501014828.Ð ‰&$"% Ðà ½ àRJR€opposes€Verband€activity€for€a€ð ðòòsafe€cigaretteóóðð€because€that€is€the€business€of€theÐ u'#& Ðcigarette€industry,€not€the€Verband.ÌÌÔ#†XGAXX XGA¾z#Ô*€10€September€1982,€meeting€notes,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô,€RJR€501014852€„€4855.Ð 9*Ô%) Ðà ½ àÔ_ÔUeberlaÔ_Ô€signed€the€contract€for€the€epidemiologic€passive€smoking€study.€€VariousÏprotocols€moving€along.€€Prof.€Ô_ÔSoeberÔ_Ô€argued€for€his€theoretical€model€of€Ô_ÔsidestreamÔ_Ô€smoke,€oneÐ ,¬'+ Ðthat€he€could€sell€to€other€industries.€€The€animal€nicotine€aerosol€inhalation€study€introduced€(ratsÏand/or€hamsters),€Ô_ÔnitrosaminesÔ_Ô€study€protocol€revised.ÌÌ#€7€October€1982,€meeting€notes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSCMÔ_Ô,€PM€2025992063€„€2067.Ìà ½ àFor€some€reason€the€name€of€Prof.€Ô_ÔUeberlaÔ_Ô€is€blacked€out€in€this€document.à … àÐ ° ÐÌ*€11€October€1982,€monthly€progress€report,€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô,€RJR€502664597€„€€4600.Ìà ½ àMuch€of€the€same€reported€above.ÌÌÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ*€29€October€1982,€report,€K.G.€Ô_ÔOrloffÔ_Ô€(RJR€scientist)€to€Colby,€Ô_ÔWittÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔNystromÔ_Ô,€ð ðBackgroundÐ ± L  Ðinformation€on€toxicological€and€epidemiological€aspects€of€cadmium,ðð€RJR€504219603€„€9607.Ìà ½ àCriticizes€the€Fraunhofer€Institute€findings€of€lung€cancer€in€rats€exposed€to€high€doses€ofÏaerosolized€cadmium€as€not€relevant€to€smokers€who€take€in€lower€doses.€€Cites€four€industrialÏstudies€among€factory€workers€exposed€to€cadmium:€one€showed€increased€incidence€of€lungÏcancer,€three€showed€increased€incidence€of€all€cancers€and€ò òall€four€showed€increased€incidencesÐ Mè  Ðof€prostate€cancer.ó ó€€The€latter€finding€is€never€referred€to€again€in€these€tobacco€industryÐ =Ø  Ðdocuments.€ÌÌ*€29€October€1982,€Colby€and€Ô_ÔNystromÔ_Ô€memo€to€S.B.€Ô_ÔWittÔ_Ô,€ð ðRe:€Cadmium.ðð€RJR€503642947Ô#†XGAXX XGAü€#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð   Ðà ½ àGerman€Government€lists€cadmium€as€a€carcinogenic€compound.€€They€prepare€a€memoÏthat€says,€ð ðWhat€little€information€is€available€on€the€cadmium€study€leads€us€to€believe€that€theÏalleged€results€are€highly€suspect€on€their€own€merits.ðð€€ò ò[N.B.€€The€US€EnvironmentalÐ Éd ÐProtection€Agency€predicts€that€a€smoker€inhaling€20€cigarettes€a€day€for€20€years€has€anÏincreased€chance€of€lung€cancer€between€one€in€20,000€to€one€in€50,000.€€As€much€cadmiumÏis€find€in€Ô_ÔsidestreamÔ_Ô€as€in€mainstream€smoke.€€Heavy€smokers€also€risk€kidney€disease.]ó óÐ ‘, ÐÌÔ#†XGAXX XGA'…#Ô*€29€October€1982,€memo€from€A.A.€Napier,€PM€EEC€Region€(Neuchatel)€to€Andrew€Whist,€DonÐ i ÐÔ_ÔHoelÔ_Ô€and€Tom€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô€(scientists€and€counsel),€ð ðCadmium,ðð€PM€1000081214.Ìà ½ àConcern€expressed€by€the€German€government€(Ô_ÔMAKÔ_Ô€Commission)€declaring€cadmiumÏcarcinogenic.€€He€asks€for€an€urgent€statement€from€PM€(Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€is€working€on€one€for€the€GermanÏIndustry).ÌÌà0 ½ àòòThe€interlinking€of€the€anti„smoking€movements€in€various€countries€could€result€in€theÐ ñ!Œ  Ðclaims€based€on€the€óó[?€]€òòresearch€surfacing€fairly€quickly€in€other€countries,€and€we€wouldÐ Ý"x! Ðlike€to€be€prepared.€€Before€the€claimed€relevance€of€this€research€to€cigarettes€spreadsÏsubstantially,€it€may€be€helpful€to€address€the€question€of€the€alleged€levels€of€suchÏconstituents,€and€of€the€possibilities€of€reduction€/€elimination.óó€€ò ò[N.B.€Ample€cause€forÐ ¡%ñOñ$>ññ%>ñUñ%>ñSÔ_Ô€there€isÏnot€sufficient€evidence€to€support€the€assumption€that€passive€smoking€causes€lung€cancerÏin€non„smokersóó.Ðu½(#½(# ÐÌÔ_ÔLehnertÔ_Ô€was€receiving€Verband€research€grants,€while€the€ð ðserious€scientistðð€was,€of€course,€Prof.ÏÔ_ÔUeberlaÔ_Ô,€who€was€head€of€the€Federal€Health€Office€and€at€the€same€time€also€being€funded€by€theÏVerband€to€do€epidemiological€research€on€passive€smoking,€of€a€mediocre€quality€one€should€add.Ô#†XGAXX XGAÖ#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAԀР%À ÐÌÔ#†XGAXX XGAe#Ô#€6€October€1983,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSCMÔ_Ô,€PM€1000036309€„€3611.Ð ý ˜ Ðà ½ àAdlkofer€is€using€Ô_ÔReemstmaÔ_Ôððs€ERGO€labs€for€various€nicotine€studies.€€Fink€finds€thisÏproblematic.ÌÌÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ*€31€October€1983,€Charles€Ô_ÔNystromÔ_Ô€report,€ð ðCause€and€prevention€research,€planned€activities.ððÐ ­$H # ÐRJR€501010032Ô#†XGAXX XGA!#ÔÔ‡ XGAXXXGAÔ.Ð ™%4!$ Ðà ½ àThe€question€of€nicotine€as€a€co„carcinogen€or€precursor€to€carcinogens€keeps€emerging.€ÌÌà0 ½ àòòIn€view€of€the€planned€work€at€Ô_ÔNCIÔ_Ô,€a€study€funded€by€the€German€Verband€(and€Ô_ÔRJRTIÔ_Ô)Ð ](ø#' Ðis€of€particular€interest.€The€German€Verband€has€contracted€with€Philip€Morris€toÏdetermine€if€nicotine€is€converted€to€nitrogen€containing€Ô_ÔpolyaromaticÔ_Ô€hydrocarbonsÏduring€the€smoking€processóó....Ð!+¼&*½(#½(# ÐÐ  ,¨'+ Ð#€11€November€1983,€research€report,€unsigned,€ð ðResearch€Conference€Rio€de€Janeiro,€Brazil,ÏAugust€1983,ðð€PM€2050987504€„€7527.Ìà ½ àThis€important€British€American€Tobacco€conference€has€been€fully€described€by€Ô_ÔGlantzÔ_Ô,€etÏal.€In€òòThe€Cigarette€Papersóó,€discussing€nicotine€research,€the€carcinogenicity€of€Ô_ÔsidestreamÔ_Ô€smoke,Ð )Ä Ðsmoker€compensation.€€An€interesting,€if€cryptic,€note€on€the€Ô_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô:ÌòòÌà0 ½ àòòDUBIOUS€PAST€RESEARCHESóó€The€underlying€principle€was€understood,€but€it€wasÐ í ˆ Ðagreed€that€Dr.€Blackman€should€talk€further€with€Herr€von€Ô_ÔSpechtÔ_Ô€and€Dr.€Ô_ÔAdlkoferÔ_Ô€toÏascertain€what€positive€action€might€be€appropriate.€€Qualified€third„party€contact€wasÏthought€necessary€to€make€any€real€advance€at€this€late€stage.Ð ½(#½(# Ðóóà ½ àÌÔ#†X—mXX X—mã!#Ô#€1€December€1983,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSCMÔ_Ô,€PM€2028524616€„€€4618.Ð ‰$  Ðà ½ àHigh€doses€of€the€additive€Ô_ÔcoumarinÔ_Ô€causes€weight€loss€and€mortality€in€animals,€also€liverÏdamage,€with€liver€cancers€and€also€cancers€at€other€sites.€€The€experimenters,€Ô_ÔSchmaehlÔ_Ô€andÏÔ_ÔBruneÔ_Ô€wanted€to€follow€up€and€replicate€their€own€work.€€Fink€comments:€€ð ðòò[Ô_ÔT]heÔ_Ô€experiment€isÐ Mè  Ðunlikely€to€yield€much€of€scientific€interest.ððóóÐ 9Ô  ÐÌ#€13€January€1984,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSCMÔ_Ô,€PM€1000121700€„€1703.Ìà ½ àConcern€over€cadmium€in€tobacco€and€smoke:ÌÌà0 ½ àòò[Ô_ÔT]hatÔ_Ô€the€industry€should€react€appropriately€to€press€accusations€relating€toÐ Õp Ðenvironmental€pollution€by€cadmium€was€generally€accepted.€€Merely€to€present€the€factsÏwas€felt€to€be€insufficient,€they€must€also€be€ð ðpackagedðð€so€as€to€be€promotionallyÏeffective.óóЙ4½(#½(# ÐÌà ½ àThe€Ô_ÔForschungsratÔ_Ô€(Research€Council)€will€work€toward€a€low€tar/€medium€nicotineÏcigarette€(Fink€comments:€ð ðòòDoes€this€somehow€contain€a€suitable€idea€for€a€less€harmfulÐ ]ø Ðcigarette?ððóó),€research€on€the€cause€of€heart€disease€and€passive€smoking.€òòóóÐ Iä ÐÌ#€28€February€1984,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSCMÔ_Ô,€PM€2028524608€„€4611.Ìà ½ àA€nicotine€metabolism€study€is€proposed€by€Adlkofer,€measuring€uptake€under€real„lifeÏconditions.ÌÌÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔ*€29€February€1984,€O.€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€report€to€W.€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô,€ð ðUpcoming€Adlkofer€presentation€inÐ Ñ"l! ÐLexington/USA€on€ððSmoking€and€cardiovascular€research€in€Germanyðð€February€27,€1984.ðð€RJRÏ501010458Ô#†X—mXX X—mâ/#ÔÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔ.Ð ©$D # Ðà ½ àOne€of€Adlkoferððs€reports€to€be€on€nicotine€levels€in€pipe€and€cigar€smokers€being€aboutÏthe€same€as€in€cigarette€smokers,€indicating€inhalation€ò ò[N.B.€Or€perhaps€mouth„absorption?]ó ó.Ð &"% Ðð ðòòProfessor€Adlkofer€stressed€that€he€had€already€obtained€the€approval€of€the€Tobacco€InstituteÐ q' #& Ð(Mr.€H.€Ô_ÔKornegayÔ_Ô)óó.ððà m àà Å àà  àÐ ](ø#' ÐÌÔ#†X—mXX X—m=1#Ô#€4€April€1984,€memo€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔPelzÔ_Ô,€ð ðResearch€proposal€for€a€follow„up€project€by€Prof.€Ô_ÔStaeckerÔ_ÔÐ 5*Ð%) Ðâ âand€Dr.€Ô_ÔNeuserÔ_Ô,ðð€RJR€500916624.Ð !+¼&* Ðà ½ àThe€proposal€is€apparently€to€be€funded€directly€by€RJR€for€Dm€283,000,€recommended€byÏâ âÔ_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô.€€The€study€intends€to€show€that€certain€breathing€patterns€might€be€predictable€from€aÏcluster€of€psychological€factors€(smoking€men€and€smoking€women€differ,€it€is€said€in€bothÏbreathing€and€psychology).€€Another€premise€is€that€certain€psychological€patterns€might€initiateÏthe€formation€of€chronic€obstructive€lung€disease€in€smokers€and€non„smokers.€€ð ðòòThis€projectÐ ° Ðcould€perhaps€elucidate€whether€or€to€what€extent€lung€diseases€are€psychosomatic€diseases.ððóóÐ  œ ÐÌÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔ*€10€April€1984,€conference€summary,€Colby€to€Ô_ÔFinneganÔ_Ô,€ð ð€ððInternational€symposium€on€smokingÐ Ù t Ðand€cardiovascular€functionðð€organized€by€the€Tobacco€and€Health€Research€Institute,€Lexington,ÏKentucky...,ðð€RJR€500905026€„€5032.Ìà ½ àThe€conference€is€held€at€the€RJR„supported€University€of€Kentucky€tobacco€researchÏinstitute.€€Colby€reports€on€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€research€by€Ô_ÔSchievelbeinÔ_Ô€and€Adlkofer€on€a€dozen€or€more€papersÏon€the€subject€to€appear€in€the€May€1984€issue€of€the€Ô_ÔKlinischeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔWochenschriftÔ_Ô,€in€English.€€One€inÏparticular€is€the€research€on€nicotine€in€the€blood€of€pipe€and€cigar€smokers,€being€as€high€asÏcigarette€smokers€but€who€have€less€heart€disease.€ò ò[N.B.€No€study€authored€by€Ô_ÔSchievelbeinÔ_Ô€orÐ Mè  ÐAdlkofer€on€this€topic€is€found€in€the€literature,€or€any€related€papers€in€the€journalÏmentioned.€A€1984€study€by€Ô_ÔSchievelbeinÔ_Ô€on€carbon€monoxide€and€nicotine€in€the€blood€ofÏpassive€smokers€ð!ð€low€levels€ð!ð€appeared€in€òòPreventive€Medicineóó€1984;€13:€626„44.]ó óÐ ° ÐÌ#€28€May€1984,€research€report€(hand„written),€unsigned,€ð ðAustria€Ô_Ôñ#>ñTabacñ#>ññ#>ñTabakñ#>ñÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔForschungÔ_Ô,ÏÔ_ÔEntwicklungÔ_Ô,€Intermediate€report€on€the€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€(Verband€Ô_ÔCigarettenindustrieÔ_Ô)€study€of€passiveÏsmoking.ðð€RJR€511365939€„€5950Ô#†X—mXX X—m17#ÔÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔ.Ð Å` Ðà ½ àAs€the€Industry€kept€requesting,€a€ð ðòòrealisticóóðð€study€of€the€chemicals€released€into€a€closedÐ ±L Ðroom€by€two€to€four€smokers,€with€measure€of€carbon€monoxide€in€the€blood€of€non„smokersÏstaying€in€the€room,€each€smoking€session€lasting€about€two€hours.€€Chemicals€measured€includedÏCO,€nitrates,€formaldehyde,€acetaldehyde,€Ô_ÔacroleinÔ_Ô,€hydrocyanic€acid,€ammonia€and€nicotine.€ÏElevations€in€all€were€found,€and€elevations€in€both€smokersðð€and€non„smokersðð€blood€carbonÏmonoxide€were€also€found.€ò ò[N.B.€Study€reminds€us€that€smokers€in€a€close„in€space€are€theÐ Mè Ðlikeliest€sufferers€from€passive€smoking,€their€own€and€from€fellow€smokers.]Ìó óÌÔ#†X—mXX X—mÿ=#Ô#€22€June€1984,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSCMÔ_Ô,€PM€2001226007€„€6010.Ð  ° Ðà ½ àÔ_ÔTFAÔ_Ô€initiates€a€dioxin€study€in€tobacco€and€smoke.€€Adlkofer€reports€on€the€well„¼orchestrated€meeting€of€experts€on€ð ðMedical€Aspects€of€Passive€Smoking,ðð€held€in€Vienna,€AprilÏ9„12,€1984.€ÌÌà0 ½ àòòInóó€òòthe€opinion€of€Prof.€Adlkofer,€the€results€of€the€meeting€were€optimal€for€the€industry,Ð ±$L # Ðand€at€present€it€appears€that€passive€smoking€is€not€a€topic€of€acute€interest€in€theÏÔ_ÔFRGÔ_Ô....€Presentations€given€in€Vienna€and€round„table€discussions€will€be€publishedÏeither€in€ð ðPreventive€Medicineðð€or€in€the€WHO€journal€ð ðWorld€Health.ððóó€ò ò[N.B.€TheyÐ u'#& Ðwere€published€in€òòPreventive€Medicineóó€1984;13:559òò,€óóa€publication€of€Ô_ÔWynderÔ_ÔððsÐ e($' ÐAmerican€Health€Foundation,òò€óóand€cited€in€both€the€German€and€English€versions€ofÐ Q)ì$( ÐòòWorld€Health€óó(12€December€1984,€p.€13,€and€May€1985,€p€30,€respectively)òò.óó€It€createdÐ =*Ø%) Ða€stir€because€Prof.€Valentin€in€his€opening€remarks€said€that€WHO€was€a€sponsorÏand€welcomed€the€ð ðòòhigh€ranking€representatives€of€the€World€Health€Organization.óóððÐ ,°'+ ÐThe€then€coordinator€of€WHOððs€program€on€smoking€and€Health,€Robert€Ô_ÔMasironiÔ_Ô,Ïexplained€to€William€Ô_ÔKloepferÔ_Ô€of€the€Tobacco€Institute€that€the€situation€had€beenÏmisrepresented€„„€no€sponsorship,€only€a€low„level€representative€as€an€observer€ð!ðÏand€was€deeply€embarrassing€to€Valentinó ó€ò òwho€wrote€to€Ô_ÔMasironiÔ_Ô€on€29€SeptemberÐ )Ä Ð1986:€ð ð...òòthe€Vienna€symposium€on€Medical€Perspectives€in€Passive€Smoking€is€beingÐ ´ Ðmisused€by€the€tobacco€industry€in€Australia€and€other€countries€in€an€attempt€toÏpresent€the€outcome€as€ample€proof€of€their€view€claiming€that€passive€smokingÏinvolves€no€risk€to€health....€Of€course,€I€am€prepared€to€disassociate€myself€from€theÏcigarette€industry€should€they€stretch€the€truth€and€misuse€the€results€of€the€conferenceÏfor€their€own€strategies.ðð€óó*€PMó ó€ò ò2025816621€„€6622.€€But€Prof.€Valentin€was€one€ofÐ µ P  ÐColbyððs€prize€recruits€as€a€ð ðòòmost€prominent€German€medical€scientist€and€also€has€anÐ ¥ @  Ðoutstanding€international€reputation.óóðð€His€other€reputation€with€Colby€for€havingÐ ‘,  Ðbeen€ð ðòòthe€chief€organizer€of€the€only€successful€Watergate€research€activity€of€theÐ }  ÐÔ_ÔVerbandÔ_Ô.óóðð€with€funds€coming€directly€òòóófrom€RJR€USA.€*€RJR€503247233€„€7257,€andÐ i  Ð*€RJR€504821257€„€1259.]ó óÐUð ½(#½(# ÐÌÌ#€25€June€1984,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSCMÔ_Ô,€PM€2023539434€„€9436.Ìà ½ à13€studies€totaling€DM€2€million€in€grants€approved€by€the€Ô_ÔForschungsratÔ_Ô;€most€are€onÏnicotine€metabolism,€two€on€respiratory€diseases€and€smoking.€€The€study€on€nicotine€influence€onÏchemotherapy€was€funded€after€all.€A€study€by€Dr.€Ô_ÔGostomzykÔ_Ô,€Adlkoferððs€ð ðòòsecret€envoyóóðð€toÐ Ýx ÐÔ_ÔHirayamaÔ_Ô€is€also€funded€(on€Ô_ÔsonogramsÔ_Ô€of€arteriosclerosis€in€the€carotid€artery€of€smokers€andÏnon„smokers).ÌÌ*€25€July€1984,€meeting€notes,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô,€RJR€500906940€„€€6942.Ìà ½ àThis€document€comes€after€a€gap€in€the€meeting€note„records€€of€ten€months.€€The€Ô_ÔUeberlaÔ_ÔÏteam€on€public€smoking€is€coming€under€pressure€by€its€international€scientific€advisory€board€toÏdo€a€case„control€study,€to€validate€subjective€answers€about€exposure€with€urinary€Ô_ÔcotinineÔ_ÔÏmeasurements,€and€to€give€more€information€about€what€had€been€achieved.€€The€animal€exposureÏstudy€(Drs.€Ô_ÔBruneÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔSchmaehlÔ_Ô)€still€being€debated€with€respect€to€dosages€of€Ô_ÔparticulatesÔ_Ô.€€AnÏinterim€report€on€the€Ô_ÔsidestreamÔ_Ô€smoke€analysis€project€is€expected.€€The€dosimetry€study€pilotÏexperiments€have€begun.€€Dr.€Ô_ÔF.J.C.Ô_Ô€Roe€has€asked€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€to€check€cigarette€smoke€for€Ô_ÔbisÔ_ÔÏÔ_ÔchloromethylÔ_Ô€ether,€a€proven€carcinogen.ÌÌ*€15€August€1984,€meeting€notes€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô,€RJR€500906934€„€6936.Ìà0 ½ àÐ ½(#½(# Ðà0 ½ àòòEpidemiology.€Validation€experiments.€In€exposure€experiments€with€non„smokers€whoÐ %8!$ Ðwere€exposed€to€unrealistically€high€concentrations€of€environmental€tobacco€smoke€itÏwas€found€that€blood€nicotine/Ô_ÔcotinineÔ_Ô...levels€are€inadequate€parameters€for€determiningÏexposure€to€ð ðpublic€smokingðð€because€of€big€inter„individual€variations.....[Ô_ÔT]hereÔ_Ô€is€aÏdiscrepancy€between€data€obtained€from€the€same€sample€by€gas€chromatography€(GC)Ïand€Radio„immuno„assay€(Ô_ÔRIAÔ_Ô),€which€is€inexplicable€for€the€time€being....Currently€it€isÏbeing€checked€for€whether€urinary€nicotine/Ô_ÔcotinineÔ_Ô€levels€are€more€reliable€indicators€ofÏð ðpublic€smoking.ðð€óóò ò[N.B.€Russell€and€Ô_ÔFeyerabendÔ_Ô,€Lancet,€25€January€1975,€179„81,Ð ,¬'+ Ðhad€no€trouble€with€any€of€their€procedures,€casual€or€high„intensity€exposure.€ÏAdlkofer,€Scherer€and€Hess€wrote€a€letter€to€the€New€England€Journal€of€Medicine,Ïpublished€14€March€1985,€to€criticize€Ô_ÔMatsukuraÔ_Ôððs€(et€al.)€lovely€study€(27€SeptemberÏ1984)€€showing€Ô_ÔcotinineÔ_Ô€levels€rising€in€both€smokersðð€and€non„smokersðð€urine€theÏgreater€their€exposure€to€smoke;€Adlkofer€claimed€to€find€one„eighth€the€amount€andÏwondered€if€the€Ô_ÔradioimmunoassayÔ_Ô€was€giving€false€results.€€Ô_ÔMatsakuraÔ_Ô€replied€withÏside€by€side€comparisons€of€gas€chromatography€and€Ô_ÔradioimmunoassayÔ_Ô,€showingÏ96„98%€correlation€in€urine€and€blood.]ó óÐÙ t½(#½(# ÐÌà ½ àIt€is€now€reported€that€25%€of€Ô_ÔUeberlaÔ_Ôððs€test€subjects€report€being€exposed€to€smokingÏ(earlier€results€had€it€at€10%).€€The€animal€exposure€study,€the€Ô_ÔsidestreamÔ_Ô€smoke€analysis€project,Ïthe€dosimetry€study€still€under€various€stages€of€discussion€or€preparation.€€Nicotine€metabolism€inÏhabitual€smokers€is€to€be€studied,€but€RJR€strictly€opposes€it.€€The€hydroxyproline€study€by€anÏM.D.€thesis„student€under€Adlkoferððs€supervision€(see€16€July€1981)€and€presented€by€Adlkofer€atÏthe€ð ðindoor€Air€Pollution€meeting€in€Denmark€in€January€1984,€will€be€published€in€a€JapaneseÏscientific€journal;€ð ðòòProf.€Ô_ÔKasugaÔ_Ô€has€re„calculated€Prof.€Adlkoferððs€data€so€that€they€now€fitÐ 9Ô  ÐÔ_ÔKasugaÔ_Ôððs€hypothesis....ððóóÐ %À ÐÌ#€7€September€1984,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSCMÔ_Ô,€PM€2028524587€„€€4589.Ìà ½ àFrancis€Roe€alerts€Adlkofer€to€the€active€carcinogen€Ô_ÔbisÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔchloromethylÔ_Ô€ether€that€may€be€inÏtobacco€smoke,€and€should€be€investigated.€€ð ðòòThe€Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô€suggested€that,€as€an€intermediateÐ Õp Ðmeasure,€a€literature€study€be€carried€outóó.ðð€ò ò[N.B.€Nothing€is€mentioned€on€this€topic€again€inÐ Á\ Ðthe€documents€to€hand.]ó óÐ ±L ÐÌ#€2€October€1984,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSCMÔ_Ô,€PM€2025819218€„€9222.Ìà ½ àDetailed€results€of€questionnaire€survey€on€passive€exposure€by€recall€(back€to€childhood)Ïare€reported€and€compared€to€the€Ô_ÔHirayamaÔ_Ô€indices€of€exposure.€€They€appear€similar.ÌÌ*€18€October€1984,€memo€S.€Ô_ÔGunnarssonÔ_Ô€to€A.G.€Buzz€(PM€counsel),€ð ðBarclay€meeting,ðð€PMÏ2025440397€„€0398.Ìà ½ àRJR,€PM,€Ô_ÔReemstmaÔ_Ô,€and€possibly€Ô_ÔMBAGÔ_Ô€(Martin€Ô_ÔBrinkmannÔ_Ô€AG)€intend€to€sue€BATÏover€the€Barclay€claims.ÌÌ#€23€November€1984,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSCMÔ_Ô€PM€2028524575€„€4578.Ìà ½ àSevere€criticism€of€the€Ô_ÔGrossarthÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔMaticekÔ_Ô€study,€who€was,€however,€supported€byÏAdlkofer.€€Fink€comments,€ÌÌà0 ½ àòòThe€prospective€Heidelberg€study€contains€serious€shortcomings....€DeliberateÐ …& "% Ðmanipulation€of€the€data€to€fit€the€aim€must€be€excluded.€This€is€clear€from€the€evaluationÏwhich€has€been€carried€out€and€from€the€documentation€presented€by€Ô_ÔGrossarthÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔMaticekÔ_Ôóó.Ð](ø#'½(#½(# ÐÌ#€26€November€1984,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSCMÔ_Ô,€PM€2023539362€„€9363.Ìà ½ àThe€follow€up€Ô_ÔcoumarinÔ_Ô€experiment€also€showed€€liver€damage€and€cancer€in€the€highestÏdose€group€of€animals.Ð  ,¨'+ ÐÔ_ÔòòÔ_Ôà0 ½ àProf.€Adlkofer€reported€on€the€Ô_ÔInfotabÔ_Ô€meeting€in€Washington€at€which€there€wasÐ e Ðdiscussion€of€the€manner€in€which€the€industry€could€defend€itself€against€the€accusationsÏrelating€to€passive€smoking.€€The€manner€of€proceeding€and€the€projects€of€the€Ô_ÔVDCÔ_Ô€wereÏreceived€with€general€approval.óóÐ)Ľ(#½(# ÐÌ#€17€January€1985,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSCMÔ_Ô,€PM€202358318€„€8319.Ìà ½ àFormaldehyde€in€cigarette€smoke€might€be€listed€by€the€Ô_ÔMAKÔ_Ô€commission.€€The€paper€onÏpassive€smoking€epidemiology€was€submitted€to€the€journal€of€International€Archives€ofÏOccupational€and€Environmental€Health.€ò ò[N.B.€Search€of€Ô_ÔMedlineÔ_Ô€1985„1999€did€not€locate€thisÐ Å ` Ðarticle.]ó óÐ µ P  ÐÌ#€21€February€1985,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSCMÔ_Ô,€PM€2028524567€„€4572.Ìà ½ àMore€Ô_ÔForschungsratÔ_Ô€grants,€ten,€most€on€nicotine.€€Dioxin€not€found€in€tobacco€or€smoke.ÌThe€Ô_ÔObeÔ_Ô€study€on€chromosomal€abnormalities€in€smokers€is€repeated€in€100€smokers€and€100Ïnonsmokers.€€ÌÌà0 ½ àòòBased€on€the€results,€smokers€show€slightly€higher€rates€of€chromosome€aberrations€thanÐ )Ä Ðnon„smokers.€The€difference€is€small€and€only€just€significant.€However,€the€difference€isÏnot€as€pronounced€as€originally€found€by€Prof.€Ô_ÔObeÔ_Ô.Ð ½(#½(# Ѐ€€Ìà ½ àóóThe€orchestrated€meeting€on€passive€smoking€in€Vienna€seems€to€have€backfired:€Prof.Ð Ùt ÐÔ_ÔRemmerÔ_Ô,€member€of€the€Ô_ÔMAKÔ_Ô„Commission,€attacked€the€outcome€of€the€ð ðVienna€Meetingðð€andÏdemonstrated€€that€the€danger€comes€from€the€gas€phase€(nitrous€oxide,€carbon€monoxide,ÏÔ_ÔnitrosaminesÔ_Ô,€aldehydes),€not€the€particulate€phase.€€ð ðòòProf.€Ô_ÔRemmerÔ_Ô€is€to€accelerate€the€inclusionÐ 8 Ðof€passive€smoking€in€the€Ô_ÔMAKÔ_Ô„list.€In€the€opinion€of€Prof.€Adlkofer,€this€will€now€hardly€beÏavoidable.ðð€óóò ò[N.B.€In€fact,€Adlkofer€later€co„authored€a€paper€coming€to€the€same€conclusion:Ð u ÐScherer€G,€et€al.,€ð ðÔ_ÔBiomonitoringÔ_Ô€after€controlled€exposure€to€environmental€tobacco€smokeÏ(Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô),ðð€Experimental€Pathology€1989;€37:€158„63.]ó óÐ Qì Ðà ½ àà  àà m à€Ì#€22€February€1985,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSCMÔ_Ô,€PM€2023538822€„€8825.Ìà ½ àStudy€on€nicotine€up„take€regulation.€€Dr.€Scherer€proposes€a€nicotine€nasal€spray€toÏmeasure€uptake€in€ten€subjects€over€8€days.€€ð ðòòRJR€was€against€carrying€out€the€study;....€the€stressÐ !œ Ðcaused€by€nicotine€and€additional€smoking€is€excessive....óóððÐ í!ˆ  ÐÌ#€26€March€1985,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSCMÔ_Ô,€PM€2028524559€„€4562.Ìà ½ àMore€results€of€Ô_ÔcoumarinÔ_Ô€effects€at€high€doses€on€rats.€€It€is€said€smokers€can€absorb€onlyÏ1/2,000th€of€the€ð ðno€effect€dose.ðð€òòÐ %8!$ ÐÌà0 ½ àIn€rats,€Ô_ÔcoumarinÔ_Ô€is€without€doubt€toxic€to€the€liver.€€Due€to€the€different€Ô_ÔcoumarinÔ_ÔÏmetabolism,€it€is€to€be€expected€that€this€will€not€apply€to€humans....€In€the€opinion€of€theÏexperts,€a€risk/benefit€analysis€is€likely€to€give€a€result€Ô_ÔfavourableÔ_Ô€to€the€use€of€Ô_ÔcoumarinÔ_ÔÏin€tobacco.óóÐ9*Ô%)½(#½(# Ðà ½ àÌÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔÐ ,¬'+ Ð*€26€April€1985,€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€memo€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô€(partial),€RJR€50419„7416.Ìà ½ àNotes€that€in€the€end€the€British€TAC€did€not€offer€any€cooperation€or€funding€to€VerbandÏfor€the€passive€smoking€studies.ÌÌ#€21€June€1985,€G.€€Scherer€meeting€minutes,€ð ðMeeting€of€TAC/Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€on€passive€smoking€researchÏheld€at€the€Verband...Hamburg,€on€Friday,€29th€March,€1985.ðð€PM€2001227421€„€7427Ô#†X—mXX X—m‘z#ÔÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔ.Ð  œ Ðà ½ àAdlkofer€recites€history€of€passive€smoking€research,€starting€with€the€White€Ô_ÔFroebÔ_Ô€study,ÏÔ_ÔHirayamaÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔTrichopoulosÔ_Ô..€€ð ðòòSince€then€at€least€eight€further€studies€had€appeared€most€of€themÐ Ù t Ðconfirming€the€results€by€Ô_ÔHirayamaÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔTrichopoulosÔ_Ôóó.ðð€€Verband€still€did€not€accept€the€link,Ð Å ` Ðhowever,€between€passive€smoking€and€lung€cancer€or€cancers€of€any€other€sites.€€On€the€otherÏhand,€good€research€by€the€industry€was€needed€in€collaboration€with€scientists€all€over€the€world.ÏThe€TAC€representatives€agreed€that€the€epidemiological€study€was€most€important.€€TACððsÏapproach,€however,€would€be€far€more€cautious€than€Verbandððs€activist€approach..ÌÌÔ#†X—mXX X—mÆ|#Ô*€11€July€1985,€meeting€notes,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô,€RJR€504222207€„€€2210.Ð Mè  Ðà ½ àContinuation€of€Ô_ÔUeberlaÔ_Ôððs€epidemiology€project€approved,€to€include€subjective€recall€ofÏexposure,€validated€by€urine€Ô_ÔcotinineÔ_Ô€levels.€€Dr.€Ô_ÔBruneÔ_Ôððs€laboratory€deemed€insufficient€for€theÏanimal€passive€smoke€exposure€study.€€An€interim€report€on€Ô_ÔsidestreamÔ_Ô€smoke€analysis€made€(noÏdetails).€€A€new€study€approved€of€smokersðð€vs.€non„smokersðð€Ô_ÔurinesÔ_Ô,€measuring€for€Ô_ÔhydroxylatedÔ_ÔÏÔ_ÔPAHÔ_Ôððs.€€Study€planned€to€find€the€reason€for€different€results€from€gas€chromatographic€andÏÔ_ÔradioimmunoassayÔ_Ô€of€Ô_ÔcotinineÔ_Ô€in€urine.€€Also€a€study€approved€to€measure€hydroxyproline€inÏsmokersðð€and€non„smokersðð€urine.€€A€grant€given€to€Prof.€Ô_ÔMarzÔ_Ô,€factory€doctor€of€the€HamburgÏGas€Company€to€investigate€his€claim€that€blue€collar€workers€got€more€lung€cancer€than€officeÏworkers€independent€of€smoking.€€Request€prepared€for€Federal€Health€Ministry€to€lift€ban€onÏÔ_ÔcoumarinÔ_Ô€as€an€additive.ÌÌÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔ*€16€July€1985,€Charles€Ô_ÔNystromÔ_Ô€(RJR€scientist)€report€€to€A.W.€Hayes€(RJR€scientist),€RJRÐ ]ø Ð50422„1609€„€610€(part€of€larger€review€of€scientific€issues,€especially€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô).Ìà ½ àSevere€attack€on€Verband€scientific€capacity:ÌÌà0 ½ àòòBased€on€the€overview€provided€by€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô,€it€is€reasonable€to€conclude€that€much€of€theÐ  ¨ Ðresearch€currently€funded€by€the€Verband€is€of€very€poor€quality€and€cannot€be€reliedÏÔ_ÔupinÔ_Ô€to€be€of€much€help€to€Ô_ÔRJRTÔ_Ô€in€either€the€short€or€long€term.€By€contrast,€many€of€theÏprograms€funded€by€Ô_ÔRJRTIÔ_Ô€appear€to€have€more€technical€merit€and€have€the€potentialÏfor€yielding€timely€and€useful€results.€As€a€point€of€fact,€over€the€last€half€decade€or€so,Ïthe€Verband€has€spent€close€to€10,000,000€DM€(approximately€$4,000,000€US)€and€forÏthis€expenditure,€less€than€a€half€dozen€studies€have€been€published.€In€comparison,€theÏresearch€funded€by€Ô_ÔRJRTIÔ_Ô€has€expended€less€than€20%€of€this€amount€over€the€sameÏperiod€of€time€and€has€produced€15€publications.Ð ½(#½(# ÐóóÌÔ#†X—mXX X—mU†#Ô#€30€July€1985,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€CM,€PM€2028524551€„€€4554.Ð E)à$( Ðà ½ àNew€study€on€effect€of€alcohol€on€Ô_ÔnitrosamineÔ_Ô€metabolism€of€smokers.€Technical€details€ofÏvarious€exposure€studies.€€Money€is€voted€to€study€rare€respiratory€tract€cancers€in€employees€ofÏHamburg€Gas€Works.à m àÐ  ,¤'+ Ї*€2€August€1985,€meeting€notes,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô,€RJR€504808414€„€8417.Ìà ½ àFollow„up€to€the€public€smoking€study€to€include€non„smokersðð€urine€tests.€€Dr.€Ô_ÔBruneÔ_ÔððsÏlaboratory€to€be€upgraded€for€the€animal€passive€smoke€exposure€study.€€A€ð ðòòbutt€lengthóóðð€study€byÐ =Ø ÐBAT€showed€that€in€1983,€compared€to€1979,€butts€were€0.3€mm€shorter,€perhaps€due€to€higherÏprices,€the€tobacco€tax€increase€being€steep€in€1982.€€A€research€proposal€submitted€to€studyÏcadmium€uptake€by€tobacco€plants.ÌÌ#€2€September€1985,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSCMÔ_Ô,€PM€2023539046€„€9050.Ìà ½ àVerband€may€sue€the€Ô_ÔMAKÔ_Ô€Commission€over€inclusion€of€passive€smoking€in€Section€Ô_ÔIIIBÔ_ÔÏrather€than€under€ð ðpyrolysis€productsðð.€€Specific€technical€details€of€animal€passive€exposure€studyÏare€discussed;€it€is€a€complex€business.€€Collection€of€35,000€cigarette€butts€in€Dusseldorf€showÏshorter€butts€after€the€1982€tax€increase.€€A€study€on€Ô_ÔcoumarinÔ_Ô€in€England€ð ðòògave€results€lessÐ ‰$  ÐÔ_ÔfavourableÔ_Ô€to€the€industry.óóððÐ u  ÐÌ*€27€November€1985,€meeting€notes€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô,€RJR€506230547€„€0550.Ìà ½ àThe€subjective€part€of€the€passive€smoking€recall€study€(Ô_ÔUeberlaÔ_Ô)€has€to€be€repeated.€ÏPerhaps€the€subjects€are€too€subjective,€biased€by€their€current€health€concerns.€€Ô_ÔBruneÔ_Ôððs€animalÏexposure€study€to€be€further€discussed€after€some€pilot€runs.€€Dosimetry€study€going€on€atÏHannover.€€Ô_ÔSidestreamÔ_Ô€smoke€analysis€ð ðòòunder€real€life€conditions,óóðð€showed€ð ðòòindoor€levels€ofÐ ý˜ ÐÔ_ÔsidestreamÔ_Ô€smoke€constituents€were€lower€than€generally€assumed.€€Ô_ÔDimethylnitrosamineÔ_Ô€couldÏnever€be€found.ðð€óó€Adlkofer€would€like€to€take€this€project€out€into€the€field.€€Formaldehyde€hasÐ Õp Ðbeen€found€in€Ô_ÔsidestreamÔ_Ô€smoke;€methods€of€measuring€it€were€discussed.€€The€Ô_ÔMAKÔ_Ô€CommissionÏkept€public€smoking€on€its€Ô_ÔMAKÔ_Ô€listing€despite€bitter€complaints€from€Adlkofer€and€Ô_ÔUeberlaÔ_Ô.ÌÌ*€13€January€1986,€memo,€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô,€ð ðRJR€Extramural€Research€Program,ðð€RJRÏ515215886€„€5887.Ìà ½ àA€list€of€German€scientists€sponsored€separately€by€RJR€Germany:€Ô_ÔBlohmkeÔ_Ô,€Jacob,€Lock,ÏÔ_ÔNeubertÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔRuedigerÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔStaeckerÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔWinnekeÔ_Ô,€275€thousand€DM€in€1985,€591€thousand€DM€in€1986.ÏSpecifics€not€given€(see€26€May€1987).ÌÌ#€21€January€1986,€monthly€report,€ð ðMeeting€of€Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô€task€force€ððanimal€exposure€to€Ô_ÔsidestreamÔ_ÔÏsmoke,ðððð€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô€(inferred),€RJR€515215753.Ìà ½ àÔ_ÔBruneÔ_Ôððs€pilot€studies€indicate€rats€are€not€the€appropriate€species,€nicotine€levels€in€theirÏblood€and€urine€ð ðòòwere€higher€than€expected€so€that€results€of€a€contemplated€main€experimentÐ Ñ"l! Ðcould€never€be€interpreted€conclusively,ðð€óóperhaps€because€the€rats€lick€their€coats.€€Group€agreedÐ ½#X" Ðthat€gas€chromatography€was€the€better€method€to€measure€Ô_ÔcotinineÔ_Ô.ÌÌ*€22€January€1986,€meeting€notes€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô,€RJR€506812035€„€2039.Ìà ½ àIn€Ô_ÔUeberlaÔ_Ôððs€study€they€found€that€statements€of€exposure€did€not€match€urine€Ô_ÔcotinineÔ_ÔÏlevels.€€Perhaps€concern€about€health€and€anti„smoking€propaganda€colored€the€subjectiveÏresponses.€€Ô_ÔBruneÔ_Ô€will€re„run€his€pilot€experiments€with€hamsters,€over€RJR€objections;€the€ð ðòòmainÐ E)à$( Ðexperimentóóðð€will€never€be€done.€€€Ô_ÔMAKÔ_Ô€Commission€will€soon€declare€acetaldehyde€a€provenÐ 1*Ì%) Ðcarcinogen,€and€a€constituent€of€tobacco€smoke.€€How€to€publish€the€Ô_ÔsidestreamÔ_Ô€smoke€analyses€isÏdiscussed,€whether€in€Ô_ÔBeitrageÔ_Ô€or€to€have€an€independent€researcher€re„do€the€study€and€publishÐ  ,¤'+ Ðseparately.€€Do€non„smokers€take€up€nicotine€from€passive€smoking€through€hair,€saliva,€skin?€ÏCadmium€levels€in€tobacco€discussed.ÌÌ*€27€January€1986,€meeting€notes,€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô,€RJR€506812035€„€2039.Ìà ½ àPoor€correlation€between€subjective€recall€of€passive€smoke€exposure€and€Ô_ÔcotinineÔ_Ô€in€theÏurine.€€RJR€objects€to€a€study€of€passive€smoke€with€hamsters€as€a€means€of€checking€routes€ofÏuptake€in€rats.€A€similar€study€of€route€of€uptake€in€human€nonsmokers€is€proposed€by€Adlkofer.€€ÏÔ_ÔMAKÔ_Ô€Commission€to€include€aldehyde€as€a€carcinogen.€€A€hospital€study€by€Lee€and€Ô_ÔAldersonÔ_ÔÏshows€no€effect€of€passive€smoking€exposure€on€nonsmokers€with€any€lung€or€cardiac€disease.€ò òó óÐ Å ` Ðò ò[N.B.€This€study€was€published:€Lee€Ô_ÔPNÔ_Ô,€Chamberlain€J,€Ô_ÔAldersonÔ_Ô€MR.€ð ðRelationship€ofÐ ± L  Ðpassive€smoking€to€risk€of€lung€cancer€and€other€smoking„associated€diseases,ðð€òòBritishÐ  8  ÐJournal€of€Canceróó€1986,€1:€97„105.]ó ó€On€the€other€hand,€a€new€study€from€Japan€showedÐ ‰$  Ðincreased€lung€cancer€in€nonsmoking€wives€of€smokers,€replicating€Ô_ÔHirayamaÔ_Ôððs€work.€ò ò[N.B.€SeeÐ y  ÐÔ_ÔAkibaÔ_Ô€S,€Kato€H,€Blot€Ô_ÔWJÔ_Ô,€ð ðPassive€smoking€and€lung€cancer€among€Japanese€womenó ó,ððÐ i  Ðòòò òCancer€Researchóó€1986;€46:€4804„7.€€In€this€study€a€50%€increased€risk€of€lung€cancer€wasÐ Yô  Ðseen€among€nonsmoking€women€whose€husbands€smokedó ó,€ò òin€a€dose„related€relationship.]ó óÐ Eà  ÐÌ#€30€January€1986,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSCMÔ_Ô,€PM€2050805557€„€5559.Ìà ½ àThe€Munich€private€laboratory€GIS,€which€had€been€doing€smoke€analyses€for€the€Ô_ÔUeberlaÔ_ÔÏstudy€show€their€analytical€methods€to€be€flawed.€€They€need€supervision.€€Ô_ÔMAKÔ_Ô€CommissionÏdecides€that€ð ðòòan€epidemiologically€Ô_ÔquantifiableÔ_Ô€risk€is€not€necessary€for€the€inclusion€of€passiveÐ å€ Ðsmoking€in€the€Ô_ÔMAC[KÔ_Ô]€Listóó.€òòFor€this,€even€the€occurrence€of€carcinogenic€substances€in€theÐ Ñl ÐÔ_ÔsidestreamÔ_Ô€smoke€is€sufficient.óóðð€ò ò[N.B.€See€10€April€1986.]ó óÐ ½X ÐÌÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔ*€24€February€1986,€C.R.€Green€(RJR€scientist)€memo€to€Alan€Ô_ÔRodgmanÔ_Ô,€ð ðRe:€International€Ô_ÔETSÔ_ÔÐ ™4 ÐWorking€Committee.ðð€€RJR€508192982Ô#†X—mXX X—m?¬#ÔÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔ.Ð …  Ðà ½ àDon€Ô_ÔHoelÔ_Ô€(Shook,€Hardy€and€Bacon)€proposed€formal€cooperation€be€established€betweenÏthe€Verband,€the€British€Tobacco€Action€Council€(TAC),€the€U.S.€Tobacco€Institute,€Philip€MorrisÏand€RJR€on€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô.€€ð ðòòIt€is€expected€that€this€will€be€the€first€of€two€or€three€meetings€per€year€whereÐ Iä Ðthe€various€committees€will€exchange€scientific€information€and€coordinate€proposed€studiesóó.ððÐ 5Ð ÐÌÔ#†X—mXX X—mY­#Ô#€26€March€1986,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSCMÔ_Ô,€PM€2050805419€„€5423.Ð  !¨ Ðà ½ àGIS€worked€with€a€non„representative€random€sample€of€86€men€and€women€non„smokers;Ïhalf€were€not€exposed€to€passive€smoke,€half€were.€€ð ðòòIn€a€considerable€percentage€of€non„exposedÐ å"€! Ðtest€subjects,€urine€Ô_ÔcotinineÔ_Ô€values€were€found€such€as€occur€in€passive€smokers€severely€exposedÏto€tobacco€smoke.ððóóò ò€[N.B.€This€means€either€their€lab€analyses€are€totally€off,€or€the€ð ðnon„Ð ½$X # Ðexposedðð€are€far€more€exposed€than€appreciated.]ó óà % àÐ ­%H!$ ÐÌ*€10€April€1986,€meeting€notes,€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô,€RJR€515215708€„€5713.Ìà ½ àOutline€of€the€publication€on€Ô_ÔsidestreamÔ_Ô€smoke€analyses€as€obtained€in€a€smoke€chamber,Ïunder€defined€environment,€and€under€ð ðòòreal€life€conditionsóó.ðð€The€substances€measured€were:Ð ])ø$( Ðcarbon€monoxide,€nitrogen€oxide,€nitrogen€dioxide,€formaldehyde,€acetaldehyde,€Ô_ÔcresolsÔ_Ô,€phenol,Ïammonia,€hydrogen€cyanide,€nicotine,€Ô_ÔnitrosamineÔ_Ô,€particulate€matter,€Ô_ÔbenzoÔ_Ô(a)Ô_ÔpyreneÔ_Ô,€Ô_Ôcadmium.Ô_ÔÌÐ !,¼'+ Ðà ½ àStudy€on€Ô_ÔmutagenicityÔ_Ô€of€urine€of€five€non„smokers€exposed€to€passive€smoke€to€beÏrepeated€at€a€higher€carbon€monoxide€level€as€earlier€study€showed€a€small€but€statisticallyÏinsignificant€increase.€€Results€of€Ô_ÔnitrosamineÔ_Ô€tests€on€same€group€by€Dr.€Ô_ÔKlusÔ_Ô€were€ð ðòòincoherentÐ =Ø Ðand€contradictory.ðð€óó€Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô€alerted€to€new€methods€of€measuring€binding€of€carcinogenic€chemicals€Ð )Ä Ðto€DNA€(ð ðadductsðð).Ì€Ì#€30€April€1986,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSCMÔ_Ô,€PM€2001228188€„€8191.ÌÌà0 ½ àòòòòWorking€Group€ð ðCancer€Risk€Due€to€Smokingóó....€Prof.€Ô_ÔRemmerÔ_Ô€expressed€the€view€thatÐ Å ` Ðpassive€smoking€is€a€proven€cause€of€cancer.€Prof.€Ô_ÔHenschlerÔ_Ô€referred€in€his€assessment€toÏthe€fact€that€no€threshold€values€exist€for€carcinogenic€substances€such€as€occur€inÏtobacco€smoke.€Even€though€their€magnitude€cannot€be€determined€at€present,€a€cancerÏrisk€had€to€be€assumed.€€Prof.€Ô_ÔFrankeÔ_Ô€requested€the€working€group€to€prepare€an€expertÏopinion€on€the€matter€of€passive€smoking.€€óó€ò ò[N.B.€The€persons€named€are€not€part€ofÐ aü  Ðthe€Verband€group.€€Ô_ÔHenschlerÔ_Ô€was€Chair€of€the€Ô_ÔMAKÔ_Ô€Commission.]]ó óÐQì ½(#½(# ÐÌ*€21€May€1986,€meeting€notes,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô€(inferred),€RJR€515215739€„€5742.Ìà ½ àContinuation€of€various€projects.€€Dr.€Ô_ÔNeurathÔ_Ô€reports€a€new€main€metabolite€of€nicotine,Ï3„hydroxy„Ô_ÔcotinineÔ_Ô;€Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô€will€approve€a€new€study€of€the€same€in€urine€samples.€€Dr.€Ô_ÔObeÔ_ÔððsÏchromosomal€abnormality€study€is€up€for€refunding€to€measure€the€effect€of€the€cell€cultureÏmedium€(same€request€was€discussed€several€times€in€1982).ÌÌ#€5€June€1986,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSCMÔ_Ô,€PM€2028524526€„€4528.Ìà ½ àA€study€ð!ð€not€available€from€these€documents€„„€of€Ô_ÔmutagenicityÔ_Ô€in€urine€of€persons€orÏanimals€exposed€to€smoke€was€done€at€a€relatively€high€room€air€concentrañ>ñtñ>ñion€of€carbonÏmonoxide€of€20€parts€per€million.€€The€results€will€be€confirmed€at€a€more€realistic€upper€limit€ofÏ10€Ô_ÔppmÔ_Ô€(suggesting€positive€findings€at€the€higher€dose).ÌÌ*€9€June€1986,€monthly€progress€report,€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô,€covering€Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô€meetings€of€13€and€29ÏMay,€and€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Board€meeting€of€28€May.€RJR€515215698€„€5701.Ìà ½ àHamsters€take€up€somewhat€less€nicotine€than€rats€do,€but€whole„body€exposure€causesÏmore€uptake€than€simple€nasal€exposure.€€An€MD€thesis€on€tobacco€and€Parkinsonððs€diseaseÏapproved€by€the€Board,€Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô€not€informed€before€hand.€€Dr.€Lock€reports€that€there€might€be€aÏfamilial€predisposition€to€lung€cancer,€and€higher€rates€in€urban€areas€due€to€age€difference.ÌÌ#€17€July€1986,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSCMÔ_Ô,€PM€2001228078€„€8080.Ìà ½ àMore€suggestive€findings€by€Prof..€Ô_ÔObeÔ_Ô€on€chromosomal€aberrations€in€white€blood€cells€ofÏsmokers.ÌÌ#€23€July€1986,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSCMÔ_Ô,€PM€2001228107€„€8108.Ìà ½ àAs€above.ÌÌâ âÐ !+¼&* Ð#€August€1986,€meeting€notes,€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô€(inferred),€ð ðMeeting€of€the€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€working€groupÏâ âððTobacco€and€Radioactivity,ðð€RJR€506230439€„€0440.Ìà ½ àDetails€of€the€planned€measurement€of€radioactivity€(total€and€cesium„137)€in€the€top€10ÏGerman€cigarette€brands,€and€leaf€samples€from€member€companies.ÌÌ#€13€August€1986,€monthly€meeting€notes,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô,€probably€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô,€RJR€506855427€„€missing.Ìà ½ àDr.€Ô_ÔNeurathÔ_Ô€found€3„hydroxy€Ô_ÔcotinineÔ_Ô€in€all€smokersðð€Ô_ÔurinesÔ_Ô€testedÌÌ#€18€August€1986,€ð ðMinutes€of€the€Ô_ÔVDCÔ_Ô„meeting€on€radioactivity,ðð€31€[sic]€July€1986,€authorÏprobably€Walter€Fink,€PM/Neuchatel,€PM€2001295528€„€5531.Ìà ½ àNecessary€to€measure€radioactivity€in€the€soils€from€countries€that€provide€the€tobacco,€asÏwell€as€in€the€cigarette€brands€themselves€(òòð ð...such€a€comparison€represents€the€greatestÐ ‰$  Ðjournalistic€stimulus€for€the€press.ððóó).€Technical€details€and€company€assignments€to€the€tasks.Ð u  ÐÔ_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€to€act€as€a€neutral€in€the€matter.€€Cesium„137€mainly€mentioned.ÌÌ#€4€November€1986,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSCMÔ_Ô,€PM€2028524518€„€€4520.Ìà ½ àWhole€body€uptake€of€nicotine€greater€than€nose„only€uptake€in€hamsters.ÌÌ#€18€November€1986,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSCMÔ_Ô,€PM€2028524516A€„€€4517.Ìà ½ àÔ_ÔMAKÔ_Ô€list€for€1987€includes€cadmium,€2„Ô_ÔpropanolÔ_Ô,€vinyl€acetate€and€NO/NO2,€which€areÏrelevant€to€the€tobacco€industry.€€The€Ô_ÔWissenschaftspolitischeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔAusschussÔ_Ô€(WPA€„„€Science€PolicyÏCommittee)€will€succeed€the€Ô_ÔSCMÔ_Ô€(Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô)€as€the€science€and€industrial€research€policy€committee.ÌÌ#€23€December€1986,€letter,€Hans€Ô_ÔBarkemeyerÔ_Ô€to€Gill€Ô_ÔEsterleÔ_Ô€(Brown€&€Williamson),€ð ðððPassiveÏsmokingðð,€activity€of€the€ððVERBANDðððð,€BW€656031048€„€1051.Ìà ½ àð ðòòThe€problem€is€treated€on€a€broad€basis€in€order€to€be€prepared€for€all€accusations.óóððÐ q  ÐDescribes€four€areas:€epidemiology,€animal€experiments€with€Ô_ÔsidestreamÔ_Ô€smoke,€dosimetry€of€Ô_ÔETSÔ_ÔÏdeposition€in€men,€analysis€of€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€compounds€under€various€conditions.ÌÌ*€6€January€1987,€memo€from€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô,€ð ðRJR€extramural€research€projects€„„€update,ððÏRJR€515215638€(one€page€only,€attachments€not€available).Ìà ½ àFields€listed€are€Ô_ÔpsychomedicalÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔpsychophysiologicalÔ_Ô,€biochemistry,€anatomy,€epidemiologyÏ(12€in€all).€€ð ðòòThe€thrust€of€nine€projects€is€to€get€insight€into€whether€or€to€what€extent€geneticÐ å!€  Ðfactors/predisposition€are€the€cause€for€developing€certain€behavioral€traits€and/or€diseases€(e.g.Ïlung€cancer).ðð€óóÐ ½#X" ÐÌ#€19€January€1987,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€2050804957€„€4959.Ìà ½ àDr.€Ô_ÔSchievelbeinÔ_Ôððs€Munich€laboratory€(GIS)€will€become€Prof.€Adlkoferððs€laboratory€as€theÏformer€retires.€€The€conditions€for€Adlkofer€included€the€stipulation€that€ð ðòòthe€secrecy€of€the€resultsÐ m'#& Ðmust€be€warranted.ððóóÐ Y(ô#' ÐÌ#€20€January€1987,€memo,€from€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€ð ðÔ_ÔVDCÔ_Ô,ðð€PM€2050804956.Ìà ½ àSuccession€and€conversion€of€Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô€to€WPA.ÌÐ  ,¤'+ ÐÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔ*€18€February€1987,€Charles€Green€to€Ô_ÔRodgmanÔ_Ô,€etc.,€ð ð€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€animal€experiment€on€passiveÐ e Ðsmoking.ðð€RJR€506317566Ô#†X—mXX X—mÈÖ#ÔÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔ.Ð Qì Ðà ½ àGreen€asks€advice€on€whether€RJR„US€€should€participate€in€the€Verband€study.ÌÌÔ#†X—mXX X—mÒ×#Ô*€18€February€1987,€monthly€progress€report,€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô,€(cover€letter€transmittalÐ ° ÐÔ_ÔDembachÔ_Ô€to€Van€Every).€RJR€506230386€„€0388Ìà ½ àÔ_ÔBruneÔ_Ôððs€animal€exposure€study€continuing€at€an€exposure€level€of€4€Ô_ÔnanogramsÔ_Ô€per€cubicÏmeter€of€total€particulate€matter,€for€90€days.€€The€ð ðÔ_ÔTFAÔ_Ôðð€is€now€referred€to€as€the€ð ðWPA,ðð€theÏScience€Policy€Commission.ÌÌ#€9€March€1987,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€202852492€„€2494.Ìà ½ àThe€cigarette€company€Martin€Ô_ÔBrinkmannÔ_Ô€has€been€studying€Ô_ÔthioetherÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔmutagenicÔ_ÔÏsubstances€in€the€urine.€€Members€protest:€ð ðòòA€point€of€particular€importance€is€to€find€alternativesÐ u  Ðto€avoid€the€comparison€between€active€and€passive€smoking.ððóó€€The€old€Ô_ÔTFAÔ_Ô€becomes€the€TWAÐ aü  Ð(Ô_ÔTechnischÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔWissenschaftlicherÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔAusschussÔ_Ô,€TWA,€the€ð ðÔ_ÔTechnicoÔ_Ô„Scientific€Committee).€ò ò[N.B.€AÐ Mè  Ðsearch€of€the€Philip€Morris€document€web€site€using€this€German€name€reveals€72Ïdocuments€mostly€duplicates,€from€1991„1992,€and€in€Germanó ó.€ò òThey€seem€to€deal€withÐ )Ä Ðmainly€technical€discussion€on€pesticides€,€Ô_ÔCORESTAÔ_Ô€measurements€and€the€like.]ó ó€ð ðòòProf.Ð ´ ÐAdlkofer€will€contact€Prof.€Ô_ÔAtteslanderÔ_Ô€on€the€basis€of€the€points€discussed€at€the€WPA.€The€WPAÏcould€not€support€further€co„operation€with€Prof.€Ô_ÔAtteslanderÔ_Ô.ðð€€ò òóó[N.B.€Peter€Ô_ÔAtteslanderÔ_Ô€mightÐ õ Ðhave€become€an€embarrassment.€€He€was€a€professor€of€sociology€at€Augsburg€University,Ïlater€moved€to€Switzerland€where€he€set€up€Ô_ÔAGEFÔ_Ô,€òòÔ_ÔArbeitsgruppeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGesundheitsforschungÔ_Ôóóó ó,Ð Ñl Ðò òHealth€Research€Working€Group€which€he€used€to€write€strongly€pro„industry€documents.€Ð Á\ ÐHe€tried€hard,€and€succeeded€to€become€a€PM€consultant,€offering€to€influence€WHO.€€SeeÏ*PM€2501011220,€#€PM€2028531400,€and€*PM€2048224106,€among€others.]ó óÐ ™4 Ðò òó óÌ*€12€March€1987,€memo,€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€to€J.D.€Phillips,€ð ðComments€to€Dr.€A.W.€Hayesðð€critique€of€theÏforthcoming€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€experiment€ððAnimals€exposure€to€Ô_ÔsidestreamÔ_Ô€smoke,ðððð€RJR€506317554€„€7560.Ìà ½ àA.€Wallace€Hayes€was€an€RJR€toxicologist€in€Winston„Salem€who€had€conducted€similarÏexposure€experiments.€€In€this€memo,€several€persons€have€written€comments€in€the€margins,Ïgenerally€unfavorable€to€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ôððs€comments.€€€The€main€issue€was€how€to€conduct€nicotine€uptakeÏstudies€when€all€of€the€animal€seemed€to€be€exposed.€€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€argues€that€whole„body€exposureÏcauses€less€stress€than€nasal„only.€€Also€at€debate€was€the€levels€of€exposure€to€total€particulateÏmatter€and€the€reliability€of€its€measurement,€carbon€monoxide€levels,€flow€rates,€etc.€€AnÏaltogether€daunting€problem€of€design.ÌÌ#€13€March€1987,€monthly€progress€report,€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô,€(cover€memo€transmittal€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_ÔÏto€Van€Every).€RJR€506230389€„€0393.Ìà ½ àÔ_ÔBruneÔ_Ôððs€study€approved,€task€forces€set€up€to€design€experiments.€€Nicotine€uptake€studiesÏon€humans€by€various€body€routes€approved.€€German€brands€to€be€monitored€for€radioactivity,Ïincluding€review€of€post„Chernobyl€data€on€food.€€Discussions€on€various€topics€Ô_ÔinlcudingÔ_ÔÏpesticides,€ozone€depletion,€etc.Ìâ âÐ 1+Ì&* Ð#€26€May€1987,€monthly€progress€report€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô,€(with€cover€letter€transmittalÏâ âÔ_ÔDembachÔ_Ô€to€Van€Every).€RJR€506230336€„€0340.Ìà ½ àWPA€decided€on€a€study€of€urine€in€humans€exposed€to€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô,€looking€for€Ô_ÔmutagenicityÔ_Ô€andÏÔ_ÔthioethersÔ_Ô€(which€bind€to€supposed€Ô_ÔmutagensÔ_Ô€by€detoxification€in€the€body).€€Adlkofer€wishes€toÏlook€at€road€pavement€workers€who€may€be€exposed€to€more€Ô_ÔphenanthrenesÔ_Ô,€excreting€Ô_ÔpolycyclicÔ_ÔÏÔ_ÔphenanthrenesÔ_Ô€in€greater€quantities€than€non„smokers€exposed€to€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô.€€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€reports€on€aÏconference€in€which€Ô_ÔForschungsratÔ_Ô€sponsored€research€was€presented.€€ð ðòò...Ô_ÔForschungsratÔ_Ô€researchÐ í ˆ Ðis€of€a€very€high€scientific€caliber.€€Many€presentations€refuted€previous€claims€concerningÏallegedly€harmful€effects€of€nicotine,€or€even€showed€positive€effects€of€nicotine.ððà - àà … àÐ Å ` Ðóóà ½ àRJRððs€extramural€research€is€presented:€Dr.€Ô_ÔBaettigÔ_Ô€of€Switzerland€on€ð ðòòsmoking€andÐ ± L  Ðeatingóóðð;€Dr.€Ô_ÔWinnekeÔ_Ô€on€subjective€and€objective€reactions€of€humans€to€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô,€and€odors€thatÐ  8  Ðannoy;€Dr.€Lock€on€cancer€mortality€incidence€rates€[sic]€being€constant€between€1961€and€1981.€ÏAlso,€Verband€to€measure€Ô_ÔbenzoÔ_Ô(a)Ô_ÔpyreneÔ_Ô€in€German€tobacco€products.€€Discussion€of€theÏongoing€legal€battle€against€BAT€and€its€Barclay€cigarette.€€Geneva€Court€of€Justice€ruled€againstÏBAT€for€committing€an€act€of€unfair€competition€by€marketing€Barclay€as€a€1€mg€condensate€/€0.2Ïmg€nicotine€brand.ÌÌ#€15€June€1987,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€205080513€„€0514.Ìà ½ àThe€study€of€Ô_ÔthioetherÔ_Ô€excretion€in€passive€smokersðð€urine€is€approved€provided€it€is€notÏinitiated€by€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô,€done€in€Adlkoferððs€lab,€and€results€available€only€to€Adlkofer€and€Scherer€ofÏÔ_ÔVdCÔ_Ô,€with€summarized€information€only€to€the€WPA.ÌÌÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔ#€22€June€1987,€memo€from€A.€Wallace€Hayes€to€J.D.€Phillips€(both€RJR),€ð ðRe:€German€Ô_ÔreseachÔ_ÔÐ ­H Ðprogram/€Verband€interaction.ðð€RJR€506230341€„€0343Ô#†X—mXX X—mmó#ÔÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔ.Ð ™4 Ðà ½ àDespite€the€departure€of€Frank€Colby€from€the€scene,€RJR€staff€still€having€trouble€keepingÏVerband€research€in€line.€€This€memo€suggests€Verband€stick€to€research€on€additives,€and€urgesÏseparation€of€research€funded€through€Verband€(ð ðòònonproprietaryóóðð)€and€that€funded€directly€byÐ ]ø ÐÔ_ÔRJRTÔ_Ô€Germany€(ð ðòòproprietaryóóðð).€€As€did€Colby,€Hayes€expresses€dissatisfaction€with€the€researchÐ Iä Ðto€date:€ð ðòòWe€need€to€develop€a€new€cadre€of€grantees€who€can€conduct€experiments€that€willÐ 5Ð Ðstand€the€scrutiny€of€modern€peer€review....to€enlist€the€best€scientists€that€we€can€to€undertakeÏthose€projects€that€will€be€beneficial€to€us....óóððÐ  ¨ ÐÌÔ#†X—mXX X—mxô#Ô#€July,€monthly€progress€report,€May/June,€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô€(inferred),€RJR€506230328€„€0330.Ð å!€  Ðà ½ àThe€Governmental€Working€Group€on€Smoking€and€Cancer€plans€to€study€Ô_ÔnitrosamineÔ_Ô€andÏÔ_ÔpolycyclicsÔ_Ô€in€smoke.€€A€Dr.€Ô_ÔWinnekeÔ_Ô€will€study€ð ðòòsubjective€and€objective€reactions€of€humansÐ ½#X" Ðduring€exposure€to€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô,€noise€and€industrial€odors€in€order€to€find€out€whether€or€to€what€extentÏthe€Ô_ÔprobandsÔ_Ô€shown€annoyance€reactions.óóðð€A€Dutch€physician€Dr.€P.€Ô_ÔHolstÔ_Ô€found€that€lung€cancerÐ •%0!$ Ðwas€especially€prevalent€in€families€that€owned€caged€birds.€ò ò[N.B.€See€26€October€1987.]ó óÐ &"% Ѐà ½ àÐ q' #& Ð#€31€July€1987,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€2050804884€„€4886.Ìà ½ àA€ð ðCancer€Risk€by€Smokingðð€working€group€has€been€meeting€from€time€to€time.€ÏAdlkofer€reports€on€Swedish€snuff,€supposedly€safer€than€smoking.€A€study€is€proposed€to€showÏthat€Ô_ÔcotinineÔ_Ô€is€not€a€good€marker€of€passive€absorption€of€smoke,€and€therefore€passive€uptake€isÏdifferent€from€active€smoking.€ð ðòòThe€conclusion€from€the€presumed€results€would€be....ððóóÐ  ,¨'+ Ї*€1€October€1987,€report€A.W.€Hayes€(RJR€toxicologist€and€expert€on€animal€exposure€studies)€toÏR€Ô_ÔDimarcoÔ_Ô€(RJR€counsel),€ð ðEnvironmental€tobacco€smokeðð€(portion€of€14„page€overall€report€onÏscientific€matters),€RJR€506464697€„€€4698.ÌÌà0 ½ àòòAnalytical€measurements€for€the€Ô_ÔvdcÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€inhalation€experiment.€€As€reported€earlier,€Mr.Ð ° ÐDave€Ô_ÔReavnerÔ_Ô€and€Drs.€Ô_ÔOskarÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€and€Charles€Green€visited€Dr.€Ô_ÔBruneÔ_Ôððs€laboratory€inÏHamburg,€West€Germany€to€collect€a€series€of€samples€for€measurement€of€Ô_ÔRSPÔ_Ô,€nicotine,Ïand€Ô_ÔcarbonylsÔ_Ô€in€the€exposure€and€sham€animal€inhalation€chambers€for€the€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔETSÔ_ÔÏexperiments.€€€Analyses€of€these€samples€is€now€complete€and€the€results€have€been€sent€toÏDr.€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€for€presentation€to€the€Analytical€Advisory€Committee....€[Ô_ÔV]irtuallyÔ_Ô€all€of€theÏparticulate€matter€in€the€exposure€chamber€is€in€the€respirable€range.€€Ô_ÔRSPÔ_Ô€values€rangeÏfrom€3.9€to€5.3€mg/Ô_Ômòò3Ô_Ôóó....€These€analyses€also€demonstrate€that€more€than€90%€of€theÐ ‰$  Ðnicotine€is€in€the€vapor€portion€of€the€aerosol....€Carbonyl€results...€2„3€times€moreÏacetaldehyde€than€formaldehyde....€€óóÐaü ½(#½(# ÐÌà ½ àThe€values€given€are€as€follows€(in€mg/òòÔ_Ômòò3Ô_Ôóó)óó€:€Formaldehyde€0.293€„€0.597,€Acetaldehyde€Ð 9Ô  Ð0.828„1.306,€Ô_ÔacroleinÔ_Ô€0.267€„€0.542,€acetone€0.733€„€1.076,€Ô_ÔproprionaldehydeÔ_Ô€0.227€„€0.351.€ò òà Ý" àÐ %À Ð[Ô_ÔN.B.TheÔ_Ô€value€for€formaldehyde€is€well€over€the€ð ðminimal€risk€levelðð€(Ô_ÔMRLÔ_Ô),€an€estimate€ofÏthe€greatest€amount€of€human€exposure€without€appreciable€risk€of€cancer.€€The€Agency€forÏToxic€Substances€and€Disease€Registry€(Ô_ÔASTDRÔ_Ô)€in€Ô_ÔitsòòToxicologicalÔ_Ô€Profile€forÐ é„ ÐFormaldehyde:€Draft€for€Public€Comment,€óóFebruary€17,€1998,€gives€for€acute€exposure€(<€15Ð Õp Ðdays),€0.062€mg/òòÔ_Ômòò3Ô_Ôóóóó,€for€intermediate€exposure€(15€to€364€days),€0.012€mg/òòÔ_Ômòò3Ô_Ôóóóó,€and€for€chronicÐ Á\ Ðexposure€(>364€days)€0.0037€mg/òòÔ_Ômòò3Ô_Ôóóóó.€€These€results€clearly€indicate€the€problem€of€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô,€andÐ ­H Ðvalidate€the€findings€in€peer„review€journals€on€humans€exposed€to€passive€smoking.]Ìó óÌ*€26€October€1987,€monthly€progress€report,€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€to€Van€Every,€covering€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Board€meeting€26ÏMay€and€25€June,€and€WPA€meeting€26€June,€RJR€506230328€„€0330.Ìà ½ àIn€the€continuing€study€of€humans€exposed€to€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô,€Adlkofer€predicts€that,€ð ðòòas€interimÐ Iä Ðresults€indicate€ð!ð€one€outcome€of€the€project€will€be€that€nicotine€and€Ô_ÔcotinineÔ_Ô€levels€in€bodyÏfluids€of€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€exposed€humans€are€not€valid€markers€for€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€exposure.ððóó€ò ò[N.B.€Ignoring€theÐ !¼ Ðimpressive€literature€to€the€contrary...]ó ó€The€Ô_ÔthioetherÔ_Ô€project€approved.€€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€will€submit€aÐ  ¬ Ðresearch€proposal€to€the€Federal€Health€Ministry€focusing€on€tobacco€nitrate€levels€onÏÔ_ÔnitrosaminesÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔpolycyclicsÔ_Ô,€and€ð ðbiological€activityðð€of€smoke.€ò ò[N.B.€This€would€not€be€a€newÐ í!ˆ  Ðfinding€at€all;€see€Ô_ÔSchmeltzÔ_Ô€and€Hoffman,€òòChemical€Reviewsóó€1977;€77:€295„311.]Ð Ý"x! Ðà ½ àó óRJR€extramural€research:€now€also€mentioned€is€Ô_ÔNeubertÔ_Ôððs€research€on€Ô_ÔBaPÔ_Ô€metabolism€inÐ É#d" Ðanimals.€€Mention€is€also€made€of€a€Dutch€physician€who€found€lung€cancer€especially€prevalentÏamong€families€with€cage€birds€(the€fat€excretions€in€bird€feather€lubricant€blamed).€ò ò[N.B.€Ô_ÔWynderÔ_ÔÐ ¡%ñeÔ_Ôñ>ñ/Ô_ÔnorharmaneÔ_Ô,Ïradicals/Ô_ÔthiolÔ_Ô€activity,€all€as€a€function€of€leaf€nitrate€in€cigarettes.ÌÌ#€16€February€1988,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€2050804782€„€€4784.Ìà ½ àÔ_ÔCoumarinÔ_Ô:€ð ðòòA€retraction€of€our€efforts...to€make€Ô_ÔcoumarinÔ_Ô€acceptable€in€cigaretteÐ u  Ðproduction€would€be€understood€to€be€a€weakening€of€our€position,€with€the€risk€of€inclusion€ofÏfurther€substances€[as€permitted€under€Tobacco€Regulations]€being€blocked€at€a€later€dateóó.ððÐ Mè  ÐÌ*€20€February€1988,€memo€from€David€Ô_ÔRemesÔ_Ô€to€Helmut€Ô_ÔGaischÔ_Ô€(PM/Europe),€ð ðThe€PM€EEC€/ÏÔ_ÔEEMAÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€Project,ðð€PM€2501474271€„€€4277.€Ìà ½ àÔ_ÔRemesÔ_Ô€describes€a€total€strategy,€the€objective,€Ìà0 ½ àÐ ½(#½(# Ðà0 ½ àòòis€to€prevent€the€imposition€of€smoking€restrictions€in€the€EEC/Ô_ÔEEMAÔ_Ô€óóò ò[N.B.€EuropeanÐ Õp ÐEconomic€Community€/€Europe,€Eastern€Mediterranean,€Africa.]ó ó€òòregions€based€on€theÐ Å` Ðasserted€health€hazards€of€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€to€non„smokers.€€To€realize€this€objective,€three€audiencesÏmust€be€persuaded€that€the€health€claims€by€anti„smoking€forces€concerning€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€areÏgroundless.€€These€three€audiences€are€the€scientific€community,€regulatory€authorities,Ïand€the€general€public....€The€argument€against€smoking€restrictions€based€on€theÏexistence€of€ð ðcontroversyðð€on€the€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€health€issue€also€is€unlikely€to€prove€persuasiveÏbecause€it€is€so€reminiscent€of€the€industryððs€argument€on€the€primary€health€issue,€whichÏvirtually€no„one€outside€the€industry€accepts.€Thus,€the€industry€will€have€to€establishÏaffirmatively€that€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€presents€no€significant€health€risk€to€non„smokers.Ð ½(#½(# ÐÌà ½ àóóVarious€consultants€will€be€recruited€(including€Francis€Roe),€a€total€corporate€strategyÐ !œ Ðcoordinated€with€headquarters€and€the€law€firm€of€Shook,€Hardy€&€Bacon.€€ð ðòòÔ_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€appears€to€haveÐ í!ˆ  Ðmatters€well€in€hand€and€has€not€been€eager€to€accept€outside€help.ððóó€Dr.€Adlkofer€will€coordinateÐ Ù"t! Ðwith€lawyer€Don€Ô_ÔHoelÔ_Ô€of€Ô_ÔSHÔ_Ô&B€on€a€general€hearing€before€the€Austrian€Health€Minister.€€ÌÌ#€10€March€1988,€meeting€notes,€ð ðMeeting€of€the€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€working€Group€ððRadioactivity€andÏTobacco,ðððð€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô€(inferred),€RJR€506831242.Ìà ½ àDiscussion€on€how€to€go€about€measuring€radioactivity€in€imported€tobacco€from€non„EECÏcountries.ÌÌ#€17€March€1988,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€2050804819€„€€4821.Ìà ½ àStrontium€90€to€be€measured€in€the€top€12€brandsÌÐ ,¬'+ Ð*€26€April€1988,€meeting€notes,€ð ðMeting€of€the€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Working€Group€ððNitrate€in€Tobacco€Leaf,ððððÏÔ_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô,€RJR€506846222€„€6223.Ìà ½ àFinalizing€the€details,€with€BAT€to€supply€the€experimental€cigarettes.€€Division€of€analyticÏtasks€among€the€member€companies.€€RJR€attacked€for€refusing€to€take€part.ÌÌ#€29€April€1988,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€205080452€„€€4854.Ìà ½ àAdlkofer€seeking€increased€funding€for€his€Munich€laboratory.€€On€Ô_ÔcoumarinÔ_Ô,€WPA€decidedÏto€take€a€hands„off€approach€to€the€upcoming€Government€decision.€€It€is€clearly€seen€asÏcarcinogenic.€€ÌÌ*€6€May€1988,€report,€L.A.€Ô_ÔEubanksÔ_Ô,€ð ðTobacco€Industry€Companies,€Committees€andÏOrganizations,ðð€BW€(Brown€&€Williamson)€681510934€„€0938€(Ô_ÔUCSFÔ_Ô€22148€„€22152).Ìà ½ àAuthor€lists€the€following€US€and€European„based€organizations::€Bill€Ô_ÔHechtÔ_Ô€&€AssociatesÏ(identifies€potential€recipients€of€Tobacco€Institute€political€donations);€Council€for€TobaccoÏResearch,€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€Advisory€Committee,€Industry€Research€Review€Group,€National€Association€ofÏTobacco€Distributors,€National€Candy€Wholesalers€Association,€National€Tobacco€Council€(aÏpartner€to:)€Tobacco€Institute,€Ô_ÔINFOTABÔ_Ô/Ô_ÔICOSIÔ_Ô,€University€of€Kentucky€Tobacco€and€HealthÏResearch€Institute,€Tobacco€Advisory€Committee€(UK),€and€the€Verband€der€Ô_ÔCigarettenindustrieÔ_Ô.Ìð ðòòThe€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€is€the€German€equivalent€of€CTR.€€It€had€many€government€dealings€and€wasÐ ý˜ Ðsupported€by€the€German€cigarette€industry.€€The€German€factions€of€RJR€and€PM€are€membersÏof€the€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô.€(Is€BAT€a€member?)óóðð€€ò ò[N.B.€This€off„hand€question€indicates€that€Verband€wasÐ Õp Ðnot€high€on€BAT/B&W€agenda,€unlike€RJR€and€PM€ð!ð€and,€of€course,€the€German„languageÏcompanies.]ó óÐ ±L ÐÌ*€13€May€1988,€memo€from€M.€Ô_ÔGarnickÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔM.H.Ô_Ô€Ô_ÔCrohnÔ_Ô,€A.€Holtzman,€E€.€Ô_ÔPepplesÔ_Ô,€A.€Stevens,Ïð ðMemorandum€from€W.€Fink€of€the€Ô_ÔVDCÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€dated€September€16,€1981€(1000121264).ððÏò ò[N.B.€Cross€reference€to€16€September€1981,€PM€1000121264€„€1267.]ó óÐ aü Ðà ½ àThis€report€of€a€memo€is€a€lawyerððs€briefing€of€other€counsel€on€the€legal€implications€of€aÏprevious€memorandum€by€a€PM€employee€discussing€Adlkoferððs€desire€to€study€nicotineÏabsorption€in€pipe€and€cigar€smokers.ÌÌà0 ½ àòòWith€respect€to€nicotine€projects,€Fink€explains€that€Dr.€Adlkofer€suggested€theÐ ý ˜ Ðsponsoring€of€a€doctorate€thesis€on€the€topic€of€the€absorption€of€nicotine€by€pipe€andÏcigar€smokers.€€According€to€Fink,€however,€ð ðPM€rejects€the€suggestion€that€the€projectÏbe€carried€as€a€doctorate€thesis€because€the€results€are€not€controllable€by€the€industry.ððÏUnder€the€courtððs€post„1966€ruling,€this€document€should€be€excluded€in€its€entirety,€sinceÏit€deals€exclusively€with€industry€research€post„1966€and€would€not€be€relevant€to€theÏsuppression€of€third€party€claims.€€òòCROSS€POINTóó€Harris€cannot€know€what€Fink€meantÐ …& "% Ðby€the€use€of€the€word€ð ðcontrollableðð€in€this€document.€€This€document€clearly€indicatesÏthat€the€industry€was€sincerely€interested€in€conducting€the€research.€€Accordingly,€theÏbest€reading€of€this€passage€is€that€it€concerns€the€industryððs€interest€in€having€controlÏover€the€research€in€order€to€ensure€that€(1)€the€proper€research€was€conducted€and€(2)Ïâ âthe€research€constituted€good€science.€€If€the€research€was€instead€conducted€by€aÐ !+¼&* Ðdoctorate€student,€the€research€might€be€flawed€or€sidetracked€in€an€unanticipatedÏdirection€of€less€relevance€to€the€industry.óóÐQì½(#½(# Ðâ âÌ#€6€June€1988,€meeting€notes,€ð ðMeeting€of€the€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Working€Group€ððNitrate€in€Tobacco€Leaf,ððððÏÔ_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô€(inferred),€RJR€506891592€„€1594.Ìà ½ àDetails€of€analyses€to€be€done€on€cigarettes€with€varying€nitrate€contents€of€the€tobaccoÏleaf.€€In€addition€to€biological€testing€of€condensate,€there€will€also€be€Ô_ÔcytotoxicityÔ_Ô€testing€andÏÔ_ÔgenotoxicityÔ_Ô€testing,€and€a€test€of€respiratory€irritation€to€be€done€by€RJR)òò.Ð Ù t ÐóóÌ#€14€July€1988,€memo,€from€Fink€to€Robert€Pages€(PM€counsel),€ð ðÔ_ÔVDCÔ_Ô,ðð€PM€2050804934.Ìà ½ àð ðòòAttached€is€a€German€patent€application€by€Adlkofer....€After€reading€the€abstract€IÐ  8  Ðwould€like€to€know€how€far€this€person€has€to€go€to€be€removed€from€his€present€position.€HeÏdirectly€supports€the€last€report€of€the€surgeon€general.óóððÐ u  ÐÌÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔ*€15€July€1988,€Don€Ô_ÔHoelÔ_Ô€(Shook,€Hardy€&€Bacon)€meeting€report€memorandum,Ð Mè  ÐRJR€50681„2115€„€28,€PM€2021548236€„€37,€ð ðJoint€meeting€on€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€„€London,€England,ðð€June€17,Ï1988.ððÌà ½ àAn€extraordinary€summit€of€all€the€major€tobacco€companies€and€their€law€firms.€ÏRepresented€were€(in€the€order€listed€by€Ô_ÔHoelÔ_Ô):€Verband,€BAT,€Ô_ÔReemstmaÔ_Ô,€Philip€Morris/Europe,ÏPhilip€Morris/USA,€Philip€Morris€International,€Tobacco€Advisory€Council,€Ô_ÔGallaherÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔRothmanÔ_Ôððs,ÏÔ_ÔRothmanÔ_Ôððs€International€Services,€€Shook,€Hardy€&€Bacon,€Imperial,€RJR,€RJR„Germany,€JapanÏTobacco,€BAT„Germany,€Ô_ÔLorillardÔ_Ô,€€Austria€Ô_ÔTabakwerkeÔ_Ô,€Covington€and€Burling,€TobaccoÏInstitute,€Brown€and€Williamson.Ìà ½ àThe€objective€of€the€meeting€was€ð ðòòto€bring€together€industry€scientists€to€discuss€scientificÐ ™4 Ðresearch€and€strategies€on€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€and€how€these€relate€globallyóó.ðð€€Don€Ô_ÔHoelÔ_Ô€chaired€the€meeting.Ð …  ÐParticipants€gave€national€and€regional€perspectives.€€Professor€Adlkofer€noted€the€increasingÏactivities€of€anti„smoking€groups€on€the€issue€of€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô,€with€Governments€and€the€EEC€playing€anÏincreasing€regulatory€role,€especially€addressed€to€childrenððs€exposure.€€More€[industry]€research€isÏneeded€to€counter€these€activities.€ÌÌà0 ½ àòòThe€existing€science€demands€that€the€industry€recognize€that€possible€health€risks€fromÐ  ¨ ÐÔ_ÔETSÔ_Ô€exist€because€those€cannot€be€disproved.€€As€a€result,€Adlkofer€advocates€thatÏresearch€be€focused€on€determining€the€threshold€level€of€adverse€effects€fromÏenvironmental€tobacco€smoke,€and€that€fewer€resources€be€expended€on€epidemiologicalÏstudies.óóн#X"½(#½(# ÐÌà0 ½ àòòDr.€Adlkofer€deviated€from€the€agenda€and€discussed€the€direction€of€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€research.€Ð •%0!$ ÐAccording€to€Adlkofer,€analytical€breakthroughs€are€unlikely....€ConventionalÏepidemiology€has€provided€few€benefits€to€the€industry.€€A€focus€is€now€needed€onÏð ðmodern€epidemiologyðð€and€human€exposure€studies,€as€well€as€further€exploration€of€theÏalleged€mechanisms€of€effect.€€He€also€called€for€the€identification€of€a€threshold€level€forÏrisk.€€Dr.€Adlkofer€indicated€that€this€approach€has€already€been€adopted€in€Germany.€ÏDr.€Adlkoferððs€suggestion€created€widespread€disagreement€among€the€meetingððsÏparticipants.€€Mr.€Westcott€[Philip€Morris€consultant]€stated€that€setting€a€threshold€isÐ  ,¤'+ Ðdangerous€because€it€provides€òòa€priorióó€proof€of€causation€for€anti„smoking€advocates.€Ð e ÐMr.€Rupp€[Covington€&€Burling]€agreed,€stating€that€an€acceptable€threshold€for€Ô_ÔETSÔ_ÔÏmay€nevertheless€indict€active€smoking....€óó€€òòThe€conference€concluded€with€the€finding€thatÐ =Ø Ðexisting€science€could€neither€prove€nor€disprove€that€any€impairment€of€health€is€causedÏby€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô.€€Although€a€fairly€strong€position€on€the€relationship€of€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€to€health€effects€inÏchildren€was€adopted,€the€conference€concluded€that€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€problems€in€the€home€are€bestÏsolved€by€health€education.Ð ½(#½(# ÐóóÌÔ#†X—mXX X—mòG#Ô#€10€August€1988,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€2050804750€„€€4752.Ð Å ` Ðà ½ àThe€Vienna€hearing€was€generally€favorable€to€the€industry.€€A€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€òòð ðrapid€interventionÐ ± L  Ðforceóóðð€is€set€up.€€No€details.€Lawyers€on€it.€€Other€cadmium€salts€besides€the€chloride€are€shown€byÐ  8  Ðthe€Fraunhofer€Institute€to€be€carcinogenic,€producing€lung€tumors..ÌÌà0 ½ àòòòòWHO€paper€ð ðTobacco€or€healthððóó€The€WHO€paper€was€discussed.€€It€was€the€unanimousÐ aü  Ðopinion€of€the€committee€that€only€a€revitalization€of€Ô_ÔINFOTABÔ_Ô€would€make€it€possible€toÏprovide€a€significant€counterweight€to€the€coordinated€WHO€objective.óóÐ9Ô ½(#½(# ÐÌ#€3€September€1988,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€2050804939€„€4940.Ìà ½ àA€protest€by€the€Austrian€Chamber€of€Physicians€against€the€course€of€the€Vienna€HearingÏon€passive€smoking€indicated€to€Dr.€Ô_ÔKlusÔ_Ô€(Austria€Ô_ÔTabakÔ_Ô)€that€ð ðòòthe€statements€made€aboutÐ é„ Ðsmoking€having€been€correct.óóððÐ Õp ÐÌ#€29€November€1988,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€2050804670€„€4673.Ìà ½ àResearch€on€benzene€and€ethylene€in€tobacco,€particularly€in€respect€to€DNA€adducts.€ÏAdlkofer€notes€that€high€levels€of€ethylene€oxide€have€been€found€in€non„smokers.€€Adlkofer€talksÏabout€beneficial€effects€of€smoking€(nicotine,€really):€social,€pharmacological€and€medicinal.ÌWPA€discusses€a€ð ðòòtar€predictoróóðð€method€(by€low„temperature€combustion)€of€measuring€total€tarÐ ]ø Ðto€be€found€in€a€given€quantity€of€tobacco.€€WPA€vigorously€opposes€the€idea€as€it€will€yieldÏð ðhigherðð€tar€levels€in€cigarettes,€instead€of€the€value€obtained€on€a€smoking€machine€in€graded,Ïtimed€puffs.€€ÌÌà0 ½ àòòValues€obtained€by€this€tar€predictor€method€are€at€the€moment€in€excess€of€200€mg€of€tarÐ ù ” Ð[per€cigarette]....€In€addition,€values€determined€by€means€of€the€tar€predictor€could€noÏlonger€be€used€to€explain€to€the€consumer€any€differences€in€tar€and€nicotine€deliveriesÏwhich€one€would€experience€as€a€result€of€ventilation,€filters,€etc.€€Finally,€the€isolated€useÏof€the€tar€predictor€for€cigarette€tobacco€in€itself€raises€the€problem€that€the€dangers€ofÏÔ_ÔsidestreamÔ_Ô€smoke€in€general€are€apparently€demonstrated€by€the€fact€that,€for€a€DIN€testÏsmoking€indication€of€12€mg€of€tar,€the€conclusion€is€reached€that€about€180€mg€of€tar€areÏevidently€being€released€into€the€environment€(basis€for€manipulated€discussion€of€passiveÏsmoking).óóÐY(ô#'½(#½(# ÐÌ#€22€December€1988,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€2023537689€„€7691.Ìà ½ àIntense€discussion€of€cigarette€standard€measurements,€need€to€stand€firmly€against€the€tarÏpredictor€method.€€BAT€and€other€firms€will€discuss€methods€at€CORESTA.Ð  ,¤'+ ЇÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔ*€10€February€1989,€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô€memo€to€R.J.€Ô_ÔMarcotullioÔ_Ô,€ð ðÔ_ÔETSÔ_Ô€„„€Industry€reaction.ðð€RJRÐ e Ð506816587.Ô#†X—mXX X—mXc#ÔÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔÐ Qì Ðà ½ àGerman€Verband€activities€in€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€over€30€years€have€led€to€ð ðòòclose€cooperation€withÐ =Ø Ðindependent€scientists€from€well„known€German€institutes€and€universities,€[which]€has€moreÏrecently€led€to€a€number€of€publications...characterized€by€a€balanced€objective€evaluation€of€theÏmatter.óóðð€€Recent€presentations€suggest€that€the€ð ðòòrisk€of€cancer€due€to€passive€smoking€is€notÐ  œ Ðestablished....€This€positive€development...might€also€encourage€others€in€the€Company€not€toÏgive€up€this€issue€which€is€so€vital€for€our€future€businessóó.ððÐ Ù t ÐÌÔ#†X—mXX X—mtd#ÔÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔ*€20€February€1989,€policy€review€by€U.€Ô_ÔBluhmÔ_Ô€and€O.€€Ô_ÔStuhlÔ_Ô€submitted€to€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô,€€Ð ± L  Ðð ðÔ_ÔETSÔ_Ô€„„€Challenge€for€the€Industry.ðð€RJR€506816535€„€6543Ô#†X—mXX X—mYg#ÔÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔ.Ð  8  Ðà ½ àð ðòòIn€conclusion€it€can€be€said€that€the€German€Industry€is€using€a€great€amount€of€PR„Ð ‰$  Ðresources€and€political€lobbying€in€order€to€establish€its€positionóó.ðð€€Ð u  Ðà ½ àWith€increasing€restrictions€on€public€smoking€in€Germany€the€area€of€contention€is€in€theÏprivate€workplace€and€restaurants.€€The€authors€worry€about€Ô_ÔECÔ_Ô€directives€which€would€apply€toÏall€member€nations.€€Verband€continues€research€on€animal€exposure,€dosimetry,€epidemiology,Ïand€Ô_ÔsidestreamÔ_Ô€smoke€analysis.€All€the€research€results€appear€to€minimize€the€health€risks,Ïminimize€the€ability€to€detect€such€risks€(ð ðòòlow€risk€associationsóóðð),€€or€show€the€limitations€ofÐ ¬ Ðclaims€about€those€risks.€€Toxicological€research€focuses€on€individual€molecules,€such€as€benzeneÏand€ethylene.€€New€research€on€ð ðòòrisk€groupsóóðð€(e.g.,€asthmatics,€pregnant€women)€beingÐ é„ Ðundertaken.€€Many€German€scientists€are€quoted€to€support€the€innocuous€role€of€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô.€€ñ>ñÌñ>ñD.€Ô_ÔSchmaelÔ_Ô€remarked,€ð ðòòSmoking€bans€are€political€decisionsóó.ððÐ Á\ ÐÌÔ#†X—mXX X—mÂh#Ô#€2€March€1989,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€2050804489€„€4492.Ð ™4 Ðà ½ àÔ_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€moving€from€Hamburg€to€Bonn.€€The€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€ð ðòòconceptóóðð€discussed.€€Dosimetry€andÐ …  ÐÔ_ÔbiomonitoringÔ_Ô.€€A€conference€in€Argentina€sponsored€by€the€ð ðAcademy€of€Science,ðð€is€paid€for€byÏPM.€ò ò[N.B.€The€usual€industry€consultants€including€Adlkofer,€Gray€Roberñ>ñtñ>ñsñ>ñtñ>ñon€of€Ô_ÔACVAÔ_Ô„Ð ]ø ÐÔ_ÔHBIÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔRylanderÔ_Ô€Sterling,€Ô_ÔUeberlaÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔWitorschÔ_Ô.€See€#€BW€503243382,€503243386€„€3387.]€Ïó óÔ_ÔThioetherÔ_Ô€in€passive€smoke€study€discouraged.€€Study€on€Parkinsonððs€disease€€treatment€byÐ 9Ô Ðnicotine€encouraged.€€ð ðòòThe€objective€of€all€investigations€must€be€to€show€that€passive€smokingÐ %À Ðgives€health„relevant€values€which€do€not€fall€outside€the€Ô_ÔbrandwidthsÔ_Ô€óóò ò[N.B.€ð ðÔ_ÔBandwidthsÔ_Ôðð€isÐ  ¬ Ðmeant!]ó óòò€of€biological€variability.óóððÐ !œ ÐÌ#€14€March€1989,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€2050804453€„€4456.Ìà ½ àÔ_ÔMagnussenÔ_Ôððs€asthma„provocation€study€is€approved.€€It€is€expected€he€will€find€no€effect.ÌDiscussion€of€joint€research:€passive€smoking,€medical€exoneration€of€smoking.€€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€needs€aÏscientific€spokesman.€€On€passive€smoking€research:ÌÌà0 ½ àòòThe€opinion€is€that€the€research€will€not€be€carried€out€in€the€same€way€without€theÐ y'#& ÐAssociation.€If€the€Ô_ÔVDCÔ_Ô€were€to€discontinue€its€research,€the€other€side€[i.e.€transnationalÏfirms]€would€also€carry€out€no€further€research€since€the€matter€would€be€resolved€in€theirÏfavor.€In€summary,€the€opinion€expressed€is€that€passive€smoking€is€currently€our€mainÏproblem.óóÐ)+Ä&*½(#½(# ÐÐ ,°'+ Ð#€25€May€1989,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€2028525774€„€5776.Ìà ½ àÔ_ÔThioetherÔ_Ô€study€to€be€done€with€a€BAT€ð ðslave€smoker.ðð€€Adlkofer€expects€to€find€that€ð ðòòtheÐ Qì Ðthreshold€value€theory€does€not€yet€have€to€be€discarded!ððóó€ò ò[N.B.€Old€debate,€is€Ô_ÔcarcinogenesisÔ_Ô€aÐ =Ø Ðlinear€event,€i.e.€some€cases€at€any€dose,€or€a€threshold€event,€no€cases€until€a€certain€levelÏreached.€€US€EPA€has€taken€the€former€with€respect€to€pesticides€and€many€otherÏenvironmental€chemicals.€€Adlkofer€later€co„authored€a€study€indicating€that€diet€„„€broiledÏmeats€„„€was€the€main€source€of€Ô_ÔthioethersÔ_Ô€in€the€urine€in€nonsmokers,€not€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô.€See€SchererÏG,€Ô_ÔetalÔ_Ô.,€ð ðUrinary€Ô_ÔmutagenicityÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔthioethersÔ_Ô€in€nonsmokers:€role€of€environmentalÏtobacco€smoke€(Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô)€and€diet,ðð€òòMutation€Researchóó€1996;€368:€195„204.]ó óÐ É d ÐÌ#€7€June€1989,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€2023536371€„€6373.Ìà ½ àThis€is€identical€to€the€minutes€dated€25€May€1989.ÌÌ#€24€June€1989,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€2028527932€„€7933.Ìà ½ àPassive€smoke€study€in€rats,€the€life„time€study:€Hoffman€of€Ô_ÔWynderÔ_Ôððs€group€asks€for€DMÏ600,000€to€study€the€effect€of€diet€in€the€genesis€of€lung€cancer.€€A€ð ðòòÔ_ÔVDCÔ_Ô€rapid€interventionÐ =Ø  Ðforceóóðð€is€proposed€to€provide€assistance€to€allies€on€passive€smoking,€for€public€discussion€onÐ )Ä Ðradio€and€TV.ÌÌà0 ½ àòòThe€scientific€department€assumes€that€no€neoplasms€will€occur€in€rats€even€in€a€lifetimeÐ íˆ Ðexperiment,€in€contrast€to€the€experiment€with€diesel€exhaust€fumes€[Fraunhofer€Institute].€ÏProf.€Adlkofer€emphatically€spoke€in€favor€of€carrying€out€this€experiment....€However,€itÏmust€be€possible€to€stop€it€at€any€time€if€required€by€the€member€companies.óóбL½(#½(# ÐÌ#€22€August€1989,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€2028526683€„€6684.Ìà ½ àThe€Lock€study€alleging€no€change€in€cancer€rates€in€Hamburg€comes€under€criticism€for€itsÏstatistical€approach.€€The€subject€of€passive€smoking€recurs:ÌÌà0 ½ àòòIn€Canada,€the€publication€of€a€report€on€the€topic€of€passive€smoking€by€Prof.€Ô_ÔSpitzerÔ_Ô€isÐ 9Ô Ðimminent.€Prof.€A.€reported€that€Prof.€Ô_ÔSpitzerÔ_Ô€had€been€persuaded€by€John€RuppÏ[Covington€&€Burling]€to€prepare€this€report€on€the€topic€of€passive€smoking.€InÏaccordance€with€the€attitude€of€Prof.€Ô_ÔSpitzerÔ_Ô,€this€report€has€now€turned€out€to€be€ð ðantiððÏrather€than€ð ðproðð.€The€view€of€the€WPA€is€that€it€was€not€advisable€to€make€use€of€thisÏreport.€€óóò ò[N.B.€A€note€of€explanation.€€The€industryððs€law€firms€would€typically€recruitÐ Õ"p! Ðpotential€expert€consultants€by€asking€them€if€they€wished€tor€review€some€aspect€ofÏthe€scientific€literature,€or€documents€prepared€by€industry€ð!ð€for€a€fee,€of€course.€€IfÏthe€ð ðreviewðð€was€obviously€slanted€in€favor€of€the€industry,€the€law€firms€wouldÏinterview€the€consultant€and€groom€them€for€various€roles€defending€tobacco:€asÏwriters,€witnesses,€speech„givers.€€Walter€Ô_ÔSpitzerÔ_Ô€of€McGill€ð ðtook€the€money€andÏran.ðð]ó óÐa(ü#'½(#½(# ÐÌ#€30€August€1989,€ð ðStatement€of€the€Task€Force€ððÔ_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Life„Time€Rat€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€Exposure€Study,ððÏprepared€for€submission€to€the€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Science€Policy€Commission€(WPA),ðð€no€author,€RJRÏ507966206.à0  àòòóóÐ,¬'+ (# (# Їà0 ½ àòòThe€Task€Force€holds€the€opinion€that,€based€on€the€90„day€exposure€study,€a€(life„timeÐ e Ðanimal)€research€project€on€passive€smoking€is€technically€feasible.€€Such€a€study€would,Ïwithout€any€doubts,€help€to€clarify€the€currently€discussed€association€between€passiveÏsmoking€and€lung€cancer.€€If€the€Industry€sees€a€value€in€learning€about€the€results€ofÏsuch€a€study€as€soon€as€possible€and€before€others€do,€they€are€well€advised€to€have€suchÏa€study€conducted.€€There€is€little€likelihood€that€the€exposure€of€animals€to€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€willÏresult€in€an€increased€incidence€of€lung€cancer.€€This,€however,€cannot€be€completelyÏruled€out.€€In€case,€as€is€expected,€that€the€results€turn€out€to€be€negative,€they€couldÏundoubtedly€be€used€in€the€scientific€discussion€on€passive€smoking,€anticipatingÏfavorable€impact.€€Philip€Morris€has€abstained€from€voting€on€this€statement.óóб L ½(#½(# ÐÌÒeÒ#€6€September€1989,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€2028526533€„€6535.Ìà r àAdlkofer€presses€for€the€lifetime€exposure€study€in€rats€ð!ð€it€would€last€four€years.€AdlkoferÏand€Ô_ÔKlusÔ_Ô€present€preliminary€data€that€after€intravenous€injection€of€nicotine€no€Ô_ÔnitrosamineÔ_Ô€is€foundÏin€the€saliva.€PM€Germany€warns€Adlkofer€not€to€publish€the€results.€€Statistician€P.N.€LeeððsÏcontract€is€extended.ÌÌ#€7€September€1989,€memo,€from€Lutz€Mueller€(RJR€R&D€Scientific€Affairs,€Cologne,€Germany)Ïto€A.€W.€Hayes,€Gary€Burger,€Charles€Green,€Robert€Suber,€ð ðÔ_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Life„Time€Rat€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€ExposureÏStudy,ðð€RJR€507966203€„€6205.Ìà r àThe€30€August€statement€above€was€presented€to€the€Science€Policy€Commission€(WPA)€onÏ31€August.€€The€scientists€were€concerned€that€the€independent€Fraunhofer€Institute€(see€29ÏOctober€1982€on€their€cadmium€studies€in€rats)€would€conduct€the€study.€€Adlkofer€expected€theÏlife„time€study€to€show€ð ðòònot€less€and€not€moreðð€óó€than€the€90„day€study,€which€showedÐ ™4 Ðð ðòòÔ_ÔhyperplasticÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔmetaplasticÔ_Ô€changes€in€the€dorsal„nasal€Ô_ÔturbinatesÔ_Ô€[i.e.€nose€passages],€whichÐ …  Ðwere€fully€reversible.ððóó€€€Such€an€inhalation€study€requires€the€most€meticulous€of€laboratoryÐ q  Ðsettings€(Fraunhofer€tears€down€their€space,€air€ducts,€tubing,€intake€and€exhaust€fittings€after€eachÏstudy).€ð ðòòIn€addition,€it€was€discussed€which€strain€[of€rats]€would€be€the€one€most€sensitive,€ò òandÐ Iä Ðwhether€it€would€be€wise€to€use€the€most€sensitive€animal€model€after€all.€óó[N.B.€EmphasisÐ 9Ô Ðadded.]ó ó€The€WPA€was€also€concerned€about€body€uptake.€€The€WPA€also€considered€the€cost,Ð %À Ðsome€DM€4€million.€€The€WPA€decided€to€consult€with€Francis€Roe€and€Dietrich€Ô_ÔSchmaehlÔ_Ô.Ìò ò[N.B.€€Adlkofer€was€being€too€carefree:€the€ð ðÔ_ÔmetaplasticÔ_Ôðð€changes€after€90€days€could€wellÐ !œ Ðpresage€conversion€to€cancer€with€prolonged,€ð ðlife„timeðð€exposure.]ó óÐ í!ˆ  ÐÌ#€4€October€1989,€memo,€from€Lutz€Mueller€to€parties€noted€in€7€September€memo,€above,€ð ðÔ_ÔVdCÔ_ÔÏLife„Time€Rat€Exposure€Study,ðð€RJR€507966238€„€6239.Ìà r àApparently€Roe€and€Ô_ÔSchmaehlÔ_Ô€reacted€positively€to€the€proposed€study,€supported€by€RJRððsÏMueller.€€PM€suddenly€provided€a€more€critical€review€by€Dr.€Wolf€Ô_ÔReininghausÔ_Ô,€Head€of€theÏInhalation€Group€at€Ô_ÔINBIFOÔ_Ô€(PMððs€Cologne„based€Research€Institute).€€No€decision€taken.€€TheÏÔ_ÔReininghausÔ_Ô€document€could€not€be€located€on€the€tobacco€documentsðð€websites.ÌÌ#€15€November€1989,€memo,€from€Mueller€to€above€plus€Gary€Burger,€Charles€Ô_ÔCogginsÔ_Ô,€DavidÏâ âDoolittle,€Arnold€Ô_ÔMosbergÔ_Ô,€ð ðÔ_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Life„Time€Rat€Exposure€Study,ðð€RJR€509638432€„€8433.Ð %+À&* Ðà r àThe€topic€was€removed€from€the€WPA,€at€PMððs€request,€to€be€discussed€further€at€the€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_ÔÏâ âBoard€(made€up€of€the€company€Ô_ÔCEOsÔ_Ô).€€Mueller€hopes€the€Board€will€ð ðòòde„Ô_ÔemotionalizeÔ_Ôððóó€the€issue.€Ð Qì Ðð ðòòThe€alternative€would€be€to€give€in€to€the€emotional€obstacles€which€have€surfaced€(and€to€PMððsÐ =Ø Ðbasic€resistance€as€well)€and€to€not€pursue€this€study€any€further.óóððÐ )Ä ÐÌ#€21€November€1989,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€2028526343€„€6344.Ìà r àAll€companies€except€PM€are€in€favor€of€the€long„term€passive€exposure€study€in€rats.Ìò òó óÌ#20€December€1989,€memo,€Mueller€to€above,€ð ðÔ_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€Lifetime€Animal€Exposure€Study,ðð€RJRÏ507966291.ÌÌà0 r àòòAt€the€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Board€Meeting€on€December€12,€1989,€the€controversial€subject€of€the€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_ÔÐ ‰$  ÐÔ_ÔETSÔ_Ô€Lifetime€Animal€Exposure€Study€was€again€discussed,€this€time€at€the€highest€level.€AtÏthis€meeting,€Philip€Morris€presented€a€document€which€you€will€find€enclosed€in€EnglishÏtranslation.€€It€looks€like€Philip€Morris€has€dissociated€itself€somewhat€from€Dr.ÏÔ_ÔReininghausÔ_Ôðð€presentation€and€is€now€focusing€on€the€more€political€questions€concerningÏthis€study.óóÐ%Àr(#r(# ÐÌ#€11€January€1990,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€2028527096€„€7098.Ìà r àPM€rejects€lifetime€passive€inhalation€study.€€PM€reports€an€outside€study€that€now€seemsÌto€indicate€high€levels€of€dioxin€in€tobacco€smoke.€€The€top€ten€German€brands€will€be€studied.ÌÌ#€16€January€1990,€memo,€Mueller€to€several€RJR€scientists,€ð ðÔ_ÔVDCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€Lifetime€Animal€ExposureÏStudy,ðð€RJR€508947297.ÌÌà0 r àòòFormally,€the€study€proposal€was€turned€down€by€the€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Board€on€December€12,€1989€byÐ q  Ða€3:2€margin€(con:€PM,€BAT,€Ô_ÔReemstmaÔ_Ô;€pro:€RJR,€Ô_ÔBrinkmannÔ_Ô).€Nevertheless,€the€issue€isÏstill€alive€and€has€turned€up€again€at€the€most€recent€meeting€of€the€Science€PolicyÏCommitteeóó....òòThe€three€companies€whose€Ô_ÔCEOsÔ_Ô€had€opposed€the€study€at€the€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€BoardÐ 5Ð Ðmeeting€were€asked€to€explain€their€reasoning.€€While€this€memorandum€is€not€the€place€toÏgo€into€details,€I€have€to€say€that€their€arguments€were€very€weak€indeed.óóððÐ ¨r(#r(# ÐÌAdlkofer€was€asked€to€take€advice€from€the€Chairman€of€the€Ô_ÔMAKÔ_Ô€Commission,€Prof.€Ô_ÔHentschlerÔ_Ô,Ïand€Prof.€Ô_ÔZbindenÔ_Ô€(ð ðòòthe€Grand€Old€Man€of€European€animal€toxicologyóóðð).ò òó óÐ Ñ"l! ÐÌ#€8€February€1990,€Minutes,€Funk€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€2028526870€„€6873.Ìà r àDNA€adducts,€benzene€effects€on€smokers€to€be€studied.€€Under€the€heading€ð ðòòCooperationÐ •%0!$ Ðwith€Prof.€Ô_ÔUeberlaÔ_Ô,óóððÔ_ÔUeberlaÔ_Ô€proposes€five€studies:€1)€An€opinion€survey€of€German€experts€on€lungÐ &"% Ðcancer€and€passive€smoking;€2)€study€of€all€endogenous€and€exogenous€factors€which€can€result€inÏlung€cancer;€3)€attempt€to€estimate€risk€of€lung€cancer€in€non„smoker;€4)€meeting€of€experts€toÏdetermine€causes€of€endogenous€cancer€in€Munich;€5)€scholarship€support€for€public€healthÏstudents.€€Animal€inhalation€study€no€longer€to€be€done€by€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô.ÌÌ#€10€May€1990,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€2023536126€„€6127.Ð  ,¤'+ Ðà r àFederal€Office€of€Environment€complains€to€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€about€contamination€of€environment€byÏcigarette€filters€(i.e.,€butts)€and€packaging.€€Adlkofer€wants€to€do€research€on€a€nicotine€capsule€andÏgets€approval€for€a€preliminary€study.€€It€is€not€said€what€this€is€for,€but€one€suspects€it€is€more€forÏthe€pharmacologic€effect€and€not€for€quitting€smoking.€€Ô_ÔMagnussenÔ_Ôððs€research€shows€no€effect€ofÏacute€smoke€exposure€on€people€with€bronchial€asthma.ÌÌ#€30€May€1990,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€2028531633€„€1635.Ìà r àWPA€now€worries€about€the€ethics€of€Prof.€Ô_ÔMagnussenÔ_Ôððs€research.€€WPA€decides€that€sinceÏÔ_ÔPreussmanÔ_Ô,€contrary€to€D.€Hoffmanððs€findings,€showed€no€relationship€between€nicotine€contentÏand€the€appearance€of€Ô_ÔnitrosaminesÔ_Ô€due€to€burning,€ð ðòòthere€was€seen€to€be€no€need€for€further€Ô_ÔVDCÔ_ÔÐ ± L  Ðactivities€in€this€area.ððóó€€The€Ô_ÔForschungsratÔ_Ô€opposes€advertising€ban€since€this€will€make€itÐ  8  Ðimpossible€for€them€ð ðòòto€fulfill€its€informative€role€in€regard€to€the€less€harmful€cigarette.ððóó€Ð ‰$  ÐProblem€with€titanium€dioxide€in€German€CA€filters€ò ò[N.B.€€No€irony€intended€or€observed€in€theÐ u  Ðname€of€these€filters.]ó ó,€something€that€is€continuing€outside€Germany€as€well.€ð ðòòIn€view€of€theÐ e  Ðpresent€technical€and€legal€situation,€PM€and€RJR€see€no€need€for€this.ððóóÐ Uð  ÐÌ#€20€June€1990,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€2028531456€„€1458.Ìà r àBenzene€taken€up€by€non„smokers€from€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€is€said€to€be€less€than€from€ambient€air€inÏMunich.ò òó ó€ò òòò€ó óóó€Ô_ÔMagnussenÔ_Ôððs€research€shows€no€provocation€of€asthma€in€asthmatics€exposed€to€passiveÐ   Ðsmoke€at€high€levels€(CO€20€Ô_ÔppmÔ_Ô).ÌÌ#€26€July€1990,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔOsdeneÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€2050803831€„€3834.Ìà r àMuch€discussion€on€the€Ô_ÔCORESTAÔ_Ô€plans€for€regularizing€how€tar€and€nicotine€areÏmeasured€and€reported.€€In€discussion€of€smokerððs€motivation€research€project,€Adlkofer€offers€aÏdefinition€of€addiction:ÌÌà0 r àòòð ðWhen€an€individual€is€dependent€on€a€certain€substance€or€a€certain€Ô_ÔbehaviourÔ_Ô€to€such€anÐ i Ðextent€that€the€use€of€the€substance€or€continuation€of€the€Ô_ÔbehaviourÔ_Ô€is€completely€or€partlyÏoutside€of€the€individualððs€control,€restricting€or€eliminating€social€responsibility€on€theÏpart€of€the€individualóó.ðð€€Fink€comments:€òòThe€WPA€feels€that€this€definition€is€dangerousÐ -È Ðand€could€very€easily€be€misinterpreted.óóÐ ´r(#r(# ÐÌà r àAn€Adlkofer€manuscript€on€benzene€is€almost€rejected€for€publication€by€WPA€as€ð ðòòunwise.ððóóÐ ñ!Œ  ÐPM€asks€that€analyses€of€benzene€in€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€be€eliminated€from€the€manuscript€ð ðòòsince€they€wereÐ Ý"x! Ðobtained€under€unrealistic€conditions€(Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€concentrations€of€10€and€20€Ô_ÔppmÔ_Ô€CO€[parts€perÏmillion€carbon€monoxide].ðð€óó€ò ò[N.B.€Ô_ÔHugodÔ_Ôððs€study€funded€by€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€used€20€Ô_ÔppmÔ_Ô€CO,€RussellððsÐ µ$P # Ð1973€study,€deliberately€using€heavy€doses€of€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô,€came€up€with€38€Ô_ÔppmÔ_Ô;€10€and€20€Ô_ÔppmÔ_Ô€COÏis€not€ð ðunrealistic.ððó óòò€óóò ò€See€note€4€June€1982.€€It€may€not€have€been€revealed€to€the€WPA€that€aÐ ‘&,"% Ðpaper€on€benzene€in€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€had€just€been€published€by€Adlkofer:€See€Adlkofer€F,€et€al.,Ïð ðSignificance€of€exposure€to€benzene€and€other€toxic€compounds€through€environmentalÏtobacco€smoke,ðð€òòJournal€of€Cancer€Research€and€Clinical€Oncologyóó€1990;€116:€591„8.]Ð Y)ô$( Ðà r àó óÔ_ÔAtteslanderÔ_Ôððs€rebuttal€to€the€Swiss€Health€Departmentððs€study€on€ð ðSmoking€and€MortalityððÐ E*à%) Ðis€criticized€by€Harold€Koenig€as€one€ð ðòòwhich€could€have€come€from€the€pen€of€PM.ððóóÐ 1+Ì&* Ð(See€9€March€1987.)Ð ,¸'+ Ї#€28€September€1990,€unsigned€list,€ð ðÔ_ÔCORESTAÔ_Ô€SS/Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€TASK€FORCE€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€PROPOSALS,ðð€ÌBW€562400144.Ìà r àAnnouncement€that€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€will€discontinue€Ô_ÔsidestreamÔ_Ô€smoke€analysis,€do€no€development€ofÏstandard€methods€for€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô,€but€simply€to€be€a€forum€for€information€and€establish€an€advisoryÏcommittee€ð ðòòwith€the€precedent€of€the€agrochemicals€advisory€committee€in€mind.óóððÐ ° ÐÌ#€1€October€1990,€memo,€Mueller€to€members€of€the€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€ð ðÔ_ÔCorestaÔ_Ô€SS/Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€Task€ForceÏMeeting,ðð€RJR€507965875€„€5876.ÌÌà0 r àòòWork€on€Ô_ÔsidestreamÔ_Ô€smoke€and€its€discussion€by€the€Task€Force€has€now€virtually€come€toÐ ± L  Ða€halt.€€It€was€strongly€felt€that€the€ongoing€modification€of€smoking€methods€(especiallyÏthe€work€on€ambient€airflow€around€cigarettes)€by€the€Ô_ÔCORESTAÔ_Ô€Smoking€MethodsÏHarmonization€Task€Force€has€made€all€current€activities€regarding€Ô_ÔsidestreamÔ_Ô€smokeÏrather€questionable.€€A€moratorium€of€all€Task€Force€work€on€Ô_ÔsidestreamÔ_Ô€smoke€was€widelyÏÔ_ÔsupportdÔ_Ô€by€Task€Force€members€(PM„USA,€PM„E,€RJR,€Ô_ÔRothmanÔ_Ôððs,€Ô_ÔTabaqueriaÔ_Ô,ÏÔ_ÔReemstmaÔ_Ô,€BAT„D).€€óóò ò[N.B.€The€ð ðharmonizationðð€came€about€as€a€solution€to€theÐ 9Ô  ÐBarclay€Cigarette€controversy,€when€the€Industry€agreed€on€how€measurements€of€tarÏand€nicotine€would€be€reported.€€See€Ô_ÔHirschhornÔ_Ôððs€Ô_ÔGlobalinkÔ_Ô€annotation€inÏBATCODOC4,€15€September€1989,€BAT€(File€AA€0832)€401112655€„€662.€€ThisÏapparently€put€any€further€research€on€smoke€nicotine€and€Ô_ÔparticulatesÔ_Ô€off„limits.]ó óÐíˆr(#r(# ÐÌ#€2€February€1991,€telex,€from€Fink€to€Robert€Pages,€ð ðÔ_ÔBruneÔ_Ô,ðð€PM€2024470743.A.Ìà r àFink€comments€sardonically€on€the€failed€animal€passive€smoke€inhalation€study€[ellipses€inÏoriginal]:ÌÌà0 r àòòBob:€Do€you€want€to€buy€two€SS„inhalation€chambers?€Yes?€Then€contact€Dr.€Ô_ÔBruneÔ_Ô,Ð u ÐHamburg.€The€labs€of€Dr.€Ô_ÔBruneÔ_Ô€were€closed....The€official€version€is€that€he€has€retired.ÏThe€unofficial€version....he€had€nothing€to€do€after€the€animal€protection€law€becameÏeffective€Germany.€€And€now€you€can€put€together€the€puzzle€called€ð ðÔ_ÔVDCÔ_Ô€SS€animalÏinhalation€study.ðð€...good€friend€Ô_ÔBruneÔ_Ô€went€to€good€friend€Ô_ÔSchmaelÔ_Ô€asking€ð ðcan€youÏorganize€some€Ô_ÔlongtermÔ_Ô€contacts€for€me?€...good€friend€Ô_ÔSchmaehlÔ_Ô€said€ð ðcertainly,€I€have€aÏgood€friend€Adlkoferðð€...good€friend€Adlkofer€said€to€Ô_ÔSchmaelÔ_Ô,€ð ðno€problem,€the€Ô_ÔstupidsÔ_Ô€ofÏthe€cigarette€industry€will€do€what€I€propose.€How€much€money€does€your€good€friendÏÔ_ÔBruneÔ_Ô€need€for€the€next€4€years..4,5€or€6€millions?ðð€...good€friend€Ô_ÔSchmaelÔ_Ô€went€to€goodÏfriend€Ô_ÔBruneÔ_Ô€and€told€him€and€they€opened€one€big€bottle€of€Ô_ÔchampainÔ_Ô€[sic]€(or€possiblyÏtwo€because€they€had€to€give€some€cheers€to€good€friend€Adlkofer)€and€they€celebrated€andÏthey€were€doubled€up€with€laughter..€These€Ô_ÔbastardsÔ_Ô€of€PM€do€not€appreciate€a€joke..óóЙ%4!$r(#r(# ÐÌ*€5€April€1991,€memo,€Mueller€to€Charles€Ô_ÔBlixtÔ_Ô,€A.W.€Hayes,€John€Robinson,€ð ðÔ_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Statement€onÏNicotine€Addiction,ðð€RJR€508302193€„€2194.Ìà r àThe€European€Commission€proposed€that€labeling€include€the€phrase€on€cigarette€packs,Ïð ðSmoking€causes€addiction.ðð€ð ðòòThe€German€wording€is€ððÔ_ÔRauchenÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔmachtÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔabhangigÔ_Ô,ðð€literallyÐ 5*Ð%) Ðtranslated:€ððSmoking€makes€you€dependentðð....€a€fairly€soft€expression....€A€much€stronger€word€inÏGerman€would€be€ððÔ_ÔSuchtÔ_Ôðð€or€ððÔ_ÔsuchtigÔ_Ô€but,€interestingly€enough,€this€was€not€used....óóððòò€óóÐ  ,¨'+ Ї#€8€April€1991,€minutes,€Fink€to€M.C.€Ô_ÔBourlasÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€2028527873€„€7875.Ìà r àMore€on€Ô_ÔCORESTAÔ_Ô€and€on€German€pesticide€regulations.€€Research€on€ð ðòòsmokerÐ Qì Ðmotivationóóðð€compares€steady€smokers€and€ex„smokers.€No€details€given.Ð =Ø ÐÌ#€€April€1991,€meeting€notes,€in€German,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA€meeting,€unsigned,€PM€2028531816€„€1822.Ìà r àReport€on€Ô_ÔCORESTAÔ_Ô€meeting.€€Adlkofer€presented€his€scientific€views€on€passive€smokingÏto€a€German€Ô_ÔinterministerialÔ_Ô€council,€and€the€discussion€became€quite€controversial,€and€WPA€wasÏconcerned€that€an€ð ðòòunscientificóóðð€report€might€come€out€of€the€council,€with€a€Mr.€Ô_ÔJungeÔ_Ô€andÐ Ù t ÐProfessor€Ô_ÔSeifertÔ_Ô€of€the€Federal€Health€Department€leading€the€effort.€€Various€other€topicsÏdiscussed,€including€a€study€proposed€by€Dr.€Adlkofer€of€confounding€variables€in€the€causation€ofÏlung€cancer€among€smokers€and€non„smokers.€€A€proposal€to€review€passive€smoking€in€smoking€isÏtabled.ÌÌ#€11€June€1991,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔBourlasÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€2028531825€„€1827.Ìà r àAmerican€Health€Foundation€(Ô_ÔWynderÔ_Ô)€submits€proposal€to€study€epidemiology€of€lungÏcancer€in€Japan€and€USA,€with€budget€of€Ô_ÔUSDÔ_Ô€360,000.€ÌÌ#€18€June€1991,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔBourlasÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€2028533162€„€3164.Ìà r àÔ_ÔWynderÔ_Ôððs€research€proposal€on€confounding€factors€causing€lung€cancer€(diet,€cookingÏhabits,€other€kinds€of€pollution,€social€status€and€alcohol)€submitted€to€Ô_ÔForschungsratÔ_Ô€and€WPA,Ïapproved€at€Ô_ÔUSDÔ_Ô€360,000.€€P.N.€Lee€and€Prof.€Ô_ÔUeberlaÔ_Ô€revising€protocol.€€On€co„Ô_ÔopereationÔ_ÔÏbetween€member€companies€and€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô:€òòð ðPM,€RJR€and€RE€believe€that€it€is€necessary€to€makeÐ Á\ Ðgreater€attempts€to€communicate€objective€information€derived€from€Ô_ÔVDCÔ_Ô€research€projects€toÏsupport€the€uncertain€consumer.ððóó€ò ò[N.B.€Irony€of€this€statement€not€noted.]ó óÐ ™4 ÐÌ*€3€July€1991,€telex,€from€Bob€Pages€(PM€counsel)€to€Steve€Ô_ÔParrishÔ_Ô€(VP€PM€International),Ïð ðÔ_ÔForschungsratÔ_Ô€Foundation,ðð€PM€2023246072.Ìà r àWalter€Fink€has€advised€Pages€that€the€German€Research€Council€(Ô_ÔForschungsratÔ_Ô)€onÏSmoking€and€Health€may€turn€itself€into€a€foundation.ÌÌà0 r àòòThe€idea€is€to€try€to€broaden€their€activities€while€at€the€same€time€trying€to€betterÐ  ¬ Ðcontrol/guide€their€efforts€so€they€donððt€pursue€long„term€programs€we€donððt€like....€[Ô_ÔT]heÔ_ÔÏmodel€concept€for€the€Foundation€that€is€currently€being€discussed€would€mean€that€theÏindustry€would€have€less€control....€Walter€says€that€the€PM€position€should€be€that€we€are,Ïnot,€in€principle,€opposed€to€a€foundation,€but€that€the€foundationððs€charter€(or€whatever)Ïmust€be€structured€such€that€we€can€guide/control€what€they€choose€to€do€with€the€money.óóЭ$H #r(#r(# ÐÌ#€31€July€1991,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔBourlasÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€2023536658€„€3660.Ìà r àMore€on€Ô_ÔCORESTAÔ_Ô€ð ðHarmonization€of€Smoking€Methods,ðð€and€its€imminent€publication.ÌOn€the€Ô_ÔInterministerialÔ_Ô€Working€Group€on€passive€smoking,€the€report€by€Ô_ÔNeidertÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔJungeÔ_Ô€ð ðòòisÐ ](ø#' Ðvery€one„sided€and€unscientific.€None€of€the€comments€and€corrections€made€verbally€and€inÏwriting€by€Prof.€Adlkofer€have€been€considered€by€the€authors.ððóó€€Scherer€in€Adlkoferððs€lab€asks€forÐ 5*Ð%) Ðfunding€to€extend€his€study€on€DNA€adducts;€it€is€revealed€that€the€original€study€had€not€beenÏapproved€by€the€WPA,€which€approves€the€extension€nevertheless.Ð  ,¨'+ Ї*€1€October€1991,€telex,€Robert€Pages€to€Charles€Wall,€ð ðWPA€meeting€of€September€26,€1991,ððÏcommenting€on€a€memo€from€Walter€Fink€to€Pages,€attached,€PM€2023222878€„€2880.Ìà r àPages€briefs€Wall€on€the€latest€ð ðòòtempestóóðð€with€Adlkofer€and€WPA.€€It€began€with€AdlkoferððsÐ =Ø Ðreport€in€January€1991€to€WPA€that€Dietrich€Hoffman€(American€Health€Foundation)€determinedÏthat€nicotine€is€metabolized€to€produce€€Ô_ÔnitrosamineÔ_Ô€within€the€body,€and€would€present€the€resultsÏin€Hawaii€in€October€1991.€€WPA€approved€secret€research€to€determine€it€for€themselves.€€TheÏfirst€results€were€reported€negative:€looking€for€endogenous€Ô_ÔnitrosamineÔ_Ô€generated€from€nicotine€byÏattaching€a€radioactive€tracer€on€nicotine€administered€to€volunteers.€€A€poster€abstract€wasÏsubmitted€to€the€Hawaii€conference.€€It€turned€out,€subsequently€that€in€one€of€the€smokers€out€ofÏten€tested,€there€was€indeed€endogenous€Ô_ÔnitrosamineÔ_Ô€discovered;€but€Adlkofer€would€not€revise€theÏabstract€(ð ðòòcould€be€an€artifactóóðð).€€Then,€as€Fink€described,€three€more€of€the€ten€smokersðð€wereÐ  8  Ðfound€positive.€€The€WPA€decided€to€present€the€original€negative€results€and€ð ðòòproject€workÐ ‰$  Ðterminatedóó.ðð€€Fink€continued€his€report:Ð u  ÐÌà0 r àòòAfter€this€WPA€(all€members€+€Dr.€Koenig)€[Koenig€recently€made€scientific€director€ofÐ Mè  ÐÔ_ÔVdCÔ_Ô]€€decided€that€poster€presentation€will€not€be€given€and€A.€and€his€coworkers€are€notÏallowed€to€participate€in€the€Hawaii€meeting.€€As€ð ðsensitiveðð€results€generated€by€theÏMunich€Lab€(established€to€work€on€sensitive€issues)€are€distributed€by€A.,€the€future€of€theÏMunich€Lab€will€be€discussed.€€The€situation€after€24€September€is€comparable€with€theÏsituation€under€Ô_ÔDontenwillÔ_Ô.€€Will€the€consequences€be€the€same?€ò òÐé„r(#r(# Ðó óÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔóóÌLawyer€Pages€minimized€the€scientific€finding:Ô#†X—mXX X—mè#Ôò ò€ó óÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔÐ Á\ ÐÌà0 r àòòI€donððt€think€that€the€detection€of€a€compound€in€the€urine€of€SOME€smokers€ððprovesððÐ 8 Ðanything€about€the€hypothesis.€€It€may€be€consistent€with€a€proposed€chemical€or€metabolicÏpathway,€but€it€does€not€by€itself€prove€the€hypothesis....€(Thatððs€my€view€of€the€science;Ïnewspaper€media€coverage€devoted€to€these€results€may€be€quite€something€else.)óóÐaür(#r(# ÐÔ#†X—mXX X—m’è#Ôò òÌà r à[N.B.€€Ô‡ X—mXXX—mÔIn€1975,€the€Verband€closed€its€Research€Institute€laboratory,€leasing€theÐ 9Ô Ðfacility€to€the€German€Government€for€a€nominal€one€DM€a€year.€According€to€the€1980ÏBBC€Panorama€program€exposing€the€practices€of€the€British€American€Tobacco€Company,ÏVerband€did€so€because€the€Instituteððs€Director,€Professor€W.€Ô_ÔDontenwillÔ_Ô,€had€demonstratedÏlaryngeal€cancer€in€hamsters€inhaling€cigarette€smoke€(W.€Ô_ÔDontenwillÔ_Ô,€et€al.€Journal€of€theÏNational€Cancer€Institute€1973,€vol.€51,€1781„1832),€and€cardiovascular€disease€in€pigs.€ÏAccording€to€Panorama,€a€secret€Verband€meeting€pensioned€off€Dr.€Ô_ÔDontenwillÔ_Ô€with€1.6Ïmillion€DM,€the€equivalent€of€ten€years€salary.€€The€Research€Institute€was€replaced€by€anÏð ðindependentðð€research€funding€agency€supported€by€the€German€and€transnationalÏcigarette€industry,€with€a€Research€Council€used€to€approve€research€proposals€coming€fromÏvarious€scientists€and€institutions.]ó óÐ q' #& ÐÌ#€5€November€1991,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔBourlasÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€2028455070€„€5072.Ìà r àProfessor€Schmidtððs€proposed€study€on€birth€outcomes€of€pregnant€smokers€was€rejected€inÏits€present€form.€€More€on€the€Ô_ÔInterministerialÔ_Ô€Working€Group€report€on€Ô_ÔpasiveÔ_Ô€smoking:ÌÐ  ,¨'+ Ðà0 r àòòThe€one„sided€and€unscientific€report€on€passive€smoking€by€Ô_ÔNeidertÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔJunge.BGAÔ_ÔÐ e Ð(statement:€passive€smokers€get€lung€cancer€substantially€more€frequently€than€peopleÏexposed€to€asbestos)...will€form€the€basis€for€decisions€with€regard€to€future€health€policyÏmeasures€in€Germany.€In€view€of€the€situation,€it€was€decided€to€increase€efforts€in€theÏpolitical€arena€to€ensure€a€more€objective€discussion.€As€a€first€step,€a€meeting€has€beenÏarranged€with€Mrs.€Ô_ÔHasselfeltÔ_Ô€of€the€Ministry€of€Health€for€the€end€of€September€[sic].óóÐ œr(#r(# ÐÌ#€19€November€1991,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔBourlasÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€2028455043€„€5045.Ìà r àIn€discussion€of€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€ð ðresearch€conceptðð€paper:€ð ðòòPM€and€RJR€pleaded€for€the€inclusion€ofÐ Å ` Ðthe€areas€ð ðSmokerððs€Environmentðð€and€ð ðAlternative€Causes€of€Diseaseðð€with€simultaneousÏinclusion€of€the€Ô_ÔVDCÔ_Ô€research€in€a€more€political€oriented€research€concept.óóððÐ  8  ÐÌà r àÔ_ÔCORESTAÔ_Ôððs€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€task€force€decides€not€to€use€nicotine€in€ambient€air€as€a€measure€of€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô.ÏÔ_ÔCORESTAÔ_Ô€had€already€decided€against€further€experimental€work€on€Ô_ÔsidestreamÔ_Ô€smoke€analyses.Ïð ðòòWPA€discussed€the€question€of€the€scientific€value€of€Ô_ÔsidestreamÔ_Ô€smoke€analyses.€In€general,€thisÐ Mè  Ðactivity€is€not€believed€to€be€necessary.óóððÐ 9Ô  ÐÌ*€11€December€1991,€telex,€Robert€Pages€to€Charles€Wall,€ð ðResearch€ð!ð€Ô_ÔVDCÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔForschungsratÔ_Ô,ðð€PMÏ2023223420.Ìà r àPages€asks€Wall€not€to€distribute€the€list€of€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô„funded€projects€(see€1€September€1991).€ÏOnly€four€copies€exist.ÌÔ#†X—mXX X—m­ê#ÔÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔÌ*€21€December€1991,€R€Pages€memo€to€Charles€Wall,€ð ðÔ_ÔVdCÔ_Ô/Ô_ÔForshungsratÔ_Ô.ðð€PM€202322342.Ô#†X—mXX X—mù#ÔÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔÐ ­H Ðà r àPhilip€Morris€secretly€obtains€list€of€Ô_ÔForschungsratÔ_Ô€projects,€and€Pages€asks€Wall€to€beÏdiscreet€as€it€apparently€conveys€some€advantage€to€PM€over€the€other€companies.€AdlkoferÏmanages€to€make€secret€deals€with€each€company€in€turn.€ÌÌà0 r àòò[Walter€Fink]€hopes€that€you€will€not€widely€distribute€the€list€of€Ô_ÔForschungsratÔ_Ô€projectsÐ Iä Ðbecause€of€its€confidentiality€and€the€conditions€under€which€he€was€able€to€obtain€itÏ(private€agreement€between€Fink€and€Adlkofer€over€the€protest€of€Ô_ÔBruecknerÔ_Ô)....€At€the€nextÏmeeting€of€the€WPA€at€the€Verband...there€will€be€a€discussion€of€the€general€subject€ofÏhow€to€handle€requests€by€member€companies€for€information€on€Ô_ÔForschungsratÔ_Ô€projects.óóÐù ”r(#r(# ÐÌÔ#†X—mXX X—möù#ÔÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔ*€29€January€1992,€R.€Pages€memo€to€Steven€Ô_ÔParrishÔ_Ô€(in€1995,€Senior€Vice€President€of€PhilipÐ Ñ"l! ÐMorris€for€Worldwide€Regulatory€Affairs),€ð ðSubject:€Ô_ÔWynderÔ_Ô€proposal€to€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô.ðð€PM€2023222815€„Ï2816Ô#†X—mXX X—mÈý#ÔÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔ.Ð ©$D # Ðà r àErnst€Ô_ÔWynderÔ_Ô€asked€Verband€for€$500,000€for€a€two€year€epidemiological€study€of€lungÏcancer€in€Japan€and€the€United€States.€€Pages€asks,€ÌÌà0 r àòòWhat€do€we€gain€if€we€support€the€study?€€It€very€likely€[will]€provide€helpful€data€on€bothÐ Y(ô#' Ðthe€primary€and€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€issues.€€In€the€primary€area,€it€should€provide€additional€data€on€theÏimportance€of€dietary€and€possibly€familial€factors€which€are€associated€with€the€incidenceÏof€lung€cancer.€€(The€differences€in€the€dietary€habits€between€Japanese€and€Americans,Ïespecially€in€the€consumption€of€fats,€is€the€key€aspect€of€the€study.)€€In€the€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€area,€theÐ  ,¤'+ Ðinvestigators€will€look€at€Ô_ÔmisclassificationÔ_Ô€of€òòeveróó€smokers€as€òòneveróó€smokers€and€to€whatÐ e Ðextent€such€Ô_ÔmisclassificationÔ_Ô€may€have€contributed€to€the€results€reported€by€Ô_ÔHirayamaÔ_ÔÏò òóó[N.B.€€A€hand„written€marginal€note€helpfully€explains,€ð ðever€smokers€get€lungÐ =Ø Ðcancerðð]òò.€€ó óThey€will€also€examine€to€what€extent€uncontrolled€confounding€by€other€factorsÐ )Ä Ð(diet,€familial€history€of€lung€disease,€etc.)€€May€be€responsible€for€the€weak€associationsÏbetween€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€exposure€and€lung€cancer€reported€by€some€studies€ò òóó[N.B.€€Hand„writtenÐ    Ðnote:€ð ðThis€is€key.ðð]òòó ó.€Down„side:€I€really€donððt€see€any....€Ô_ÔWynderÔ_Ô€is€the€key.€€FinalÐ õ  Ðrecommendation:€You€(or€Chuck€[Wall])€should€telephone€Adlkofer€to€let€him€know€ofÏPMððs€decision.€€ò òóó[N.B.€€Philip€Morris€may€have€bought€second„hand€smoke.€€Here€in€itsÐ Ñ l Ðentirety€is€the€abstract€of€a€paper€published€by€Ernst€Ô_ÔWynderÔ_Ô€with€Takashi€Ô_ÔHirayamaÔ_ÔÏas€a€co„author€(!)€€and€published€in€òò1991óó€(Cancer,€volume€67,€746„63):Э H r(#r(# ÐÌà0 r àòòVital€statistics€were€examined€for€the€years€1955€through€1985€for€Japanese€natives€andÐ …  ÐUnited€States€whites€to€elucidate€changes€in€cancer€mortality€and€related€antecedentÏpatterns€of€life„style€in€these€two€populations.€€Results€show€that€lung€cancer€rates€areÏrapidly€accelerating€among€Japanese€males€as€a€consequence€of€their€prior€history€ofÏheavy€cigarette€smoking.€€Ô_ÔOropharyngealÔ_Ô€cancer€rates€are€also€rising€in€JapanÏparalleling€increases€in€alcohol€and€tobacco€utilization.€€As€the€Japanese€life„style€andÏdiet€continue€to€become€more€ð ðwesternized,ðð€the€rates€of€malignancies€of€the€breast,Ïovary,€corpus€uteri,€prostate,€pancreasóó,òò€and€colon€also€continue€to€rise.€€Nevertheless,€theÐ ù” Ðmortality€patterns€of€certain€malignancies,€viz.,€laryngeal,€esophageal,€and€urinaryÏbladder€cancer,€are€discrepant€with€their€established€risk€factor€associations,€suggestingÏthe€existence€of€other€differences€in€risk€factor€exposure€between€the€two€countries.€ÏÔ_ÔEpidemiologistsÔ_Ô€and€health€educators€need€to€develop€innovative€international€programsÏof€investigation€and€health€promotion€with€preventive€impact€on€common€malignanciesÏassociated€with€risk„factors€of€life„style.óó]ó óÐr(#r(# ÐÌà r àIt€is€not€known€if€Ô_ÔWynderÔ_Ô€was€funded.€€Search€of€the€literature€through€1998€shows€noÏfurther€publication€by€him€about€the€epidemiology€of€lung€cancer€in€Japan.ÌÌÔ#†X—mXX X—mBÿ#ÔÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔ#€30€January€1992,€minutes,€Fink€to€Ô_ÔBourlasÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€2050803525€„€3528.Ð  ¸ Ðà r àThe€decision€to€withdraw€the€poster€on€Ô_ÔnitrosationÔ_Ô€of€nicotine€at€the€Ô_ÔNitrosamineÔ_Ô€meeting€inÏHawaii€(Dr.€Tricker)€when€four€persons€dosed€with€radioactive€nicotine€were€found€to€haveÏÔ_ÔnitrosamineÔ_Ô€in€the€urine€òòð ðwas€subsequently€reversedóó€òòafter€repetition€of€the€experiments€had€shownÐ á"|! Ðthat€endogenous€Ô_ÔnitrosationÔ_Ô€of€nicotine€can€certainly€be€ruled€out.ððóó€ò ò[N.B.€€The€argument€overÐ Í#h" Ðendogenous€metabolism€of€nicotine€to€Ô_ÔnitrosamineÔ_Ô€„€which€does€occur,€particularly€Ô_ÔNNNÔ_Ô€„Ïoverlooks€the€fact€that€tobacco„specific€Ô_ÔnitrosaminesÔ_Ô€are€abundant€in€mainstream€andÏÔ_ÔsidestreamÔ_Ô€smoke.€€In€this€saga€of€the€Hawaii€poster,€Tricker€was€first€forbidden€to€go€toÏHawaii€and€then€permitted€to€do€so€only€when€his€results€were€reversed.]ó óÐ '#& ÐÌ#€10€March€1992,€minutes,€Fink€to€Pages,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€2028344068€„€4070.Ìà r àDiscussion€of€drafted€ð ðÔ_ÔVDCÔ_Ô€Research€Conceptðð€(see€below)€ð!ð€a€public€relations€effort€toÏâ âdefine€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€work.€€German€Federal€Health€Ministry€decides€that€passive€smoking€more€dangerousÐ 1+Ì&* Ðthan€asbestos,€despite€pleas€from€Adlkofer.€€In€one€respect,€the€Ministry€wanted€to€damp€down€theÏhysteria€over€asbestos.€€Ìâ âà r àProf.€Ô_ÔMagnussenÔ_Ôððs€research€on€exposing€children€and€adults€with€asthma€to€passive€smokingÏwas€discussed€ò ò[N.B.€The€results,€on€airway€responsiveness€after€an€hour€of€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô,€were€largelyÐ )Ä Ðunremarkable,€except€for€those€smokers€known€to€be€smoke„sensitive,€€but€the€politicalÏfallout€of€such€research€was€serious;€see€1,€4,€25€October€1992,€PM€2047903790,€2047903795,Ï2023222729.€€The€PM€executives€said,€ð ðòòWe€deplore€such€tests,€especially€when€conducted€onÐ ñ Œ Ðchildren,óóðð€ignoring€the€obvious€irony€that€the€Industry€sees€nothing€wrong€with€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€exceptÐ Ý x Ðannoyance!€€See€also€Ô_ÔMagnussenÔ_Ôððs€articles,€Clinical€Investigation€1992;€70:€368„71;€EuropeanÏRespiratory€Journal€1992;€5:€936„44;€Journal€of€Applied€Physiology€1993;€75:€553„8.]ó óÐ µ P  ÐÌà0 r àòò[Ô_ÔT]heÔ_Ô€video€of€an€Ô_ÔNDRÔ_Ô€talk€show€was€shown€in€which€Prof.€Ô_ÔMagnussenÔ_Ô€commented€veryÐ (  Ðstrongly€against€active€smoking€and,€in€the€matter€of€passive€smoking,€also€made€commentsÏon€the€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€exposure€of€children€suffering€from€asthma€which€were€entirely€inÏcontradiction€to€the€results€of€his€previous€studies€financed€by€the€Ô_ÔVDCÔ_Ô....€Prof.€AdlkoferÏexplained€the€circumstances€which€led€to€the€expansion€of€the€laboratory.€€In€a€veryÏemotional€discussion,€it€emerged€that€PM€and€RJR€wanted€detailed€information€about€theÏprojects€being€carried€out€and€the€planned€future€developments€before€agreeing€to€theÏexpansion....€Prof.€Adlkofer€took€this€as€evidence€of€personal€distrust.Ð r(#r(# Ðóóà r àà Ê àÌÔ#†X—mXX X—mú #Ôò òó óà r àA€planned€new€foundation,€separate€from€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô,€ð ðVERUMðð€is€broached€here€for€the€firstÐ Ùt Ðtime.€PM€objects€because€of€difficulties€approving€ð ðòòprivateóóðð€research€by€members€of€the€VERUMÐ Å` ÐBoard€of€Trustees.ÌÌ#€7€April€1992,€minutes€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA€meeting€of€19€March,€in€German,€unsigned,€PM€2028527468€„Ï7476.Ìà r àOne€remarkable€note€has€it€that€RJR€pledged€$70,000€support€to€Ernst€Ô_ÔWynderÔ_Ô€in€anÏunspecified€epidemiological€studyò òó ó€in€addition€to€the€existing€$200,000€grant.€€ò ò[N.B.€€A€study€onÐ Mè Ðlung€cancer€in€Japan€compared€to€USA;€see€20€May€1992.]ó ó€€Although€the€project€is€notÐ =Ø Ðspecified,€it€is€clear€that€Ô_ÔWynderÔ_Ôððs€estimable€standing€as€a€scientist€serves€smoking€well,€especiallyÏwhere€science€and€politics€coincide.€€BAT€asks€that€more€questions€on€passive€smoking€be€included.ÌÌÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔ*€9€April€1992,€Charles€Wall€letter€to€Paul€Ô_ÔHendrysÔ_Ô€(Philip€Morris„Germany),€€ð ðRe:€Philip€MorrisÐ ñ!Œ  ÐResearch.ðð€PM€2050803435€„€3439Ô#†X—mXX X—m~ #ÔÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔ.Ð Ý"x! Ðà r àDiscusses€Verband€research€PM€is€supporting,€34.5%€of€the€current€Verband€researchÏbudget.€€The€budget€amounts€to€7.1€million€DM.€€Research€proposed€for€1992€include€ErnstÏÔ_ÔWynderÔ_Ôððs€epidemiology€study€for€$500,000,€and€a€study€of€active€and€passive€smoking€on€pregnantÏwomen.ÌÌ#€10€April€1992,€report€by€Lutz€Mueller€(Ô_ÔRJRTIÔ_Ô€Cologne),€ð ðThe€scientific€department€of€theÏVerband€der€Ô_ÔCigarettenindustrieÔ_Ô.ðð€€RJR€515997765€„€7767Ô#†X—mXX X—mz!#ÔÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔÐ Q)ì$( Ðà r àPerhaps€Mueller€was€better€connected€to€Adlkofer€than€Colby€or€Ô_ÔPelzÔ_Ô€or€Ô_ÔDembachÔ_Ô;€the€toneÏof€this€report€is€much€more€positive€about€the€Verband€and€Adlkofer.€€Apparently,€the€VerbandÏlaboratory€had€been€reestablished€sometime€in€the€1980s,€and€situated€in€Munich,€with€seveñ>ñrñ>ñnÐ ,°'+ Ðscientists€(three€with€Ô_ÔPhDsÔ_Ô.).€€Much€work€on€passive€smoking,€and€a€new€promise€of€cooperationÏwith€RJR€in€Winston„Salem€is€made€by€Adlkofer.ÌÌà0 r àòòWhile€the€quality€of€the€Scientific€Departmentððs€desk€and€laboratory€research€aims€at€anÐ )Ä Ðinternational€level,€the€thrust€is€predominantly€to€influence€scientific€and€political€opinionsÏand€developments€in€Germany....€As€a€person€and€scientist,€Dr.€Adlkofer€is€very€wellÏconnected€both€with€many€reputable€international€scientists€as€well€as€leading€scientificÏand€political€figures€who€are€important€for€the€Industry€in€Germany....€With€the€exceptionÏof€one€or€two€anti„smoking€zealots,€Dr.€Adlkofer€is€accepted€by€and€in€a€position€to€talkÏwith€practically€every€scientist€and€government€official€in€Germany.€€His€access€to€manyÏinternational€scientists€is€remarkable....€I€have€great€difficulty€to€imagine€the€VerbandÏworking€in€the€way€they€do€now€without€Dr.€Adlkofer€as€the€head€of€the€VerbandððsÏScientific€Department.óóÐu r(#r(# ÐÌòòóóÔ#†X—mXX X—mí##Ô12€May€1992,€minutes,€Fink€to€Pages,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô„WPA,€meeting€of€19€March,€PM€2028344059€„€4062.Ð Mè  Ðà r àThe€new€foundation€succeeding€the€Ô_ÔForschungsratsÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔRauchenÔ_Ô€und€Ô_ÔGesundheitÔ_Ô€is€to€be€calledÏð ðVERUMðð€(Ô_ÔStiftungÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔfrÔ_Ô€òòÔ_ÔVeróóhaltungÔ_Ô€und€òòÔ_ÔUmóóweltÔ_Ô,€Behavior€and€Environment€Foundation).€ò ò[N.B.Ð %À ÐAn€article€in€International€Journal€of€Hygiene€and€Environmental€Medicine€1997;€200:€M2Ïby€anti„tobacco€activist€Prof.€Dr.€med.€Ô_ÔF.J.Ô_Ô€Ô_ÔWiebelÔ_Ô€describes€the€foundation.€€Five„sixthsÏfunding€directly€from€the€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô,€one„sixth€from€interest€on€the€endowment.€€VERUMððs€realÏwork€is€intended€to€distract€from€the€real€problem€of€passive€smoking€as€an€environmentalÏhazard.]Ìà r àó óTobacco€smoke€effect€on€biological€parameters€in€humans€rancorously€discussedÐ ±L Ð(ð ðòòdeception,ðð€ð ðblackmailððóó)€but€still€not€off€the€ground.€€ò ò[N.B.€This€English€version€of€this€sameÐ 8 Ðmeeting€described€in€German€does€NOT€mention€the€Ô_ÔWynderÔ_Ô€project€and€dollar€support!]ó óÐ ( ÐÌ*€20€May€1992,€report,€Charles€Wall€to€W.€Murray€on€research€expenditures,€page€8€of€14,€PMÏ2022850500.ÌÌà0 r àòòTo€the€best€of€my€knowledge,€the€Ô_ÔWynderÔ_Ô€proposal€remains€unfunded.€€You€may€recall€thatÐ )Ä ÐÔ_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€has€budgeted€250,000€DM€each€year€for€two€years,€and€would€like€Philip€Morris,€R.J.ÏReynolds€and€British€American€Tobacco€to€come€up€with€a€total€of€60,000€DM€each€year,Ïfor€the€next€two€years.€You€may€also€recall€that€this€is€an€epidemiological€study€of€lungÏcancer€incidence€in€Japan€and€the€United€States.óóÐÙ"t!r(#r(# ÐÌÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔ*€1€June€1992,€one„page€promotional€brochure,€ð ðÔ_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Concept,ðð€with€hand„written€comments€onÐ ±$L # Ðtext€by€Anthony€Ô_ÔAndradeÔ_Ô€(Philip€Morris€in„house€Counsel),€€ð ðTobacco€is€a€semi„luxury€product€toÏbe€enjoyed€but€more€than€just€a€matter€of€taste,ðð€and€illustrated€with€an€18th€century€snuff€box€andÏa€tobacco€plant.€.€PM€2501200120Ô#†X—mXX X—m%2#ÔÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔ.Ð u'#& Ðà r àHandwritten€heading:€òòð ðPM„GermanyÔ#†X—mXX X—m4#ÔÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔóó.ðð€€Printed€text,€two€columns,€one€column€hand„Ð a(ü#' Ðunderlined€and€encircled:Ì€Ìà0 r àòòPleasure€also€has€a€lot€to€do€with€good,€sound€common€sense.€€On€first€sight€that€may€seemÐ %+À&* Ða€paradox.€€However,€even€the€philosophers€of€ancient€Greece,€Epicurus€and€Platoóó€òòwithÐ ,¬'+ ÐÔ_Ôtheir€widely€differing€doctrines€agreed€that€pleasure€should€above€all€be€taken€inÏmoderation.€€Satisfaction€and€enjoyment€are€the€fruits€of€a€healthy€balance€betweenÏcommon€sense€and€sensual€fulfilment.€€Moderation€is€the€highest€principle€governing€allÏthings,€including€pleasure.€€As€a€leading€cigarette€manufacturer,€Philip€Morris€supportsÏpleasure€in€moderation.€€Immoderation€and€excess€stifle€the€experience€of€good€taste€andÏtrue€satisfaction.€€Sensible€smokers€with€good€common€sense€derive€real€pleasure€fromÏmoderate€cigarette€consumption.€€They€are€responsible€adults€who€are€able€to€judge€forÏthemselves€what€pleasure€is,€who€understand€the€risks€involved€and€know€what€is€right€forÏthem.Ð r(#r(# ÐóóÌà r àHand„written€comments€in€margin:ÌÌà0 r àòòModeration€Argument.€€1.€€What€is€ð ðmoderate€cig.€€consumptionðð?€€2.€€At€what€amountÐ u  Ðdoes€smoking€become€ð ðexcessiveðð€and€a€risk€to€health?€€3.€€We€canððt€say€moderateÏsmoking€is€part€of€a€ð ðhealthy€balance.ðð€4.€€Obvious€problems€that€flow€from€suggestingÏthat€there€is€a€magic€line€of€demarcation€separating€safe€smoking€from€unsafe€smoking.€€5.€ÏReassurance€of€safety€re€moderate€smoker;€admission€re€heavy€smoker.Ð r(#r(# ÐÌóóÔ#†X—mXX X—m‘4#Ô*€3€June€1992,€translation€of€a€concept€paper,€Beecken€to€Parrish€and€Wall,€ð ðVdC€ResearchÐ ý˜ ÐConcept,ðð€with€marginal€notes€by€an€handwriting€that€looks€like€Anthony€Andradeððs,€PMÏ2501192695€„€2697.€See€memo€of€transmittal€Beecken€to€Andrade,€*€10€June€1992,€PMÏ2501192694.ÌÌà0 r àòòThe€German€cigarette€industry€actively€participates€in€the€discussion€about€scientificÐ ™4 Ðhealth€policy€and€social€aspects€of€smoking.óó€ò ò[Hand„written€marginal€comment:òò€WeÐ …  Ðwould€not€want€to€make€such€sweeping€statements€in€view€of€Cordova;€we€can€say€weÏwill€encourage€publication€of€research€results€in€scientific€journalsóó]€ó óòòóó....€òòBy€means€of€itsÐ aü Ðown€research€as€well€as€through€continuous€cooperation€with€scientific€institutions€outsideÏof€industry,€the€cigarette€industry€acquires€knowledge€which€contributes€to€an€objectiveÏdiscussion€of€the€topic€ð ðsmoking€and€healthðð.ò òóó€[Hand„written€marginal€comment:€òòwe€doÐ )Ä Ðnot€want€to€commit€to€a€discussion]ó ó....€For€consumers,€smoking€is€ð!ð€if€moderate€ð!ð€one€ofÐ  ´ Ðlifeððs€pleasures.€€The€present€conception€assumes€that€the€smoking€of€cigarettes€willÏcontinue€in€the€future€to€be€enjoyed€by€many€people€who€do€not€want€to€refrain€fromÏsmoking.€óóò ò{Hand„written€marginal€comments:€òòif€not€moderate,€then€what€happens?€WeÐ á"|! Ðcannot€make€the€moderation€argumentóó]ó ó....€òòBasic€medical€research€to€identify€other€non„Ð Ñ#l" Ðtobacco€exogenous€and€exogenous€factors€which€may€be€related€to€the€possible€effects€ofÏsmoking.€óóò ò[Hand„written€marginal€note:€òòthis€is€a€claim€in€Cordova;€this€should€not€beÐ ­%H!$ Ðexplicitly€stated€but€should€be€accomplished€in€investigating€the€[?]€relationship€betweenÏsmoking€and€certain€diseasesóó]òò€óóó ó€òòThe€results€of€national€and€international€researchÐ ‰'$#& Ðincluding€that€carried€out€by€the€VdC€must€be€comprehensively€and€understandablyÏcommunicated€to€the€public.€óóò ò[Hand„written€marginal€note:€òòwe€do€not€want€to€assumeÐ e)%( Ðthis€burden!€It€undermines€our€position€re€general€[?]€when€we€talk€about€a€controversyÏin€a€suggestive,€affirmative€manneróó]ó óÐA+Ü&*r(#r(# ÐÐ -,È'+ Ð*€3€June€1992,€translation€of€a€concept€paper,€Beecken€to€Parrish€and€Wall,€ð ðVdC€ResearchÏConcept€(Final€Draft),ðð€with€extensive€emendations,€handwriting€looks€like€Anthony€Andradeððs,ÏPM€2501192702€„€2703.ÌÌà0 r àòòThe€German€cigarette€industry€actively€participates€in€the€discussion€about€scientificÐ ° Ðhealth€policy€and€social€aspects€of€smoking.óó€ò ò[Struck€out:€òòwith€the€aim€of€extensively€andÐ  œ Ðobjectively€informing€consumers€about€its€products.óó]€ó óòòBy€means€of€its€own€research€as€wellÐ ñ Œ Ðas€through€continuous€cooperation€with€scientific€institutions€outside€of€industry,€theÏcigarette€industry€acquires€knowledge€which€contributes€to€an€objective€discussion€of€theÏtopic€ð ðsmoking€and€healthðð.óóò òó ó€ò ò[Hand„written€marginal€note:€òòpublic€relations€tool;Ð ¹ T  Ðresearch€designed€to€give€the€industry€an€argument€to€lobby€politicians€and€tell€theÏpublicóó]€ó óòòBasic€medical€research€to€identify€other€non„tobacco€exogenous€and€exogenousÐ •0  Ðfactors€which€may€be€related€to€the€possible€effects€of€smokingóóò òó ó.€ò ò[Struck€out:€òònon„Ð …  Ðtobaccoóó]ó ó....€ò ò[Hand„written€marginal€note:€òòQuestion:€do€we€want€to€modify€the€languageÐ u  Ðin€the€event€this€doc.€ever€shows€up€in€the€files€of€[?]€tobacco€industry€employees€?ÏPublicly€availableóó]€ó ó....€òòThe€public€discussion€of€the€theme€of€smoking€and€health€is€veryÐ Qì  Ðoften€carried€out€in€the€absence€of€sufficient€specialist€knowledge€and€is€frequently€basedÏupon€emotional€[?]€unscientific€discussion.€€In€the€interest€of€society,€this€tendency€must€beÏopposed.€óóò ò[Struck€out:€òòThe€results€of€national€and€international€research€including€thatÐ ´ Ðcarried€out€by€the€VdC€must€be€comprehensively€and€understandably€communicated€toÏthe€public.óó]ó óÐõr(#r(# ÐÌ*€23€June€1992,€letter,€Anthony€Andrade€(PM€counsel)€to€Ulrich€Beecken,€PM€2501192704€„€2705.Ìà r àImportant€legal€advice€concerning€tobacco€industry€research,€and€the€degree€ofÏresponsibility€borne€by€the€industry€to€disclose€its€findings.ÌÌà0 r àòòPlease€find€enclosed€the€following:€(1)€A€copy€of€Judge€Sarokinððs€decision€in€òòHainesóóÐ } Ðaddressing€industry€sponsored€research;€(2)€a€copy€of€the€complaint€in€the€òòCordovaóó€caseÐ i Ðand€;€(3)€copies€of€newspaper€articles€regarding€the€grand€jury€investigation€concerningÏthe€fraud€allegations€related€to€industry€sponsored€research€on€smoking€and€health.€€IÏbelieve€these€materials€illustrate€the€sensitivity€of€several€issues€raised€in€the€originalÏlanguage€of€the€VdC€Research€Concept€document.€€For€example,€article€4€of€the€VdCÏResearch€Concept€would€place€an€affirmative€obligation€on€the€VdC€to€inform€the€publicÏregarding€ð ðthe€results€of€national€and€international€research.ðð€Unfortunately,€anti„¼smokers€will€never€be€satisfied€with€the€amount€of€information€given€to€the€public€andÏcould€very€well€allege€that€certain€information€was€ð ðwithheldðð€from€the€public€in€anÏattempt€to€ð ðdeceive€and€misleadðð€the€public€about€the€alleged€health€effects€of€smoking.€ÏThus,€it€is€preferable€not€to€impose€on€ourselves€an€extremely€broad€and€vague€duty€toÏinform€the€public.€€Instead,€it€might€be€better€to€simply€require€that€the€results€of€theÏresearch€funded€by€the€VdC€be€published€in€scientific€and€medical€journals.€€A€secondÏcriticism€of€industry€sponsored€smoking€and€health€research€that€is€raised€in€the€enclosedÏmaterials€is€the€claim€that€the€tobacco€industry€intentionally€funded€research€aimed€atÏidentifying€non„tobacco€risk€factors€for€those€diseases€statistically€associated€withÏsmoking.€€It€is€alleged€that€this€was€an€attempt€to€avoid€sponsoring€research€directlyÐ ),Ä'+ Ðrelated€to€whether€or€not€smoking€caused€certain€diseases.€€Furthermore,€it€is€alleged€thatÏresearch€investigating€other€risk€factors€that€could€be€responsible€for€the€diseasesÏstatistically€associated€with€smoking€was€an€attempt€to€divert€the€publicððs€attention€awayÏfrom€the€health€effects€of€smoking€by€funding€research€that€is€ð ðirrelevantðð€to€the€centralÏissue.€€For€these€reasons,€the€main€themes€in€Section€III€(4)€and€(5)€could€beÏmischaracterized€as€sponsoring€research€aimed€to€ð ðmislead€or€deceiveðð€the€public€aboutÏthe€risks€of€smoking€by€suggesting€that€other€risk€factors€are€responsible€for€diseases€thatÏhave€been€associated€with€smoking.€€This€does€not€mean€that€such€research€should€not€beÏsponsored€since€it€obviously€is€directly€relevant€to€the€general€question€of€whether€it€isÏsmoking€or€any€one€of€a€number€of€other€risk€factors€that€may€be€responsible€for€aÏparticular€disease.€€However,€it€is€probably€wise€not€to€highlight€these€themes€in€the€VdCÏResearch€Concept.€€óóò òÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔ[N.B.€ð ðHaines€vs.€Liggett€Group,€Inc.ðð€was€the€1992€case€where€aÐ ‰$  Ðfederal€judge€ruled€that€attorney„client€privilege€could€not€shield€a€document€fromÏdiscovery€if€there€was€prima€facie€evidence€of€fraud€being€hidden.€The€ruling€wasÏoverturned€on€a€technicality.]ó óÔ#†X—mXX X—mlW#ÔòòÐQì r(#r(# ÐóóÌ#€15€July€1992,€report,€ð ðVDC€Scientific€Research€by€VDC€and€Research€Council,ðð€unsigned,€PMÏ2024965645€„€5710.€€An€earlier€version€#€April€1992€is€at€PM€2028372531€„€2547.Ìà r àLengthy€report€in€overheads€style€giving€VdC€structure,€staff,€budget,€public€relations€andÏlegal€work,€trade€relations€and€business€development,€science€and€research,€and€fiscal€matters€(taxesÏand€customs).€An€earlier,€thinner€version€titled€ð ðVDC€German€Cigarette€Industry€AssociationÏStructure€and€Progress€Report,ðð€is€dated€April€1992,€PM€2028372531€„€2547.€€Both€documentsÏappear€to€be€a€translation€from€the€German€by€a€non„native€English€speaker.€€The€five€departmentsÏof€the€VdC€have€a€company€member€staff€assigned€to€each.€€Public€relations,€legal€issues€andÏbusiness€development€have€assumed€greater€importance€under€current€management.€à0 : àòòЉ$: (#: (# Ðð ðThe€[scientific]€group€represented€by€Dr.€Knig€and€Prof.€Adlkofer€has€received€acceptance€byÏthe€German€Health€Ministry€and€is€treated€as€a€fair€discussion€partner,€although€the€treatment€byÏthe€Ministry€is€not€always€cooperative.óóððÐ Mè Ðà r àThe€Scientific€Political€Committee€(WPA;€previously€the€translation€was€ð ðpolicyðð)€linksÏresearch€ð ðòòin€accordance€with€the€strategic€direction€determined€by€the€Board.ððóó€€Under€the€display,Ð %À Ðð ðVDC€Scientific€Research€Conceptðð€we€find,€ð ðòòThe€first€priority€for€the€research€concept€of€theÐ  ¬ ÐVdC€has€to€be€that€[the]€cigarette€industry€offers€products€to€its€consumers€which€can€be€safelyÏenjoyed.ðð€€óó€The€areas€of€research€priorities€include€analyses€of€mainstream€and€sidestream€smokeÐ é!„  Ðand€their€biological€effects,€nicotine€research,€social€and€behavioral€research€on€starting€Ô_Ôand€quittingÏÔ_Ôsmoking,Ô_Ô€research€into€the€behavior€of€anti„smoking€groups€(ð ðòògroups€and€individuals€against€theÐ Á#\" Ðsmokerððóó).€€1€February€1991€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€relocated€from€Hamburg€to€Bonn.Ð ­$H # Ðà r àAbstracts€of€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€sponsored€research€are€supplied,€as€presented€at€the€6òòthóó€ScientificÐ ™%4!$ ÐSymposium€in€Ô_ÔTitiseeÔ_Ô,€February€1989:€1)€Smoking€increases€certain€blood„pressure€relatedÏhormones;€study€of€nicotine€on€ratsðð€nervous€system;€risk€factors€for€atherosclerosis€(smoking€beingÏone€of€several);€€2)€low„density€Ô_ÔlipoproteinsÔ_Ô€in€smokers€might€be€more€prone€to€stimulate€whiteÏblood€cells€uptake€of€cholesterol€with€formation€of€atherosclerotic€plaques;€3)€study€on€theÏstructure€of€lung€cells;€4)€a€follow€up€study€to€the€MONICA€study€of€atherosclerosis,€looking€atÏatherosclerotic€plaques€in€leg€arteries,€with€statistically€highly€significant€(p€<0.001)€risk€factorsÏbeing€smoking,€diabetes€or€past€history€of€heart€disease€or€stroke,€and€less€significantly€(p<€0.05)Ð  ,¨'+ Ðcorrelated€with€hypertension€and€total€cholesterol;€5)€Ô_ÔsidestreamÔ_Ô€smoke€analyses€(Grimmer)€findingÏÔ_ÔPAHÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔnitrosaminesÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔpyridoindolesÔ_Ô;€6)€and€7)€nicotine€inhibits€chemicals€mediating€inflammationÏwhich€may€inhibit€white€blood€cell€function;€8)€nicotine€doesnððt€inhibit€cilia€in€the€lungÏ(ð ðòòÔ_ÔcilioinhibitoryÔ_Ô€effects€of€cigarette€smoke€must€be€due€to€components€other€than€nicotine.ððóó)€9)Ð )Ä Ðcell€culture€research;€9)nicotine€metabolism;€10)€rat€brain€glucose€metabolism€during€chronicÏnicotine€infusion€(increased);€11)€Ô_ÔhypersensivityÔ_Ô€of€the€respiratory€tract€in€people€with€asthma€fromÏsmoking€to€smoking€(Ô_ÔMagnussenÔ_Ô);€12)€chronic€nicotine€in€rats€increases€salivary€gland€secretions;Ï13)€chronic€nicotine€exposure€in€men€appears€to€decrease€cardiovascular€responsiveness€to€a€mentalÏstress€test;€14)€nicotine€might€increase€the€effect€of€anti„cancer€drugs€in€rats;€and€several€other€moreÏabstruse€abstracts.ÌÌÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔ*€20€July€1992,€Activities€report€from€Ô_ÔJ.K.Ô_Ô€Wells€(in„house€counsel)€to€Ô_ÔM.J.Ô_Ô€Ô_ÔMcGrawÔ_Ô€(in„houseÐ ‰$  Ðcounsel),€Brown€and€Williamson€00008„48313„0002.à Ú àð ðÐ u  ÐÌà0 r àòòWe€attended€the€July€meeting€of€the€tobacco€product€litigation€counsel€in€London,Ð Mè  Ðincluding€preparation€which€consisted€of€reviewing€materials€and€conferences€with€JohnÏRupp€of€Covington,€Tom€Ô_ÔBezansonÔ_Ô€of€Ô_ÔChadbourneÔ_Ô,€Jim€Newsom€of€Shook,€Hardy,€andÏSharon€Ô_ÔBoyseÔ_Ô€of€Ô_ÔBATCoÔ_Ô.€At€a€separate,€select€meeting€a€proposed€public€announcement€byÏthe€German€Verband€...regarding€its€scientific€program€was€revised€to€avoid€claims€similarÏto€those€made€against€the€U.S.€industry€in€òòHainesóó,€including€counsel€forÐ é„ ÐÔ_ÔBATCoI[ndustriesÔ_Ô],€Ô_ÔBatCoÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔReemstmaÔ_Ô,€PM,€RJR,€and€B&Wóó.ò òÐÕpr(#r(# Ðó óÌÔ#†X—mXX X—mli#Ô*€28€July€1992,€memo,€Ô_ÔBeeckenÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔBeekenÔ_Ô,€final€version€of€the€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€research€concept€after€editing,Ð ­H ÐPM€2023245782€„€5783,€and€ð ðÔ_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Research€Concept€(Final€Draft),ðð€Mueller€to€D.€W.€DonahueÏ(Joint€Defense€Counsel),€PM€2501139395€„€9396..Ìà r àAll€of€Ô_ÔAndradeÔ_Ôððs€objections€taken€into€account.ÌÌ#€24€August€1992,€minutes,€Ô_ÔReifÔ_Ô€to€Pages€and€A.€Ô_ÔKassmanÔ_Ô,€ð ðMeeting€of€Ô_ÔtheWPAÔ_Ô,ðð€PMÏ2028392508€„€2512.Ìà r àÔ_ÔCORESTAÔ_Ô,€pesticides,€additives,€research€concept,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ôððs€new€foundation,€passive€smokingÏon€airplanes,€discussed€in€rather€general€terms.€€Ô_ÔReemstmaÔ_Ô€found€only€1/500th€the€amount€of€dioxinÏin€smoke€as€found€in€a€recent€Japanese€study.€€The€new€foundation€to€focus€on€effect€of€nicotine,Ïwith€or€without€tobacco,€passive€smoking,€nicotine€in€the€tobacco€plant.ñ>ñ€Ô_Ôñ>ñÔ_ÔÔ_Ôñ >ñÌñ >ñDiscussionÔ_Ô€on€new€Ô_ÔECÔ_ÔÏrules€on€additives€and€how€Austria€would€now€have€to€obey€them€on€joining.ÌÌ#€25€August€1992,€minutes,€Fink€to€Pages,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€2028527352€„€7354.Ìà r àWith€implementation€of€a€Government€upper€limit€for€total€Ô_ÔnitrosamineÔ_Ô€exposure€in€theÏworkplace,€Adlkofer€wants€the€study€by€Ô_ÔKlusÔ_Ô€to€be€published.€€The€WPA€insists€on€a€ð ðòòrevisedÐ &"% Ðmanuscriptóóðð€and€approves€it€with€ð ðòòconsiderable€misgivingsóó,ðð€because€of€the€ð ðòòextremely€high€Ô_ÔETSÔ_ÔÐ m'#& Ðlevels€under€which€the€tests€were€carried€out.óóðð€€A€new€study€of€smoking€and€skin€wrinkles€isÐ Y(ô#' Ðapproved.€€A€presentation€by€Dr.€Tricker€and€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€on€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔnitrosaminesÔ_Ô€at€the€American€CancerÏSociety€meeting€(August€24,€1992)€is€censored€by€RJR€and€PM.€€€Research€proposal€to€study€dioxinÏâ âin€the€fat€of€smokers€and€non„smokers€is€turned€down:€ð ðòòWPA€does€not€see€the€need€of€carrying€outÐ +¸&* Ðthe€study....ððóó€€Another€study€by€Prof.€Ô_ÔRajewskiÔ_Ô€(University€Hospital,€Essen)€on€Ô_ÔgenotoxicÔ_Ô€effects€ofÐ e Ðtobacco€smoke€is€considered€and€€tabled.Ìâ âÌ#€4€September€1992,€minutes,€Fink€to€Pages,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€2028344054€„€4058.Ìà r àThe€revised€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Research€Concept€is€presented€and€discussed.€€Despite€its€approval€earlierÏby€PMððs€counsel€Ô_ÔAndradeÔ_Ô,€PM€Germany€(Ô_ÔBeeckenÔ_Ô)€could€not€give€a€final€opinion.€€Ô_ÔRajewskyÔ_ÔððsÏproposal€approved.ÌÌÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔ#€10€September€1992,€report€by€Lutz€Mueller€(Ô_ÔRJTIÔ_Ô€Cologne),€ð ðVerband€derÐ Å ` ÐÔ_ÔCigarettenindustrieÔ_Ô....ðð€RJR€508304351€„€4371Ô#†X—mXX X—mœz#ÔÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔ.Ð ± L  Ðà r àMueller€makes€a€complete€summary€to€his€superiors.€€Verband€in€1992€comprised€PhilipÏMorris,€Ô_ÔReemstmaÔ_Ô,€BAT€Germany,€Martin€Ô_ÔBrinkmannÔ_Ô,€RJR€Germany,€H.€van€Ô_ÔLandwyckÔ_Ô,€AustriaÏÔ_ÔTabakÔ_Ô,€and€three€smaller€companies.€€Ô_ÔHaraldÔ_Ô€Koenig€was€Managing€Director.€€Five€departments:ÏGeneral€activities,€trade€relations,€marketing,€public€affairs,€and€the€Scientific€Department.€€FranzÏAdlkofer€headed€the€Scientific€Department,€Gerhard€Scherer€the€laboratory€in€Munich,€which€wasÏcontinuously€enlarging.€€Passive€smoking€was€the€main€thrust€of€the€laboratory.€€òòð ðRJRððs€and€theÐ 9Ô  ÐÔ_ÔVdCÔ_Ôððs€approach€[to€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€research]€are€remarkably€similar,€resulting€in€growing€cooperation€andÏmutual€support€in€certain€research€fieldsóó.ðð€€The€German€ð ðResearch€Council€on€Smoking€andÐ ¬ ÐHealthðð€was€converted€to€the€ð ðòòindependentóóðð€foundation€ð ðVERUMòòóóðð.€€€Special€research€studiesÐ ý˜ Ðsupervised€by€Verband€included:€Ô_ÔWynderÔ_Ôððs€òòð ðEpidemiologic€study€on€lung€cancer€in€Japan€and€theÐ é„ ÐUS,óóðð€Jurgen€v.€Ô_ÔTroschkeÔ_Ôððs€studies€on€human€smoking€motivation€and€benefits,€Nancy€Ô_ÔHaleyÔ_Ôððs€studyÐ Õp Ðon€nutrition€and€cancer€(at€Ô_ÔWynderÔ_Ôððs€American€Health€Foundation)€and€others€on€consumerÏperception,€labeling,€taxation,€and€ð ðòòa€PR€exercise€on€passive€smokingóó.ððÐ ­H ÐÌÔ#†X—mXX X—m®{#Ô*€1€October€1992,€list,€Ô_ÔBeeckenÔ_Ô€to€Knox,€Ô_ÔMillingtonÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔScanlonÔ_Ô,€Schwartz€(counsel),€ð ðResearchÐ …  ÐCouncil€S&H€projects,ðð€PM€2023222625€„€2628.Ìà r àThirty„nine€projects€are€listed,€along€with€the€principal€investigators.€They€range€fromÏmethodology€to€basic€research€to€animal€research€to€human€biology€and€epidemiology.€€Hardly€anyÏdetails€given.ÌÌÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔ*€1€October€1992,€Lutz€Mueller€(RJR„Germany€R&D)€memo€to€Charles€Ô_ÔBlixtÔ_Ô€(RJR€in„houseÐ  ¨ Ðcounsel),€ð ðSubject:€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€research€with€human€subjects:€ethical€implications.ðð€RJR€508478285€„Ï8286Ô#†X—mXX X—m´„#ÔÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔ.Ð å!€  Ðà r àWriter€worries€about€research€by€a€Prof.€Ô_ÔMagnussenÔ_Ô€„„€who€had€been€supported€by€Verband€Ï„„€on€eleven€asthmatic€children,€which€was€accused€by€a€national€television€magazine€program,Ïð ðMonitor,ðð€as€being€unethical.€€Verband€will€discuss€its€role€in€supporting€observational€studies€inÏÔ_ÔETSÔ_Ô,€and€PM€should€as€well.ÌÌ*€1,€4,€and€25€October€1992,€Craig€Fuller€(Philip€Morris€senior€vice€president)€draft€statements€toÏT.€€Ô_ÔCollamoreÔ_Ô,€ð ðDraft€Statement€for€use€in€the€event€of€question€being€raised€about€experiments€inÏGermany.ðð€PM€2047903790,€PM€2047903795,€PM€2023222729Ô#†X—mXX X—m†#ÔÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔ.Ð E)à$( Ðà r à€The€second€draft€is€quoted,€with€interpolations€the€hand„written€changes€on€the€25€OctoberÏdraft.ÌÐ  ,¤'+ Ðà0 r àòòIn€response€to€questions€concerning€experiments€conducted€in€Germany€to€determine€theÐ e Ðeffect€of€secondary€tobacco€smoke€on€people€ò ò[adults€as€well€as€children]ó óóó,òò€Craig€I.€€Fuller,Ð Qì ÐPhilip€Morris€Companiesðð€senior€vice€president€for€corporate€affairs,€said€the€following.Ïò ò[We€deplore€such€tests,€especially€when€conducted€on€children,€and]€ó óWhen€we€learned€inÐ -È Ðmid„September€that€the€tobacco€association€in€Germany€had€supported€these€tests,€weÏrequested€ò ò[ó ódemanded]€an€immediate€halt€to€any€such€current€or€planned€projects.€€At€theÐ  ¤ Ðend€of€September,€Verband,€the€German€tobacco€association€voted€in€unanimousÏagreement€with€our€position.ðð€Philip€Morris€Companies€learned€of€these€tests€through€Ïpress€accounts.€€Local€Philip€Morris€officials€in€Germany€had€expressed€their€concernÏabout€the€proposed€research;€however,€the€tests€were€conducted€over€their€objections.€AlsoÏò ò[particularly]ó ó€troubling€is€the€fact€that€the€tests€were€conducted€without€proper€governmentÐ © D  Ðauthorization.€€The€fact€that€the€tests€involved€people€ò ò[children]€ó óaging€in€range€from€8€toÐ ™4  Ð66€ò ò[strike€last€seven€words]ó ó€and€the€failure€to€gain€proper€authorization€caused€theÐ ‰$  ÐCompany€to€call€for€a€prompt€halt€of€any€similar€projects€in€which€the€industry€mightÏbecome€engaged.óóÐe r(#r(# ÐÌÔ#†X—mXX X—m ‰#Ô*€2€October€1992,€telex,€Ô_ÔBeeckenÔ_Ô€to€Charles€Wall,€ð ðProf.€Ô_ÔMagnussenÔ_Ô,ðð€PM€2501004089€„€4090.Ð =Ø Ðà r àReviews€the€various€studies€done€by€Ô_ÔMagnussenÔ_Ô€funded€by€the€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Research€Council.ÌÌ*€5€October€1992,€memo,€Ô_ÔBeeckenÔ_Ô€to€Wall,€ð ðProfessor€Ô_ÔMagnussenÔ_Ô,ðð€PM€2501004085€„€4086.Ìà r àTwo€of€Ô_ÔMagnussenÔ_Ôððs€research€projects€were€Ô_ÔdefundedÔ_Ô€ð ðòòafter€the€Ô_ÔMagnussenÔ_Ô€TV„Ð íˆ Ðpresentation,óóðð€(in€which€he€attacked€smoking€and€warned€against€passive€smoking).Ð Ùt ÐÌÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔ#€29€October€1992,€A.R.€Tricker€meeting€report,ð ðLufthansa€Working€Group€meeting€held€in€BonnÐ ±L Ðat€the€Verband...on€the€29th€October€1992.ðð€PM€2028392902€„€2904Ô#†X—mXX X—mÝ’#ÔÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔ.Ð 8 Ðà r àProf.€€Adlkofer€discussed€the€proposed€ban€on€smoking€on€Lufthansa€domestic€flights,Ïwhich€the€airline€considered€only€on€economic€grounds€and€ð ðòòcurrently€developing€internationalÐ u Ðtrends.óóðð€The€Ministry€of€Transport€considered€health€issues,€commissioned€the€Ô_ÔJungeÔ_Ô€Report€that€Ð aü Ðsupported€that€emphasis.€€Verband€considered€the€Ô_ÔJungeÔ_Ô€Report€ð ðòòa€biased€viewóó.ðð€€Research€wasÐ Mè Ðrecommended€on€€air€quality€on€Lufthansa€planes,€and€specific€components,€ð ðòòto€win€time€against€aÐ 9Ô Ðsmoking€banóó.ðð€€Verband€hoped€to€use€ð ðòòrecommended€WHO€guidelinesóóðð€[on€air€quality]€to€showÐ % À Ðthat€levels€produced€by€cigarette€smoking€(especially€after€improved€ventilation€systems)€were€notÏð ðòòtoxicologically€relevantóó.ðð€The€Verband€concluded€€ð ðòòto€consider€the€concept€of€€ððwithinÐ ý!˜  Ðrecommended€WHO€guidelinesðð€which€appears€to€be€the€only€Ô_ÔlongtermÔ_Ô€solutions€to€preventÏsmoking€bans€on€Ô_ÔaeroplanesÔ_Ô€and€in€other€environments,€for€example,€smoking€at€the€workingÏplace.ððóóÐ Á$\ # ÐÌÔ#†X—mXX X—mÖ“#Ô€#€11€November€1992,€minutes,€Fink€to€Pages,€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€WPA,€PM€2023536896€„€6898.Ð ™&4"% ÐÌà0 r àòòThe€bylaws€and€financing€as€well€as€the€future€research€activities€of€the€[VERUM]Ð q( $' ÐFoundation€were€discussed.€€A€solution€which€was€satisfactory€to€the€majority€of€the€Ô_ÔVDCÔ_ÔÏmember€companies€was...for€the€case€where€research€projects€which€adversely€affect€theÏinterests€of€the€founders€were€carried€out€using€external€funds.óóÐ5+Ð&*r(#r(# ÐÐ !,¼'+ ÐÔ_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€contributed€an€initial€DM€3€million,€annual€Dm€3€million€envisaged,€and€DM€750,000Ïtransferred€to€the€capital€stock€for€replenishing€capital.€€Ìà r àA€Swedish€study€now€shows€much€higher€dioxin€levels€in€smoke€than€did€Ô_ÔReemstmaÔ_Ôððs.ÌÌ#€12€November€1992,€minutes,€Ô_ÔReifÔ_Ô€to€Pages€and€Ô_ÔKassmanÔ_Ô,€ð ðMeeting€of€the€WPA,ðð€PMÏ2028527985€„€7987.Ìà r àERGO,€the€lab€associated€with€Ô_ÔReemstmaÔ_Ô€will€continue€looking€at€the€dioxin€question.ÏÔ_ÔMagnussenÔ_Ô€chastised€but€not€punished€by€the€German€Ethics€Commission€for€his€study€withÏasthmatic€children€exposed€to€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô.€€With€respect€to€future€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€research:ÌÌà0 r àòòThere€was€strong€acceptance€that€any€future€research€should€(1)€focus€on€real„life€studiesÐ  8  Ð(case„control€studies,€field€studies),€(2)€avoid€artificial€experimental€situations€whereÏresults€cannot€be€used€to€explain€real€exposures,€and€(3)€refrain€in€principal€from€theÏinvolvement€of€human€Ô_ÔprobandsÔ_Ô€[i.e.,€experiments€on€human€subjects].Ð r(#r(# ÐÌóó#€23€December€1992,€telex,€Ô_ÔBeeckenÔ_Ô€to€Wall,€ð ðÔ_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Foundation€VERUM,ðð€PM€2501180727Ð 9Ô  Ð(portion€redacted).Ìà r àDetails€of€governance€and€financing.€€ð ðòòIn€general€and€in€the€statutes€the€influence€of€theÐ ¬ Ðcigarette€industry€is€rather€limited€and€restricted€to€the€two€areas€of€fundamental€interest.óóððÐ ý˜ ÐÌ#€8€January€1993,€telex,€Andre€Ô_ÔReimanÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔBeeckenÔ_Ô,€PM€2501188735.Ìà r àUpon€receiving€translation€of€VERUM€statutes,€PM€official€says,€ð ðòòI€am€of€the€view€that€theÐ Á\ Ðbest€response€is€no€response.€We€will€end€up€in€a€long€and€entirely€unproductive€dialogue.óóððÐ ­H ÐÌ#€11€January€1993,€ð ðFoundation€Charter€of€the€Verum€Foundation€for€Ô_ÔBehaviouralÔ_Ô€andÏEnvironmental€Research,ðð€PM€€2501188768€„€8788,€and€the€ð ðDeed€Concerning€the€Creation€of€theÏVERUM€FOUNDATION,ðð€PM€2501188765€„€8767.Ìà r àÔ_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€establishes€and€endows€VERUM.€€Adlkofer€gets€to€pick€the€Board€of€Trustees,Ïchoosing€two€and€having€three€academics€ð ðòòelected.óóðð€€The€Board€is€the€òòð ðsupreme€body€of€theÐ 5Ð ÐFoundationóó.ðð€€The€Scientific€Advisory€Board€of€seven€to€twelve€members€will€be€selected€by€theÐ !¼ Ðtrustees,€and€meet€at€least€once€a€year€and€on€demand.€€Prof.€Joseph€Kaiser,€Kurt€Ô_ÔKochsiekÔ_ÔÏÔ_ÔGotthardÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSchettlerÔ_Ô,€Rupert€Ô_ÔScholzÔ_Ô,€Klaus€Ô_ÔThurauÔ_Ô€are€the€designated€trustees,€all€academics.€€TheÏwords€tobacco€and€smoking€do€not€appear.ÌÌ#€11€January€1993,€memo,€Ô_ÔBeeckenÔ_Ô€to€Wall,€ð ðVERUM€Foundation,ðð€PM€2501188764.Ìà r àPoints€out€that€the€charter€ð ðòòreflects€the€idea€that€the€industry€has€no€direct€influence€on€theÐ ©$D # Ðresearch€being€supported€by€US€foundations.€In€all€other€cases€the€Board€will€decide€by€majorityÏwhich€means€that€the€scientists€have€a€majority€of€3€to€2.óóððÐ &"% ÐÌ*€12€January€1993,€partial€memo,€Ô_ÔBeeckenÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔJuchatzÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔKlenmanÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔPepplesÔ_Ô,€Stevens,€Wall€(counselÏand€joint€defense€counsel),€PM€2058135580.Ìà r àÔ_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€research€to€take€four€directions:€investigation€of€nicotine€alone€or€with€otherÏsubstances€on€human€health;€investigation€of€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€on€human€health;€toxicological€effects€of€[free]Ïradicals€on€human€health;€research€into€the€metabolism€of€tobacco€plants€and€means€to€affect€it.Ð  ,¤'+ Ї*€13€January€1993,€memo€Ô_ÔAndradeÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔBeeckenÔ_Ô,€ð ðDraft€paper€from€the€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€describing€the€purposeÏof€the€VERUM„Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Foundation,ðð€PM€2023245774€„€5775.Ìà r àCompares€the€deliberately€vague€statement€of€purpose€in€the€VERUM€charter€and€Deed,Ïcompared€to€the€stress€on€health€in€the€document€noted€above.€€Seems€to€be€resigned€to€the€wholeÏaffair.ÌÌ#€8€February€1993,€minutes,€Ô_ÔReifÔ_Ô€to€Pages€and€Ô_ÔKassmanÔ_Ô,€ð ðMeeting€of€the€WPA,ðð€PM€2028455639€„Ï5641.Ìà r àÔ_ÔRylanderÔ_Ôððs€proposed€study€on€diet€and€genetic€predisposition€as€causes€of€lung€cancer€isÏunanimously€accepted.€ò ò[N.B.€€Three€papers€have€recently€been€published€by€Ô_ÔRylanderÔ_Ô€et€al.:€Ð ± L  Ð1)€€ð ðDietary€factors€and€lung€cancer€among€men€in€west€Sweden,€ð ð€In.€J.€Ô_ÔEpidemiolÔ_Ô€1996;€25:Ï32„9,€a€case„control€study€in€which€is€shown€that€lung€cancer€patients€ate€fewer€vegetables,Ïdrank€more€milk€but€ate€the€same€amount€of€fruit.€2)€ð ðLung€cancer,€smoking€and€diet€amongÏSwedish€men,ðð€Lung€Cancer€1996;€14€Ô_ÔSupplÔ_Ô€1:€S75„83,€is€the€same€study€published€a€secondÏtime!€Here,€however,€lung€cancer€was€related€to€the€amount€of€cigarettes€smoked.€€3)Ïð ðDietary€and€lifestyle€correlates€of€passive€smoking€in€Hong€Kong,€Japan,€Sweden,€and€theÏU.S.A.,ðð€Soc€Ô_ÔSciÔ_Ô€Med€1997;€45:€159„69,€a€review€of€existing€studies€suggesting€that€wives€ofÏsmokers€ate€more€fried€foods€and€less€fruit,€tended€to€have€other€less€healthy€behaviorsÏsimilar€to€that€of€smokers,€indicating€that€smoking€is€associated€with€social€class€andÏeducation,€which€should€be€taken€into€account€in€describing€epidemiologic€patterns.€ÏHowever,€the€point€about€confounding€variables€is€reversible:€People€who€smoke€now€moreÏoften€come€from€lower€Ô_ÔsocioÔ_Ô„economic€classes€because€the€better„off€have€quit,€or€donððtÏbegin,€in€larger€proportions,€and€cigarette€marketing€is€now€directed€toward€the€former.€ÏFruits€and€vegetables€have€little€to€do€with€the€matter.]ó óÐ 8 Ðà r àProfessor€Ô_ÔUeberlaÔ_Ô€to€do€a€meta„analysis€of€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€studies€if€Koenig€can€find€the€funds.ÌÌ#€4€March€1993,€minutes,€Ô_ÔReifÔ_Ô€to€Pages€and€Ô_ÔKassmanÔ_Ô,€ð ðMeeting€of€the€WPA,ðð€PM€2501004025€„Ï4027.Ìà0 r àòòThe€assessment€made€by€the€ð ðGerman€dioxin€popeðð,€Prof.€Ô_ÔNeubertÔ_Ô,€was€very€clear.€HeÐ 9Ô Ðsaid€that€there€are€better€ways€to€spend€Ô_ÔDEMÔ_Ô€100,000€than€to€make€a€study€of€the€dioxinÏcontent€of€human€blood€fat€[sic]€due€to€smokingóó.€ò ò[N.B.€See€appendix€for€documentÐ  ¬ Ðannotations€on€Prof.€Ô_ÔNeubertÔ_Ô€and€his€decade€of€continuous€support€by€RJR€for€minorÏstudies€showing€Ô_ÔbenzoÔ_Ô(a)€Ô_ÔpyreneÔ_Ô€crosses€the€mouse€placenta€into€the€fetus.]ó óÐí!ˆ r(#r(# ÐÌ*€9€March€1993,€telex,€Ô_ÔAndradeÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔBeeckenÔ_Ô,€ð ðResearch€involving€human€subjects,ðð€PMÏ2501139392.Ìà r àReflects€worry€by€Charles€Wall€that€VERUM€will€be€funding€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€research€involvingÏhumans,€along€the€line€of€Ô_ÔMagnussenÔ_Ôððs€work.€€How€to€manage€this?ÌÌÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔ#€29€March€1993,€memo€from€Lutz€Mueller€to€Carl€Ô_ÔEhmannÔ_Ô€(RJRððs€new€head€of€RJR€R&D€inÐ a(ü#' ÐWinston„Salem),€ð ðMeeting€with€Dr.€Adlkofer,€Head€of€the€Scientific€Department€of€the€GermanÏVerband€der€Ô_ÔCigarettenindustrieÔ_Ô.ðð€RJR€508304190€„€€4190€Ô#†X—mXX X—mlº#ÔÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔÐ 9*Ô%) Ðà r àIntroduces€Verband€and€Adlkofer€to€Ô_ÔEhmannÔ_Ô.€€A€bit€of€smoothing€of€the€past€history.Ìà0 r àÐ,¬'+r(#r(# Ðà0 r àòòRJR€has€a€good€record€of€cooperation€with€the€Verbandððs€scientific€Department....€Dr.Ð e ÐAdlkofer€exerts€a€very€strong€influence€on€the€scientific€activities€of€the€Verband€andÏcontributes€a€lot€to€the€Verbandððs€scientific€reputation.€€RJRððs€relationship€with€him€isÏquite€active€and€sometimes€a€little€wild.€While€we€are€not€always€happy€with€his€Ô_ÔworkstyleÔ_Ô,Ïwe€as€RJR€are€certainly€in€agreement€with€major€parts€of€his€philosophy.Ð r(#r(# ÐóóÌÔ#†X—mXX X—mô»#Ô#€22€April€1993,€telex,€PM€Corporate€Services€to€Ô_ÔRothmansÔ_Ô€Basildon,€PM€2501193735.Ð í ˆ Ðà r àIndicates€that€the€21„24€1994€Montreal€conference€on€ð ðThe€Effects€of€Nicotine€onÏBiological€Systems:€International€Symposium€on€Nicotine,ðð€will€be€funded€in€equal€amounts€byÏVERUM€and€by€Ô_ÔRothmansÔ_Ô€(total€$113€thousand).€€PM€2501193733€tells€that€the€InternationalÏAdvisory€Committee€is€headed€by€Adlkofer,€along€with€Klaus€Ô_ÔThurauÔ_Ô,€Neil€Ô_ÔBenowitzÔ_Ô,€amongÏothers.€€The€preliminary€program€(PM€2029200660€„€0663)€indicates€a€generally€upbeat€view€ofÏnicotine€as€a€drug,€including€a€presentation€by€RJRððs€John€Robinson€called€ð ðNicotine€is€notÏAddictive.ðð€€Two€papers€by€R.€West€(UK)€and€Jack€Ô_ÔHenningfieldÔ_Ô€are€tentatively€scheduled,Ïð ðNicotine€is€not€Addictive.ðð€€McGillððs€Paul€B.S.€Clark,€Pharmacology€and€Therapeutics,€is€host€ofÏthe€conference€and€helped€line€up€Ô_ÔRothmansÔ_Ô€(letter€to€Neil€Sinclair,€Ô_ÔRothmansÔ_Ô€Principal€Scientist,€Ì#€31€March€1993,€PM€2028455443€„€5445)€as€Ô_ÔfunderÔ_Ô.€ð ðòòFor€the€first€time€at€any€nicotineÐ %À Ðconference,€the€therapeutic€benefits€of€nicotine€and€nicotinic€drugs€will€be€highlighted.ððóó€€TheÐ ¬ Ðconference€participants€and€program€may€be€found€at€#€PM€2501193733,€„3742,€2029200660€„Ï0663.ÌÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÌ#€24€April€1993,€minutes,€Ô_ÔReifÔ_Ô€to€Pages€and€Ô_ÔKassmanÔ_Ô,€ð ðMeeting€of€the€WPA,ðð€PM€2028392489€„Ï2493.Ìà r àAt€low€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€levels€(4„6€Ô_ÔppmÔ_Ô)€low€amounts€of€dioxin€found€in€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô,€0.15€Ô_ÔpicogramsÔ_Ô/mg,€ð ðòòtheÐ ™4 Ðcontribution€of€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€to€the€daily€human€dioxin€burden€is€next€to€nothingóó.ðð€€The€official€foundingÐ …  Ðsession€of€the€foundation€VERUM€was€on€19€March€1993.€ÌÌà0 r àòòAdlkofer€said€that€in€the€future€all€his€reports€will€be€published€through€the€new€foundationÐ Iä Ðð ðVERUMðð€where€the€editorial€committee€will€by€definition€not€have€any€access€nor€rightÏof€release.€€Ô_ÔKnigÔ_Ô€seemed€to€be€a€bit€Ô_ÔpuzledÔ_Ô€by€this€and€hastened€to€remark€that€though€aÏscientist€were€free€to€utter€his€opinion€he€remained€a€member€of€a€group€ð!ð€in€this€case€ourÏindustry€ð!ð€and€had€to€promote€or€at€least€not€to€damage€this€industry.€€However,€he€added,Ïthat€he€was€fully€convinced€that€Adlkofer€has€always€taken€care€of€this.óó€ò ò[N.B.€Ô_ÔKnigÔ_Ô,€headÐ å!€  Ðof€the€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Administration€and€Adlkoferððs€superior,€here€gives€an€accurate€view€ofÏthe€role€of€science€in€the€service€of€the€tobacco€industry.]ó óÐÁ#\"r(#r(# ЀÌ#€10€May€1993,€memo,€Helmut€Ô_ÔReifÔ_Ô€(PM/Neuchatel)€to€Ô_ÔAndradeÔ_Ô,€PM€2501193725.Ìà r àPM€USA€generally€indifferent€to€the€Montreal€Conference.€Ô_ÔReifÔ_Ô€worried€about€anyÏsymposium€on€nicotine.€€ð ðòòÔ_ÔKlusÔ_Ô€of€Ô_ÔATWÔ_Ô€[Austria€Ô_ÔTabakwerkeÔ_Ô]€says,€if€we€cannot€even€speak€aboutÐ q' #& Ðnicotine,€what€is€then€left?óóððÐ ](ø#' ÐÌ*€21€May€1993,€memo,€Pages€to€long€distribution€list,€ð ðÔ_ÔIARCÔ_Ô€Study€of€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€and€Lung€Cancer,ðð€PMÏâ â2029041843.Ð !+¼&* Ðà r àAn€alert€to€the€impending€study€release,€some€material€of€which€was€leaked€to€Covington€&Ïâ âBurling€in€London.ÌÌà0 r àòòI€would€like€all€those€who€receive€a€copy€of€this€memo€to€use€whatever€internal€andÐ )Ä Ðexternal€resources€they€may€have€or€may€know€about€to€help€us€get€more€information€onÏthe€Ô_ÔIARCÔ_Ô€study€as€quickly€as€possible.€I€have€already€alerted€Helmut€Ô_ÔReifÔ_Ô€that€I€would€likeÏhim€to€pursue€the€inquiry€through€his€contacts€at€the€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€and€also€for€him€to€ask€Mr.ÏÔ_ÔMarcovitchÔ_Ô€to€think€about€his€potential€contacts€in€France€and€Switzerland.€€ò òóó[N.B.€Ô_ÔIancouÔ_ÔÐ Ù t ÐÔ_ÔMarcovitchÔ_Ô€was€with€PMððs€cigarette€factory€Ô_ÔFTRÔ_Ô€in€Neuchatel,€Switzerland.]òòó óÐÉ dr(#r(# ÐÌóó#€24€May€1993,€telex,€Ô_ÔReimanÔ_Ô€to€Walter€Ô_ÔThomaÔ_Ô,€ð ðGermany€ð!ð€Research€funded€by€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€and€ððVerumÐ ¡ <  ÐFoundation,ðððð€PM€2501188620.Ìà r àAsks€for€PM€Europe€assistance€to€let€Ô_ÔAndradeÔ_Ô€do€a€complete€review€of€research€sponsoredÏby€the€German€Industry.€ð ðòòI€should€mention€that€the€German€Industry€apparently€has€been€fundingÐ e  Ðcertain€types€of€nicotine„related€research€in€which,€it€is€the€corporate€view,€we€should€not€beÏinvolvedóó.ððÐ =Ø  ÐÌ#€27€May€1993,€memo,€Ô_ÔThomaÔ_Ô€to€Paul€Ô_ÔHendrysÔ_Ô€(PM€Neuchatel,€on€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€Board),€ð ðGermany€„ÏVERUM€Foundation€(Ô_ÔVDCÔ_Ô),€PM€2501188633.ÌÌà0 r àòòYou€are€aware€of€the€fact€that€the€Corporation€and€specifically€Ô_ÔGCBÔ_Ô€[Geoffrey€C.€Bible,Ð Ùt ÐCEO]€continues€to€be€sensitive€about€research€projects....€By€copy€of€this€note€to€AndyÏ[Ô_ÔAndradeÔ_Ô],€I€am€asking€him...to€visit€with€you...in€order€to€thoroughly€review€recent€past,Ïpresent€and€planned€research€projects.óóÐ8r(#r(# ÐÌ#€29€May€1993,€minutes,€Ô_ÔReifÔ_Ô€to€Pages,€Ô_ÔKassmanÔ_Ô,€and€Anthony€Ô_ÔAndradeÔ_Ô,€ð ðMeeting€of€the€WPA,ÏPM€2501004033€„€4038.Ìà r àDioxin€task€force€asked€to€study€and€compare€sources€of€dioxin€other€than€tobacco€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô.€AÏstudy€of€smoking€and€wrinkling€to€be€undertaken€by€Prof.€Vogt€who€is€cautioned€to€take€intoÏaccount€confounding€factors€like€suntan,€lifestyle,€body€weight,€social€context.€€ð ðòòTherefore,€forÐ %À Ðpractical€reasons,€the€study€was€put€on€hold€for€the€time€being.ððóó€€Schererððs€passive€smoking€studyÐ  ¬ Ðmeasured€Ô_ÔPAHÔ_Ô,€CO,€nicotine,€benzene€in€non„smokers€exposed€in€an€unventilated€room€to€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô.€ÏWhile€passive€smoking€risk€of€lung€cancer€in€a€non„smoker€Ô_ÔisÔ_Ô€4.5%€that€of€a€smoker,€theÏbiochemical€measures€range€from€0„1.5%€of€what€smokers€take€in.€ò ò[N.B.€Of€course,€this€entirelyÐ Õ"p! Ðoverlooks€duration€and€incremental€dosages€as€DNA€adducts€form.]ó ó€On€low€ignition€potentialÐ Å#`" Ðcigarettes€(i.e.,€fire„safe),€ð ðòòAs€this€theme€is€extremely€important€on€the€long€run€but€not€urgent€forÐ µ$P # Ðthe€European€context€it€was€felt€that€an€unrestricted€discussion€time€would€be€needed€andÏtherefore€the€topic€was€left€for€the€next€session.ððóóÐ &("% ÐÌÔ‡ X—mXXX—mÔ#€21€June€1993,€telex€exchanges,€Richard€Ô_ÔCarchmanÔ_Ô,€Helmut€Ô_ÔReifÔ_Ô,€Anthony€Ô_ÔAndradeÔ_Ô€(Philip€MorrisÐ e($' Ðcounsel),€PM€2029198728€„€729€(and€two€copies€with€nos.€2029198730€„€733).Ìà r àAdlkofer€was€putting€together€a€conference€on€nicotine€in€Montreal.€He€asks€for€help€inÏrecruiting€speakers,€such€as€Neal€Ô_ÔBenowitzÔ_Ô€(who€in€1983€published€in€the€New€England€Journal€ofÏMedicine€the€first€peer„reviewed€scientific€article€on€smoker€compensation).€€Ô_ÔReifÔ_Ô€notes,€Ð ,°'+ Їà0 r àòòHe€asked€me€as€well€if€we€would€be€against€an€inclusion€of€PREMIER€[a€non„burningÐ e Ðnicotine€delivery€device].€I€said€that€I€will€pass€on€the€question€to€my€colleagues.€€As€longÏas€PREMIER€was€not€presented€as€the€ððsaferðð€alternative€to€the€other€products,€I€do€notÏsee€principal€problems.€For€me,€PREMIER€was€more€of€a€gadget€for€pharmaceuticalÏdelivery.€However,€as€such,€very€much€prone€to€a€supervision€by€the€FDA.Ð r(#r(# Ðóóò òÌ[N.B.€RJRó ó€ò ò511477664€€„€7669€tells€the€story€of€baboons€being€trained€to€smoke€PremierÐ í ˆ Ðcigarettes;€since€this€device€drew€harder€than€usual€cigarettes€the€experimenters€testedÏwhether€there€was€ð ðdrug€deliveryðð€by€lacing€the€experimental€cigarettes€with€crack€cocaine.€ÏLittle€was€absorbed€by€the€monkeys.€€One€interpretation€was€that€ð ðòòPremier€really€does€notÐ µ P  Ðserve€as€a€drug€delivery€device.ððóó]ó óÐ ¡ <  ÐÌÔ#†X—mXX X—m Ý#Ô*€23€June€1993,€memo,€R.€Walk€to€S.€Ô_ÔParrishÔ_Ô,€in€tabular€form,€ð ðCurrent€biological€research€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô,ððÐ y  Ðwith€the€document€disclosure€title€(4B€index)€indicating€ð ð...regarding€funding€of€Center€for€IndoorÏAir€Research.ðð€PM€2029197387€„€7391.Ìà r àÔ_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€listed€with€six€projects€in€humans,€from€1989€to€1992,€ð ðbiological€effects€inÏnonsmokers€experimentally€exposed€to€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô,ðð€as€well€as€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô„supported€research€on€hamsters,€andÏÔ_ÔVdCÔ_Ô„supported€research€on€asthmatics.€€This€document€was€prepared€for€Joint€Defense€Employee,Ïand€suggests€funding€coming€through€the€industry„front€organization€Ô_ÔCIARÔ_Ô,€Center€for€Indoor€AirÏResearch.€ÌÌ#€24€June€1993,€hand„written€notes,€Helmut€Ô_ÔReifÔ_Ô,€PM€2501004013€„€€4017.Ìà r àThese€seem€to€be€ruminations€and€aide„memoire€on€a€number€of€topics:€1)€Dioxin€is€foundÏby€non„industry€scientist€in€tobacco€smokersðð€hair;€€Ô_ÔReifÔ_Ô€opposes€doing€much€research€on€the€matterÏespecially€in€relation€to€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô.€€2)€Complaints€about€Adlkofer€not€sharing€VERUM€or€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_ÔÏinformation.€€ð ðòòHe€could€be€looking€for€a€safe€haven€for€stating€his€views.€€Adlkofer€believes€theÐ u Ðpublic€would€believe€the€industry€if€€he€said€€smoking€causes€disease€in€smokers€but€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€is€aÏhoax.ððóó€€Adlkofer€apparently€in€powerful€positions€both€at€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€and€VERUM:€ð ðòòIs€the€Munich€labÐ Mè Ðproperty€of€the€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€or€Dr.€Adlkoferððs€privately€owned€lab?ðð€€ð ðAdlkofer€thinks€smoking€is€theÏmain€cause€of€wrinkles.ðð€óóÐ %À ÐÌ#€9€July€1993,€hand„written€notes,€Helmut€Ô_ÔReifÔ_Ô€and€Ulrich€Ô_ÔBeeckenÔ_Ô€(same€handwriting€as€above),ÏPM€2501004003€„€€4010.Ìà r àMore€complaints€about€VERUM€and€lack€of€industry€control.€Another€wrinkles€studyÏreported,€80%€of€women€smokers€have€more€wrinkles€than€non„smokers.€€ð ðòòAdlkoferððs€3€areas€ofÐ Á#\" Ðcontrol:€1.€His€lab€in€Munich€2.€Secretary€at€Verum€Foundation€3.€Scientific€Director€of€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô.ððóóÐ ­$H # ÐWriter€asks€many€questions€about€how€to€control€Ô_ÔVdCÔ_Ô€research€and€funding.€€Mention€of€a€benzeneÏstudy€in€smokersðð€body€fluids€in€Adlkoferððs€laboratory.€€Mentions€a€study€looking€at€DNA€adductsÏin€placentas€of€smoking€women€who€delivered.€€Endogenous€Ô_ÔnitrosamineÔ_Ô€study€stalled.ÌAircraft€air€quality€study€planned.ÌÌ#€25€August€1993,€minutes,€Ô_ÔReifÔ_Ô€to€Pages,€Ô_ÔKassmanÔ_Ô,€ð ðMeeting€of€the€WPA,ðð€PM€2028455187€„Ïâ â5194.Ð !+¼&* Ðà r àDiscussion€of€new€company€products,€Ô_ÔCORESTAÔ_Ô€task€forces€on€tobacco€factory€emissionsÏâ âand€waste€tobacco€dust.€€Measurements€of€Ô_ÔETSÔ_Ô€dioxin€under€ð ðrealistic€conditionsðð€(ERGO€labððsÏoffices)€show€it€to€be€four€times€ambient€outside€air€(0.08€I„Ô_ÔTEQÔ_Ô/Ô_ÔcbmÔ_