ÿWPC–  0Jn 0T¸ 0^  0hj 0rÒ 0|D 0†À 0F 1uÖU>K %‰ 0À 0±OU*v~*vî¨2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman ŠPp ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓÑ\RÑ6½&\Ñ(‰"ÿÿ$¡¡Ý ƒ ÿÝÝ  ÝÒ ° ÒÒ ° ÒÒÒÓ  ÓÓ ÓÓ  ÓÓ ` °šXÓÓÓ< Œ 9p`(ArialPtPtHH ÿáÿä+7G{àHHØ(dÿ'`Styl{WP}01°ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑ Times New Roman ÑÑ ÑÒ $ew Rom Times New Roman$ ÒÒ $ew Rom Times New Roman$ ÒÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€ ÔÔ€ ŠÔÓ&€  Š„d&ÓÑ#€  Šd#ÑÔ€ ÔÓ ÓÝ  ÝÑ#€  &d#ÑÑ  ÑÑ#€  &d#ÑÔ€ ôÔÌÓ  ÓÔ€ „Ôà àò òSHAMEFUL€SCIENCE:ÌÌÔ€ ¼ÔSupplement€IÌÌÌòòThe€continuing€saga€of€€suppression€of€research€on€smoking€and€health€byÏtheÌÌTobacco€IndustryÌÌÌÌÔ€ XÔóóó óà àò òNorbert€Hirschhorn,€MDÌà àConsultant€to€the€World€Health€OrganizationÌÌÌÌÌ5€April€€2000Çà0 àÌIntroductionÌÌÓ  Óó óLast€September€I€posted€on€Globalink€annotations€of€over€500€documents€from€the€TobaccoÏIndustryððs€formerly€secret€documents€showing€the€way€the€transnational€companies€and€theÏAssociation€of€Cigarette€Industries€of€Germany€(the€"Verband")€struggled€with€theÏaccumulating€and€on„rushing€evidence€that€theirs€is€one€of€the€foulest€products€(in€theÏenvironmental€sense)€sold€to€be€taken€into€human€bodies.€€That€struggle€was€seldom€openly€orÏhonestly€fought.€€In€the€introduction€to€the€130„page€document€called€"Shameful€Science.€ThreeÏDecades€of€the€Tobacco€Industryððs€Hidden€Research€on€Smoking€and€Health,"€I€summarizedÏthe€findings€as€follows:ÌÌ1.Ô€Ô€Ô€ ÔEven€as€some€of€the€scientists€hoped,€in€vain,€to€create€the€"safer€cigarette,"€company€lawyersÏwere€focused€entirely€on€avoiding€litigation,€and€loss€when€sued.€€An€army€of€public€relationsÏexperts,€front„organizations,€and€corrupted€consultants€served€the€lawyers,€not€the€truth;€theÏcompanies,€not€the€public.ÌÌ2.Ô€Ô€Ô€ ÔThe€German€tobacco€scientists,€led€by€the€wily€Professor€Franz€X.€Adlkofer,€managed€toÏintegrate€and€ingratiate€themselves€with€leading€researchers,€academics€and€government€officials;Ïeven€with€some€who€were€strongly€anti„tobacco.€€This€gave€the€German€industry€the€prestigeÏand€time€to€carry€out€research,€and€the€ability€to€influence€policy€not€just€in€Germany€butÏthroughout€Europe€and€other€continents,€even€until€today.ÌÌ3.Ô€Ô€Ô€ ÔThe€German€scientists€knew€from€the€start€that€the€true€battleground€was,€and€still€is,€òòpassiveÏsmokingóó.€€Their€worry€was€not€so€much€whether€smoking€caused€disease€ð!ð€they€knew€early€onÏit€did€ð!ð€but€they€were€obsessed€by€the€evidence€that€tobacco€poisons€released€into€the€air€couldÏaffect€the€health€of€nonsmokers;€and€they€did€everything€they€could€to€deny,€distort,€suppress,Ïand€finally€ignore€the€overwhelming€evidence.€€Ì€ÌNew€documents€have€now€come€on€line€on€the€Philip€Morris€and€RJR€websites,€spanning€theÏperiod€from€1992€to€late€1998;€in€addition,€older€documents€have€come€to€light,€and€reveal€theÏfollowing:€ÌÔ€ÔÌÔ€ ÔThe€biologic€evidence€for€the€ill„effects€of€passive€smoking€could€no€longer€be€denied;€in€fact,ÏVerband€scientists€òòreproducedóó€the€key€findings.€€Even€so,€the€major€transnational€companiesÏcontinued€to€try€to€suppress€the€information€and€the€very€research€itself,€adamantly€andÏconsistently€over€the€decades.€€The€Verband€itself€continued€in€its€secretive€ways,€alwaysÏprotective€of€the€business€of€selling€cigarettes,€even€as€research€it€supported€was€suspected€to€beÏfalse.ÌÔ€ÔÌÔ€ ÔThe€Verbandððs€influence€at€high€government€and€academic€levels€is€again€demonstrated,€and€its€Ïnewest€research€interest,€serving€the€transnational€firms,€is€in€genetically€modified€tobacco.Ç24€June€1969,€Letter€from€Max€Hausermann€(PM/Europe€Fabriques€de€Tabac€Reunies)€toÏRobert€Carpenter,€PM€senior€scientist,€PM€2501368798€„€8800.ÌEarliest€intimation€that€PM€knew€of€pre„cancerous€changes€due€to€passive€smoking:€ð ðòòòòINBIFO:óóÏThe€metaplasia€findings€in€the€tracheas€of€smoked€mice€were€confirmed€by€Professor€R.€ÏLeuchtenberger....€€INBIFO€knows€already€that€some€experiments€will€have€to€be€devised€withÏhamsters,€in€order€to€know€the€best€exposure€conditions€in€comparison€with€rats.óóðð€ProfessorÏDontenwill€is€apparently€beginning€such€work€and€writer€alludes€to€ð ðòòthe€difficulty€Dr,€WeberÏóó[research€director€of€the€Verband]€òòhas€to€influence€Prof.€€Dontenwillððs€research€program.óóððÌÔ€ÔÌÔ€ Ô21€October€1970,€memo€from€H[elmut]€Wakeham€(PM€VP€R&D)€to€Hugh€Cullman€(PMÏCEO),€ð ðParticipation€in€the€German€Cigaret€[sic]€Association€Program,ðð€PM€1000302189.ÌPhilip€Morris€Germany€joins€the€Verband€der€Cigarettenindustrie.€€It€is€clear€that€researchÏlooking€at€the€untoward€effects€of€tobacco€was€not€being€done€in€the€USA,€but€as€it€was€carriedÏon€in€Germany,€PM€needed€to€learn€about€it€ð ðfirst„hand.ðð€Max€Hausermann€of€PM/EuropeÏdesignated€as€the€representative.€€The€ð ðForschungsinstitutðð€headed€by€Dr.€€Dontenwill€quicklyÏgave€PM€a€major€headache€(see€17€November€and€6€December€1972€entries).ÌÌà0 àWe€believe€this€is€an€excellent€opportunity€to€get€inside€information€with€regard€to€theÏcooperative€technical€activities€going€on€in€the€German€cigaret€industry,€as€well€as€theÏopportunity€to€obtain€first„hand€or€direct€information€about€the€results€of€the€testingÏprogram€at€the€Forschungsinstitut,€where€the€bioassay€studies€are€being€made€under€theÏdirectorship€of€Dr.€Dontenwill.ÌÔ€ÔÌÔ€ Ô10€March€1971,€memo€from€Max€Hausermann€to€S.€€Gunnarsson€(PM€executive),Ïð ðApplication€of€PHILIP€MORRIS€GERMANY€for€membership€to€the€Scientific€AdvisoryÏBoards€of€the€German€Cigarette€Manufacturersðð€Association€and€of€the€Industry€Institute,ðð€PMÏ1000301234€„€1235.ÌPMððs€membership€in€the€VdC€did€not€automatically€confer€membership€on€the€research€arms;Ïin€fact,€as€Hausermann€points€out€here,€PM€had€yet€to€be€invited€and€Hausermann€was€lobbyingÏwith€the€Director€of€VdCððs€research€program,€Dr.€€Weber,€for€such€an€invitation€in€order€ð ðòòtoÏhave€true€access€to€the€results€which€are€produced€by€the€German€Institute.óóðð€But€HausermannÏwarns€against€letting€PMððs€membership€on€the€Scientific€Board€be€used€as€ð ðòòa€pressureÏargumentóóðð€€for€€ð ðòòmarketing€considerations....€óó€òòSince€general€considerations€and€specificÏmarketing€interests€are€contradictory€in€this€field,€I€would€suggest€that€we€discuss€the€matterÏwith€Mr.€€Holtzman€óó[PM€chief€counsel]€òòbefore€a€formal€application€is€submitted€to€the€VdC.óóððÌÔ€ÔÌÔ€ Ô17€November€1972,€memo€from€Alexander€Holtzman€(Philip€Morris€lawyer)€to€J.F.€CullmanÏ3rd€(PM€Chairman€of€the€Board),€"Forthcoming€Scientific€Report€by€German€CigaretteÏIndustry,"€PM€1002601095€„€1097€(from€secret€document€websiteÏ).ÌHoltzman€discusses€the€upcoming€21€November€press€conference€of€Professor€WalterÏDontenwill,€then€Director€of€the€Cigarette€Industry€(Verband)€Research€Institute,€in€which€heÏpresents€data€on€producing€laryngeal€cancers€in€hamsters€by€inhalation,€and€mouse€skin€cancersÏby€painting€with€cigarette€condensate€("tar").€€ÌReaders€of€"òòShameful€Scienceóó,"€the€first€installment,€will€recall€that€Professor€Dontenwill€wasÏpensioned€off€and€his€laboratory€closed€in€the€summer€of€1975,€in€all€likelihood€because€heÏfound€cancer€due€to€inhalation€of€cigarette€smoke€in€an€experimental€animal,€something€theÏindustry€continuously€alleged€had€never€been€shown.€ò ò[NB.€See€the€second€annotation€datedÏ23€July€1992,€and€the€subsequent€chronological€annotations€from€18€July€1975,€€21ÏNovember€1977,€12€August,€8€September€and€28€October€1981,€13€April€1982,€1€OctoberÏ1991.]€€ó óIn€this€memorandum€Holtzman€paints€a€very€positive€picture€that€Dontenwill€willÏprovide€optimistic€evidence€that€such€advances€as€cellulose€acetate€filters€seemed€to€beÏprotective,€and€that€the€hamsters€did€not€suffer€heart€disease€or€emphysema€or€lung€cancer.€€AllÏthis€would€be€expected€to€promote€the€idea€that€American€and€German€cigarettes€were€alreadyÏ"safer."ÌÌà0 àThe€purpose€of€this€[press€conference]€is€to€tell€the€German€public€and€government€thatÏthe€German€cigarette€manufacturers€have€in€fact€and€been€marketing€a€"safer€cigarette;"Ï...and€that€the€only€refinements€of€these€features€are€necessary€to€further€reduce€the€riskÏof€cigarette€smoking....€The€general€conclusion€is€that€the€studies€prove€that€theÏbiological€activity€of€cigarette€smoke€can€be€influenced€through€modification€of€theÏproduct€and€that€ways€and€means€of€reducing€the€risk€of€cigarette€smoking€are€takingÏform....€If€the€U.S.€industry€should€have€an€opportunity€to€comment€on€thisÏdevelopment€through€a€statement€to€the€press,€I€would€recommend€that€òòour€reaction€beÏexpressed€in€a€way€that€would€take€full€advantage€of€the€favorable€conclusionsóóÏ[emphasis€in€original].ÌÌ6€December€1972,€telex/memo,€Ronald€Thomson€(a€PM€tobacco€scientist,€see€PM€2023561530Ï„€1533)€to€Chairman€of€the€Cigarette€Manufacturerððs€Association€(Germany),€CC:€AllÏMembers,€PM€1003717894€„€7895.ÌEarlier€drafts€of€this€telex€may€be€found€at€<òòwww.tobaccodocuments.org>óó€PM€1005056296€„Ï6298,€1€December€1972,€and€1002600627€„€0629,€6€December€1972.ÌSomething€went€radically€wrong€at€the€press€conference,€at€least€as€far€as€Philip€Morris€wasÏconcerned.€€Holtzman€and€Hugh€Cullman€(later€to€be€Chairman€of€the€Board)€€drafted€thisÏangry€protest€to€be€sent€out€by€Thomson€to€the€Verband,€and€serves€to€explain€why€DontenwillÏand€his€laboratory€were€eventually€closed€down.€€The€telex/memo€sent€to€Thomson€forÏforwarding€is€quoted€in€its€entirety€here.€ÌÌ€à0 àGentlemen:€As€a€member€of€the€cigarette€manufacturersðð€association,€we€wish€to€protestÏformally€the€remarks€made€by€Professor€W.€Dontenwill€in€the€name€of€the€associationÏat€his€press€conference€in€Hamburg€on€November€21,€1972.€€Our€analysis€of€the€resultsÏof€his€study€indicates€the€conclusions€stated€by€Professor€Dontenwill€are€not€necessarilyÏcorrect€interpretations€of€the€results€of€his€own€experiments€and€in€some€respects€do€notÏaccord€with€the€findings€reported€by€other€scientists€in€their€investigations€of€the€effectsÏof€cigarette€smoke€on€the€respiratory€tissues€of€experimental€animals.€It€was€bothÏgratuitous€and€misleading€for€Professor€Dontenwill€to€imply€that,€because€he€hadÏdescribed€his€findings€at€the€National€Cancer€Institute,€in€Washington,€D.C.,€U.S.A.,€theÏweek€before€his€press€conference,€these€findings€had€thereby€gained€scientific€reviewÏand€endorsement.€According€to€observers,€Professor€Dontenwillððs€summary€remarks€toÏa€closed€small€group€meeting€at€the€National€Cancer€Institute€were€received€with€someÏskepticism,€and€Professor€Dontenwill€quite€deliberately€evaded€all€questions€put€to€himÏconcerning€the€data€he€presented.€€Professor€Dontenwill€declined€to€distribute€or€leaveÏcopies€of€his€report€with€the€participants.€ò ò[NB.€In€fact,€his€findings€were€publishedÏin€a€prestigious,€peer„reviewed€journal:€W.€Dontenwill,€et€al.€Journal€of€theÏNational€Cancer€Institute€1973,€vol.€51,€1781„1832.]ó ó€In€our€judgement€it€is€bothÏinappropriate€and€misleading€for€the€entire€German€Cigarette€Industry€to€be€associatedÏwith€Professor€Dontenwillððs€effort€to€make€a€scientific€òòcause€celebreóó€out€of€studiesÏwhich,€at€best,€lead€to€a€variety€of€interpretations.€€The€impropriety€of€this€incident€isÏcompounded€by€the€fact€that€Dr.€Max€Hauesermann€[sic],€our€representative€on€theÏscientific€committee€which€oversees€the€conduct€of€industryððs€research€program,€wasÏperemptorily€informed€that€he€could€not€review,€consider,€or€even€be€permitted€to€attendÏhis€press€conference.€€This€same€condition€may€have€been€imposed€against€the€otherÏmembers.€€Furthermore,€we€think€that€it€should€be€recorded€that€while€certain€membersÏof€the€German€Cigarette€Industry€acquiesced€in€the€issuance€of€Professor€DontenwillððsÏremarks,€our€opinion€was€not€sought€and€we€did€not€acquiesce.€€We€take€strongÏexception€to€Professor€Dontenwillððs€expounding€his€personal€theories€in€the€name€ofÏthe€entire€cigarette€industry€without€our€concurrence,€and€we€disagree€strongly€withÏmany€of€the€opinions€he€expressed,€which€are€not€supported€by€experimental€findings.€ÏWe€are€deeply€disappointed€that€we€were€not€permitted€to€review,€consider€and€commentÏon€the€content€and€presentation€of€Dr.€Dontenwillððs€press€statement.€€Further,€weÍstrongly€feel€that€any€statement€of€significance€made€in€the€name€of€the€CigaretteÏIndustry€must€be€endorsed€by€all€members.€€We,€of€course,€remain€enduringlyÏcommitted€to€the€development€and€marketing€of€improved€cigarette€products.€€€VeryÏtruly€yours,ÌÌà0 àMr.€Thompson€[sic]€ð!ð€The€foregoing€was€dictated€by€Hugh€Cullman€and€AlexanderÏHoltzmanÌÌ24€January€1973,€draft€trip€report€from€Sir€Clifford€Jarrett€(BAT),€Dr.€G.€Todd€(BAT€R&D),ÏDr.€T.€Osdene€(PM€Chief€Scientist),€Dr.€R.€Seligman€(PM€scientist)€and€Dr.€Francis€Roe€(BATÏconsultant),€Tobacco€Research€Council,€PM€1000126126€„€6133.ÌVisit€to€several€industry€laboratories€to€ascertain€what€was€being€found€with€respect€to€cancerÏstudies€and€possibility€of€a€safer€cigarette€using€synthetic€tobacco€(NSM),€but€with€an€eye€toÏlegal€immunity,€not€health.€€With€respect€to€the€Verband:ÌÌ€à0 àOverall€impression€is€that€of€very€close€cooperation€and€mutual€confidence€between€theÏVerband€and€the€scientific€arm€of€the€German€Ministry€of€Health.€€Mutual€confidenceÏhas€been€established€so€that€the€Ministry€seeks€advice€from€the€Verbandððs€scientists€Ï(re:€inventions)€and€participates€in€scientific€conferences.€€In€fact€the€MinistryððsÏtoxicologist€[handwritten:€identities€submitted€to€Ministry€ð!ð€they€made€up€list€which€willÏbe€given€to€Verband...€probable€assist€in€writing€law]€will€attend€a€forthcoming€GermanÏindustry€session€on€pesticide€residues€so€that€the€law€can€be€framed€around€limits€withinÏwhich€the€German€tobacco€industry€can€live....€€Synthetic€tobacco€is€going€to€be€testedÏby€Dontenwill....€Products€which€do€show€lower€biological€assay€from€the€VerbandððsÏdata€probably€can€get€German€Health€Ministry€sanction€as€a€"safer"€cigarette.€€Once€thisÏhas€been€obtained,€the€cigarette€manufacturer€using€this€material€will€have€legalÏimmunity€in€Germany.ÌÌ17€July€1973,€memo€from€Hausermann€to€Helmut€Wakeham,€PM€VP€R&D,€ð ðGermany:ÏIndustry€Institute,ðð€PM€100034636€„€4639.ÌHaving€already€been€burned€by€Dontenwillððs€apostasy€with€respect€to€laryngeal€tumors€inÏpassively€smoked€hamsters€the€ð ðInstitutsvereinðð€(or€General€Assembly€of€DontenwillððsÏcigarette€industry€research€institute),€ÌÌà0 à...the€Assembly€accepted€„„€very€reluctantly€„„€a€pilot€experiment€with€mini„pigs€to€beÏconducted€by€Professor€Dontenwill€during€the€year€to€come€(summer€1973€„€summerÏ1974).€€Mr.€€Schlenker€and€the€Association€officers€expressed€their€concern€on€thisÏmatter:€What€shall€happen€if€cardiovascular€diseases€are€experimentally€produced€inÏmini„pigs€exposed€to€cigarette€smoke?€€Professor€Dontenwill€argumented€that€he€knowsÏabout€serious€university€research€already€going€on€in€this€field,€and€that€the€cigaretteÏindustry€should€not€stay€[out].€€ò òWhat€the€Association€fears€is€that€if€he€doesÏsucceed€in€producing€cardiovascular€diseases€in€mini„pigs,€he€will€not€hesitateÏto€publish€the€results.€€ó ó[Emphasis€added]ÌÌò ò[NB.€€Dontenwill€had€already€published€in€1973€data€on€the€cardiovascular€effects€ofÏpassive€smoking€on€hamsters,€ð ðThe€effect€of€long„term€cigarette€smoke€exposure€on€theÏcardiovascular€system€of€Syrian€golden€hamsters,ðð€in€the€German€journal€VirchowsÏArchiv€A€Pathol€Pathol€Anat€1973;361:147„62.€€We€may€speculate€that€perhaps€theÏclosure€of€the€laboratory€in€1975,€nearly€three€years€after€the€hamster€experimentsÏcame€about€because€he€was€finding€similar€results€in€the€mini„pigs.€€No€suchÏpublication€appears€in€the€literature.€€In€1980,€BBCððs€Panorama€broadcast€ð ðA€DyingÏIndustry,ðð€exposing€tobacco€company€tactics.€€€An€associate€of€Dontenwillððs,€testifyingÏanonymously,€said€the€1975€closure€was€ð ðòòlike€a€flash€of€lightning....€€We€supposed€thatÏthe€Institute€was€closed€because€of€the€results€we€were€getting€from€our€experiments€intoÍarterio„sclerosis€in€the€pig.óóðð€Transcript€found€at€cdc.gov/tobacco/industrydocs,ÏGuildford€or€Minnesota€Select€Set,€B&W€680048944€„€8965,€at€„8950)]ÌÌó ó3€September€1974,€memo€to€file€by€Hausermann,€ð ðMeetings€of€the€Scientific€Advisory€BoardsÏof€the€German€Industry€Institute€and€the€Forschungsstelle,ðð€PM€1000012577€„2582.ÌProfessor€Dontenwill€still€holds€out,€but€VdC€tries€a€bureaucratic€reshuffling€of€the€InstituteÏBoard€ð ðòòto€weaken€Professor€Dontenwillððs€autonomy.óóððÌÌ5€November€1975,€memo€from€Dr.€€Bruckner€(head€of€VdC)€to€member€firms,€ð ðFounding€of€aÏSmoking€and€Health€Research€Council,ðð€PM€1003717837€„€7839.ÌThe€Council€was€promulgated€in€June€1975,€at€the€same€time€that€the€cigarette€industryÏlaboratory€was€shut€down,€and€clearly€to€regain€control€of€what€industry€research€should€beÏabout,€while€denying€the€health€hazards€publicly,€engaging€the€quest€for€the€ð ðsafer€cigarette.ðð€€ÌÌà0 àIn€stating€the€purpose€of€the€Research€Council,€we€have€been€guided€by€the€propositionÏthat€no€causality€between€smoking€and€any€concrete€injury€to€human€health€has€beenÏproved.€€On€the€other€hand,€it€is€indisputable€that€both€noted€scientists€and€members€ofÏthe€public€have€been€bringing€up€such€a€charge€of€hazardousness€to€health....€€It€must€beÏthe€legitimate€interest€of€every€cigarette€manufacturer,€through€support€of€researchÏprojects,€to€further€the€development€of€cigarettes€that€are€not€open€to€the€charge€ofÏhazardousness€to€health.ò òÌó óÌ16€December€1976,€memo€from€Hausermann€to€S.€€Gunnarsson€(PM€executive),€ð ðGermanÏResearch€Council€on€Smoking€and€Health,ðð€PM€1003717830€„€7833.ÌProfessor€Schmaehl€of€the€German€Cancer€Research€Center€at€Heidelberg€appointed€asÏChairman.€€The€idea€for€the€Council€came€from€BAT,€Brinkmann€and€Reemstma.€€SchmaehlððsÏvision€of€the€Council€was€one€to€propose€research€projects€to€VdC,€with€no€industry€scientistsÏon€the€Council€yet€in€close€cooperation€with€them;€and€to€seek€the€path€ð ðòòtoward€a€less€harmfulÏcigarette.ðð€óóErnst€Wynder€to€be€a€member€of€the€Council€because€ð ðòòHe€is€considered€as€theÏoriginator€of€the€ððless€harmfulðð€concept.óóððÌÌ23€January€1976,€memo€from€Frank€Colby€(RJR€scientist)€to€H.C.€Roemer€(RJR€counsel),Ï"Secret,"€RJR€500924628€(from€www.tobaccodocuments.org).ÌReport€of€a€meeting€of€German€tobacco€industry€scientists€and€executives€on€the€newly€formedÏ[post„Dontenwill]€German€Research€Council€on€Smoking€and€Health.ÌÌà0 àProf.€Schmaehl€then€said€that€the€continuing,€often€highly€emotional,€debates€onÏsmoking€ð!ð€and€as€he€phrased€it€ð!ð€"dangers€to€health",€present€a€challenge€to€science€andÏthat€research€is€needed€to€help€find€a€solution.€€He€stated€that€in€view€of€his€many€yearsÏof€experience€he€believes€that€the€most€effective€contribution€will€be€a€scientificallyÏbased€modification€of€the€product€in€order€to€"decrease€the€health€risks€due€toÏsmoking."ÌÌ2€June€1976,€minutes,€Hausermann€to€Gunnarsson,€ð ðVdC€Meeting€on€the€Research€Council,ððÏPM€1000122983€„€2985.ÌThe€main€reason€for€closing€the€cigarette€industry€research€institute€headed€by€DontenwillÏð ðòòreportedly€was€the€fact€that€in€matters€of€smoking€and€health,€the€Institute€was€the€onlyÏððporte„paroleðð€of€the€Industry.€€Prof.€€Dontenwillððs€uncooperative€and€authoritarian€mannerÏmade€it€impossible€for€the€VdC€(and€the€Industry)€to€expose€their€views€in€these€matters.óóððÌÌMid„1970s€(from€internal€evidence),€report€by€Frank€Colby,€RJR€500924982€„€5003€(alsoÏtransmitted€under€B&W€from€EJ€Jacob€of€Jacob,€Medinger€to€JK€Wells€of€B&W,Ï00007300560001€or€680252695€„€2716;€all€via€òòwww.tobaccodocuments.org)ÌóóA€comprehensive€and€highly€negative,€even€pejorative€review€of€some€two€dozen€GermanÏTobacco€Industry€research€projects€dealing€with€finding€and€isolating€toxic€compounds€fromÍcigarettes.€€Some€excerpts€indicate€the€unyielding€view,€until€last€year,€of€the€industry€(not€justÏColbyððs€as€other€documents€in€"Shameful€Science"€show)€that€cigarettes€are€not€harmful€and€noÏresearch€should€be€done€that€even€suggests€that€possibility.€ÌÌ€à0 àRJR€has€always€rejected€the€idea€of€developing€a€"safe"€cigarette€being€based€on€anÏunfounded€assumption,€to€wit,€current€cigarettes€are€unsafe.€Instead,€RJRððs€position€hasÏalways€been,€and€still€is,€that€cigarettes€have€not€been€scientifically€established€as€diseaseÏproducing€in€human€smokers....€The€main€objection€to€these€[angiotoxicology]€projectsÏis€the€fact€that€they€will€be€done€by€Professor€Schettler€and€his€co„workers.€€ProfessorÏSchettler€is€a€long„standing€and€out„spoken€opponent€of€smoking€and,€therefore,€anyÏresearch€undertaken€by€him€would€likely€be€tainted€by€his€biased€viewpoint....€ThisÏproject€is€based€on€the€unfounded€premise€that€cigarette€smoking€has€untoward€healthÏconsequences€on€the€human€cardiovascular€system,€a€premise€not€accepted€by€RJR....ÏOur€objections€to€these€[Ernst€Wynder]€projects€are€very€strong.€€This€series€of€projectsÏdoes€not€deal€with€German€products€or€German€smokers.€€Rather€it€deals€with€aÏcomparison€of€American€tobacco€products€and€their€health€consequences€on€AmericanÏsmokers€by€an€American€researcher€who€is€avowedly€anti„tobacco€ò ò[NB.€See€firstÏinstallment€of€"Shameful€Science"€for€pioneer€scientist€Wynderððs€close€ties€toÏthe€Verband.]ó ó....€The€financing€of€his€research€on€American€products€by€a€tobaccoÏinterest,€albeit€a€foreign€one,€places€the€American€industry€in€a€potentially€embarrassingÏsituation.€€It€is€possible€to€conceive,€if€not€probable,€that€in€future€CongressionalÏhearings€and€elsewhere,€Dr.€Wynder€will€take€the€position€that€his€research€has€had€toÏbe€supported€by€foreign€tobacco€interests€because€he€could€find€no€support€among€theÏAmerican€industry....€Objections€to€his€work...would€be€severely€weakened€by€the€factÏthat€a€tobacco€industry€had€supported€his€work.ÌÌòòò òThe€strange€story€of€Klaus€D.€€Brunneman:ó óóóÌò òà àIn€September€1977,€Brunnemann,€as€senior€author,€and€Dietrich€Hoffmann€ofÏErnst€Wynderððs€American€Health€Foundation€published€an€important€paper,Ïð ðAssessment€of€carcinogenic€volatile€N„nitrosamines€in€tobacco€and€in€mainstreamÏand€sidestream€smoke€from€cigarettesðð€(Cancer€Research€1977;37:3218„3222,Ïsubmitted€April€1977)€in€which€they€show€that€sidestream€smoke€contained€20„40Ïtimes€higher€concentrations€of€nitrosamines€than€mainstream€smoke.€€They€concluded,Ïð ðòòAlthough,€at€present,€there€is€no€evidence€to€indicate€that€sidestream€smoke€of€tobaccoÏproducts€may€be€carcinogenic€to€humans,€the€analytical€data€of€this€report€should€beÏfollowed€by...analysis€of€indoor€air€polluted€by€smoke.€€If€such€investigations€support€ourÏfinding,€epidemiologic€studies€are€indicated€to€examine€the€carcinogenic€potential€of€tobaccoÏsidestream€smoke€for€nonsmokers.óóðð€The€confirmatory€epidemiologic€studies€ofÏHirayama€and€Trichopolous€were€published€just€three€years€later,€bitterly€and€openlyÏcontested€by€the€VdC,€although€accepted€in€private€(see€ð ðShameful€Science,ðð€entriesÏfor€12€and€18€June€1981).Ìó óÌà àò òIn€December€1977€Brunnemann€presented€his€findings€to€the€VdC€(PMÏ1003717764€„€7766,€translation€of€Adlkoferððs€minutes),€and,€according€to€AdlkoferððsÏnotes,€began€to€hedge€on€the€implications€of€his€own€paper:€ð ðòòThe€previous€experimentsÏof€Hoffmann€and€Brunneman,€as€was€stated€by€Mr.€€Brunneman,€should€be€taken€asÏmodels€which€do€not€necessarily€imitate€reality....€€By€no€mean€s€should€this€be€consideredÏthat€there€is€a€connection€between€the€formation€of€nitrosamine€in€sidestream€smoke€andÏthe€nitrosamine€content€within€the€air€of€an€enclosed€space.óóððÌÌà àAccording€to€RJR€scientist€Frank€Colby,€ð ðòòThe€German€Cigarette„IndustryÏAssociation€and€many€of€its€members€are€unduly€alarmed€by€the€nitrosamine€issue....€ÏBecause€of€the€concern€of€the€German€Industry,€shortly€after€the€Hoffmann/BrunnemannÏpublication,€they€decided€to€check€their€data....€€The€efforts€of€the€German€Industry€are€nowÏbeing€completed€in€collaboration€with€Philip€Morris€in€Neuchatel,€who€have€purchased€theÍnecessary€and€very€costly€equipment.óóðð€(30€June€1978,€RJR€500942645€atÏtobaccodocuments.org.)ÌÌà àPhilip€Morris€did€more€than€purchase€equipment.€€They€hired€Brunnemann€toÏwork€at€their€R&D€site€in€Switzerland€(Colby:€ð ðòòSince€PHILIP€MORRIS€was€interestedÏin€that€controversy,€they€decided€to€hire€Dr.€€BRUNNEMANN€away€from€Dr.€€WYNDER,óóððÏ12€June€1978,€RJR€504821200€at€tobaccodocuments.org),€and€apparently€withoutÏinforming€Ernst€Wynder.€€In€a€memo€to€the€files,€9€June€1978,€by€PM€senior€scientistÏRobert€Seligmanòò€óórecounts€a€meeting€€VdC€scientists€had€with€Wynder€who€ð ðòòaskedÏthem€if€they€knew€to€which€cigarette€company€in€Germany€Brunneman€went€to€work€for.€ÏThey€replied€that€Brunnemann€was€not€going€to€a€óó[hand„written€in:òò€Germanóó]€òòcigaretteÏcompany€and€they€offered€no€further€information.óóððÌÌà àDuring€his€time€at€PM,€Brunneman€essentially€repeated€his€1977€study,€thisÏtime€with€PM€scientists€Walter€Fink€and€Fritz€Moser€as€co„authors€(ð ðAnalysis€ofÏvolatile€N„nitrosamines€in€mainstream€and€sidestream€smoke€from€cigarettes€by€GLC„TEAðð[gas€liquid€chromatography€with€thermal€energy€analyzer,€the€same€method€asÏbefore]).€€Brunnemann€was€asked€by€Prof.€€Schmaehl,€chair€of€VdCððs€ResearchÏCouncil€on€Smoking€and€Health,€to€submit€the€results€at€the€Symposium€ð ðRiskÏAssessment€of€N„Nitroso€Compounds€for€Human€Health,€held€at€Schmaehlððs€CancerÏResearch€Center,€21„23€May€1979€€[the€symposium€manuscript€is€found€at€PMÏ1003723906€„€3922;€the€paper€was€published€in€Oncology€1980;37:217„22].€€The€paper,Ïhowever,€required€editing€and€approval€by€Seligman:€ð ðòòDear€Dr.€€Seligman,€thank€youÏfor€your€Telex€and€the€suggestions€for€the€Heidelberg€manuscript.€€I€have€now€taken€outÏthe€Hoffmann€data€and€also€incorporated€your€valuable€corrections.€€Please€find€enclosedÏtwo€copies€of€the€new€version€(one€for€Dr.€€Osdene).óóðð€(19€April€1979,€PM€1003723905.)€ÌÌà àOne€ð ðvaluable€correctionðð€was€probably€the€sentence€that€read,€ð ðòòOne€should€beÏaware,€however,€that€the€conditions€used€in€the€experimental€chamber€are€not€realistic€inÏterms€of€human€exposure€to€tobacco€smoke€since€five€cigarettes€smoked€in€a€room€of€30€mòò3óóÏsize€already€cause€a€degree€of€irritation€which€prevents€anyoneððs€remaining€in€such€anÏenvironment.óóðð€(at€1003723912).à àÌÌà àThe€crucial€difference€between€the€AHF€and€PM€studies€was€that€in€the€latterÏthe€mainstream€and€sidestream€nitrosamine€values€were€one„third€to€one„quarter€ofÏthe€earlier€study.€€The€difference€was€ascribed€to€ð ðòòdifferent€experimental€variations.óóðð€Ì(„3912.)ÌÌà àIt€is€a€matter€of€some€debate€whether€Hoffmann€ð ðòòinsistedóóðð€to€have€the€AHF€dataÏremoved,€as€Brunneman€claimed,€or€was€so€put€out€at€not€being€included€or€AHFððsÏwork€acknowledged€that€a€law€suit€was€threatened€(9€May€1979,€Brunnemann€toÏSeligman,€PM€1003723894,€17€April€1979€AHF€Special€Counsel€Klarberg€toÏBrunnemann,€PM€1003723900).€€As€a€result€Brunnemannððs€paper€was€read€byÏsomeone€else,€but€the€true€winner€was€the€cigarette€industry€as€told€by€Hausermann€toÏSeligman€in€a€9€May€1979€letter€(PM€1003723893):€ð ðòòThe€VdC€gets€the€paper€presentedÏand€the€lower€nitrosamine€figures€ð ðofficiallyðð€sanctioned.€€Neither€Mr.€€Brunneman€norÏDr.€€Fink€will€attend€the€meeting;€the€risk€of€having€them€involved€in€discussions€isÏtherefore€avoided.€€Dr.€€Hoffmann€gets€satisfaction;€but€might€somehow€lose€face.óóððòò€€óó€€ÌÌà àThe€story€gets€more€curious:€By€spring€of€1980€Brunneman€was€back€at€AHFÏ(27€March€1980,€letter€from€Brunnemann€to€Osdene,€ð ðòòThank€you€so€much€forÏeverything,óóðð€PM€1000025168).€€Colby€commented€on€Philip€Morrisððs€hiring€of€anotherÏWynder€researcher€(J.J.€€Piade),€ð ðIòò€am€at€a€loss€to€understand€this,€especially€after€the€badÏexperience€which€they€have€had€with€Dr.€€Brunnemann.óóðð€(7€November€1980,€RJRÏ511205410€at€tobaccodocuments.org.)€€Review€of€the€literature€shows€him€then€co„authoring€with€Hoffmann,€Hecht€and€others€some€of€the€most€damning€scientificÏstudies€linking€tobacco„specific€nitrosamines€to€carcinogenesis€in€several€parts€of€theÏworld,€including€the€famous€article€on€passive€smokersðð€excretion€of€nitrosamineÏmetabolites€published€in€the€New€England€Journal€of€Medicine€in€1993€(see€entryÏbelow€for€23€November€1993),€one€attacked€in€the€journal€by€VdC€contractor€UeberlaÏ(see€13€November€1993€in€ð ðShameful€Scienceðð).€€ÌÌà àTo€complete€the€irony,€Hoffmann€and€Brunnemann€also€validated€DontenwillððsÏhamster€study,€this€time€using€tobacco„specific€nitrosamines€to€induce€laryngealÏtumors!€€(IARC€Scientific€Publication€1982;41:299„308.)ó óÌÌ5€June€1979,€Trip€report,€RBS€[Robert€Seligman],€ð ðHamburg€Meeting,ðð€PM€1003717691€„Ï7694.ÌAnother€result€of€Brunnemannððs€paper€was€to€help€the€industry€shift€the€focus€away€fromÏvolatile€nitrosamines€from€smoke€to€nonvolatile€nitrosamines€formed€within€the€body€fromÏingested€food€nitrates.Ì€Ìà0 àDr.€€Adlkofer€then€discussed€the€nitrosamine€conference€in€Heidelberg....€€It€was€notedÏthat€the€Brunnemann€paper€received€little€comment€except€that€the€sidestream€numberÏgiven€by€Brunnemann€was€only€one„third€of€that€previously€published€by€BrunnemannÏand€Hoffmann.€€Probably€the€most€interesting€finding€at€the€conference€was€the€fact€thatÏòòin€vitroóó€formation€of€nitrosamines€was€estimated€by€Dr.€€Tannenbaum€of€MIT€to€be€10Ï[micrograms]€per€day€per€kilo....€€Thus,€nitrosamines€taken€in€via€smoke,€beer,€etc.,€areÏminuscule€sources€of€nitrosamines€compared€to€those€which€are€formed€òòin€vitro.óóÌÌThe€quest€for€a€safer€cigarette€by€the€quasi„autonomous€Research€Council€seemed€also€to€beÏundermined:€ð ðòòDr.€€Adlkofer€further€stated€there€was€no€attempt,€or€any€effort,€on€the€part€ofÏthe€industry€to€produce€a€less€hazardous€cigarette€under€Dr.€€Schmaehlððs€programs.óóððÏPerhaps€this€was€Adlkoferððs€move€to€control€the€research€for€the€VdC:€ð ðòòA€whole€new€schemeÏwill€have€to€be€developed€under€the€umbrella€of€the€Hanover€óó[sic]€òòTumor€Center.€€The€VDCÏwill€establish€a€research€department€which€will€do€tumor€work;€yet,€the€VDC€will€ððhideðð€someÏof€their€studies€as€well.óóðð€€€VdC€reach€extends€beyond€biologic€research€by€purported€influenceÏon€WHO:€€ð ðòòThe€VDC€is€also€influencing€publications€which€will€be€presented€at€the€FourthÏWorld€Health€Conference€that€deal€with€the€cost€to€the€economy€due€to€smoking.óóððò òÌó óÌ12€October€1979,€letter€(in€translation)€from€Prof.€€Schmaehl€to€Adlkofer,€transmitted€to€PMÏchief€counsel€Holtzman,€PM€1003717688€„€7689.ÌA€òòcri€du€coeur,€óóand€a€threat€to€ð ðblow€the€whistleðð:€€Schmaehl€realizes€that€the€rug€has€beenÏpulled€out€from€under€him,€and€that€the€VdC€will€not€do€anything€that€could€conceivably€harmÏthe€tobacco€industry:ÌÌà0 àThis€letter€refers€to€the€conversation€that€you€and€I€had€on€September€27th,€1979,€withÏDrs.€€Koenig€and€Brueckner€[VdC€scientists]€and€in€which€we€discussed€the€for€meÏessential€experiments€on€dose€effect€relationships€of€high€tar€cigarettes€compared€to€lowÏtar€cigarettes.€€Such€experiments€are€completely€indispensable€in€the€arguments€on€aÏsafer€cigarette,€especially€if€one€supports€such€efforts€publicly.€€In€our€conversation€itÏwas€argued€that€the€Industry€could€not€support€such€experiments€since€this€might€proveÏthat€the€previously€manufactured€products€have€a€carcinogenic€effect€and€that€suchÏexperiments€could€especially€not€be€supported€because€they€would€be€financed€withÏIndustry€funds.€€I€am€totally€unable€to€follow€these€arguments.€€Especially,€since,€forÏexample,€in€the€former€Dontenwill€Institute€such€dose€effect€relationships€were€alreadyÏinvestigated€and€were€financed€by€the€Industry.€€The€same€applies€to€the€detailedÏinvestigations€by€Mr.€[Peter]€Lee€at€the€BAT€Research€Institute€in€England,€which€wereÏlikewise€financed€by€the€Industry.€€Therefore€the€arguments€made€by€Drs.€€Koenig€andÏBrueckner€do€not€hold.€€I€want€to€tell€you€again€that€in€case€this€project,€which€isÍessential€from€my€point€as€well€as€for€the€other€members€of€the€Research€AdvisoryÏBoard,€is€refused€by€the€Industry,€I€will€carry€out€such€investigations€in€my€Institute€onÏmy€own€account;€in€that€case€I€will,€in€my€publication€of€this€work,€call€a€ð ðspade€aÏspade.ðð€ò ò[NB.€€Here€the€translator€writes€a€footnote:€ð ðDr.€€Schmaehl€uses€aÏGerman€colloquialism€which€literally€translates€ð ðI€shall€clearly€identify€horseÏand€riderðð,€which€in€German€is€„„€at€least€implicitly€„„€a€bit€more€threateningÏthan€just€naming€brand€names.ðð]ó ó€It€is€self€evident€that€if€such€experiments€areÏcarried€out€in€Heidelberg,€they€will€be€done€without€being€influenced€by€the€ScientificÏAdvisory€Board€or€by€your€industry,€and€that€I€will€only€test€what€interests€me,€i.e.,€theÏdose€response€relationships€of€the€different€amounts€of€condensates,€without€testingÏquestions€you€are€interested€in,€i.e.,€the€effect€of€nicotine.€€These€experiments€which€IÏwant€to€carry€out€and€which€I€have€requested€you€to€approve€for€me€to€do€for€about€oneÏand€a€half€years,€will€help€to€prove€the€correctness€of€the€approach€taken€by€theÏScientific€Advisory€Board€with€reference€to€the€promotion€of€low€tar€cigarettes.€€€I€amÏtotally€at€a€loss€to€understand€that€these€arguments€are€not€accepted€by€the€Industry,Ïbecause€they€are€designed€to€show€that€we€are€on€the€way€to€produce€something€better.€ÏYour€attitude€would€indicate€a€willingness€on€the€part€of€the€Industry€to€no€longer€followÏthis€approach€which€the€Industry€itself€had€participated€in€initiating€and€had€promotedÏand€supported.ÌÌ24€January€1980,€memo€from€R.€€Fagan€to€R.B.€€Seligman,€PM€1003717661.ÌDiscussion€of€Verbandððs€use€of€electrstatic€precipitators€rather€than€Cambridge€filters€for€tarÏand€nicotine€measurements.ÌHand„written€note€from€RBS€at€bottom:€ð ðòòDiscussed€w€Max€Hausermann€„„€he€informed€me,€inÏconfidence,€that€the€Verband€wants€the€two€measurements€so€that€there€will€be€debate€andÏconfusion€re€tar€methodology.€€Thus,€when€the€Govt.€€Taxes€on€the€basis€of€tar€levels,€the€cigtÏindustry€can€buy€some€time€ostensibly€to€get€the€method€standardized.óóðð€(See€ð ðShamefulÏScience,€14€January€1980€entry€for€background.)Ìà0 àÌ9€October€1981,€report€from€Verband,€"Confidential€PR„Status€Report€1981€Smoking€Issues€inÏGermany,"€BAT€109869093€„€9112,€from€the€BAT€Guildford€Depository,€found€atÏ<òòwww.cctc.ca/ncth/guildford>óó€ÌWhatever€was€said€in€private€meetings,€Verband€played€a€loyal€role€òòvis€a€visóó€the€entire€industryÏin€its€public€relations€campaigns,€whether€against€taxation,€health€warnings,€harassment€of€anti„smoking€groups,€cultivating€journalists€and€government€officials,€impugning€the€work€andÏcharacter€of€researchers€finding€harm€in€cigarettes,€and€creating€citizen€front€groups€fromÏindustry€employees:€ÌÌà0 àTherefore,€the€Verband€jointly€with€the€Tobacco€Workersðð€Union€holds€regularÏsmoking€and€health€lessons€where€employees€of€the€different€member€companies€areÏtaught€the€basic€issues€and€how€to€defend€industryððs€positions....€Today€the€VerbandÏdisposes€of€a€network€of€more€than€200€employees€all€over€the€Federal€Republic.€€TheyÏkeep€us€informed€about€their€local€media€scenery€and€they€write€letters€to€the€editor,€ifÏnecessary.€€It€is€planned€to€organize€and€structure€this€PR€force€in€a€way€comparable€toÏthe€American€Tobacco€Instituteððs€TAN€[Tobacco€Action€Network]€with€similar€tasksÏand€responsibilities.€€„9099„10)ÌÌVerband€continued€to€ingratiate€itself€as€a€"respectable€partner"€with€the€scientific€and€politicalÏcommunities:ÌÌà0 àThe€Verband€has€in€1981€intensified€its€relations€to€the€press€and€other€media.ÏFurthermore€it€has€strengthened€its€ability€to€create€ððgood€newsðð€by€credible€thirdÏparties€as€a€€counterbalance€to€the€continuous€flow€of€bad€ones,€many€of€which€comeÏfrom€abroad.€€Another€key€role€is€held€by€the€scientific€and€political€community.ÏBesides€good€relations€on€an€individual€basis€much€public€credit€has€been€given€to€theÍindustry€by€its€engagement€in€the€work€of€the€independent€ððResearch€Council€SmokingÏand€Health.ðð€It€documents€industryððs€serious€and€responsible€intention€to€cope€with€theÏmedical€challenge€of€smoking€and€health.€It€made€industry€not€a€beloved€but€at€least€aÏrespectable€partner€to€serious€scientists€and€health€officials."€(„€9098„9)ÌÌ25€March€1982,€memo€from€T.S.€Osdene€(PM€senior€scientist)€to€list,€ð ðCoumarin,ððÏPM1003225739.Ìð ðòòDr.€€Adlkofer€mentioned€to€me€in€confidence€that€coumarin€óó[an€additive]€òòhas€run€into€someÏbiological€problems€confirming€Dr.€€Gaischððs€earlier€memorandum.€€It€is€my€understandingÏthat€in€a€large€scale€feeding€study€(I€believe€in€rats)€a€number€of€tumors€have€occurred€in€theÏdigestive€tracts.€€This€occurs€only€at€the€highest€levels€of€coumarin.óóðð€ò ò[NB.€€See€entries€underÏð ðcoumarinðð€in€ð ðShameful€Science.ðð€In€fact,€the€evidence€of€liver€damage€andÏcarcinogenicity€was€available€to€the€Verband€as€early€as€1981,€and€there€was€stillÏsentiment€to€fight€to€keep€this€flavorant€as€late€as€1988.]ó óÌÌ10€July€1984,€letter€from€S.B.€€Evelyn€(BAT€scientist)€to€K.€Kohnhorst€(B&W€counsel),€B&WÏ100470844€„€0845€at€cdc.gov/tobacco/industrydocs,€Minnesota€Select€Set.Ìð ðIòò€now€understand€that€metastases€have€been€confirmed€in€one€animal€from€the€highest€doseÏlevel€in€both€the€German€and€UK€studies.€€On€the€basis€of€this€evidence,€it€could€be€claimedÏthat€coumarin€is€carcinogenic€at€(unrealistically)€high€dose€levels€in€the€rat.€€This€evidence,€if€itÏis€substantiated,€may€well€be€sufficient€to€ensure€that€regulatory€bodies€will€not€accept€the€useÏof€coumarin.óóððÌÌ5€November€1985,€draft€report€from€AW€Hayes€(RJR€scientist)€to€SL€Jowdy€(RJR€counsel),ÏRJR€505743303€„€3315,€from€<òòwww.tobaccodocuments.org>óó€€Ì€à àReport€on€visits€to€various€German€scientists€funded€by€the€Verband,€researchingÏconstitutional€causes€of€cancer€(as€opposed€to€external€causes).€€One€such€was€Dr.€Grossarth„Maticek€whose€thesis€that€lung€cancer€was€of€€psychosomatic€origin,€an€idea€that€pleased€bothÏFrank€Colby€and€Franz€Adlkofer€(see€first€installment€of€"Shameful€Science,"€21€May€1982,€12ÏMay€1983).€€Grossarth„Maticek€even€landed€a€favorable€interview€in€the€German€edition€of€ÏWorld€Health,€WHOððs€publication.€€"òòWe€discussed€the€work€of€Grossarth„Maticek....€They€areÏvery€dubious€about€what€he€has€done€and,€in€fact...referred€to€him€as€one€who€was€dishonestÏwith€his€data.óó"€(„€3304)ÌÌ29€August€1985,€translation„report€by€F.€Breidbach,€PM€2501458393€„€8394.ÌAn€article€on€26€July€1985€in€the€òòTabakzeitungóó€indicated€that€German€cigarettes€containedÏdiethylene€glycol€(basically,€anti„freeze,€a€potent€kidney€toxin).€€The€Deutsche€Presse€AgenturÏpicked€up€the€story€and€the€magazine€NATUR€was€going€to€feature€it.€€Verband€obtained€anÏinjunction€against€the€publication€in€NATUR€which€had€commissioned€its€own€analyses€fromÏan€independent€laboratory,€validating€the€finding.ÌÌà0 àIn€agreement€with€the€industry,€we€have€not€reacted€to€this€[òòTabakzeitungóó€report]€andÏsome€other€unimportant€articles,€in€order€not€to€add€oil€to€the€fire€in€the€media....€OurÏpriority€now€is€to€prevent€the€editor€in€chief€of€NATUR€to€publish€a€new€article....ÌÌ10€October€1989,€telex€from€Ferdi€Breidbach€(Philip€Morris€Germany)€to€Cynthia€vonÏMaerestten€(PM€Europe),€"Boca€Raton€Progress€Report,"€PM€2500019912€„€9913.ÌIn€1989,€the€Chairman€of€Philip€Morris€International,€Geoffrey€Bible,€initiated€a€wide„rangingÏseries€of€strategies€to€counter€the€anti„smoking€movement,€targeting€WHO€in€particular.ÌNamed€after€the€city€in€Florida€where€the€planning€meeting€was€held,€the€"Boca€Raton€ActionÏPlan"€generated€much€activity€around€the€world,€described€in€several€reports.€€See€in€particularÏPM€2503005015€„€5050€and€2501045143€„€5147.€€Breidbach€here€reports€on€what€the€VerbandÏis€doing€to€hold€up€its€end€of€the€work€in€Germany.ÌÌà0 àThe€VDC€[acronym€for€Verband€der€Cigaretten„Industrie]€sends€scientists€to€the€variousÏscientific€conferences€amongst€others€recently€the€"Therapie€Woche"€(therapy€week)€inÏKarlsruhe€for€German€specialists€in€internal€medicine.€One€topic€at€the€Therapie€WocheÏwas€"Passive€smoking€and€its€effects€on€health".€The€conclusion€of€the€discussion€wasÏthat€the€majority€of€scientists€agreed€that€passive€smoking€cannot€be€classified€as€aÏhealth€risk....€The€German€airline€Lufthansa€has€introduced€a€test€smoking€ban€on€2Ïshort€circuit€flights€(40€to€50€minutes€flying€time)€national€flights.€The€VDC€has€anÏactionplan€to€counter€this€Lufthansa€activity....€At€the€present€there€are€only€about€1000Ïrestaurants€in€Germany€which€have€non„smoking€areas....€The€VDC€works€with€theÏDEHOGA€(German€Association€of€Hotels€and€Restaurants).€€The€DEHOGA€is€againstÏdivisions€in€restaurants€for€specific€non„smoking€sections.€€The€VDC€is€preparing€aÏbrochure€at€the€present€to€send€to€the€restaurant„owners....€One€smokers€rights€group€inÏGermany€is€quite€promissing€[sic]€at€the€moment.€The€"Raucher€wehrt€Euch"€(smokersÏdefend€yourselves)€RAWE€who€fight€for€smokers€rights.€VDC€assists€this€associationÏwhich€is€having€its€first€successfull€[sic]€publications€also€successfull€press€andÏtelevision€appearances....€Our€journalist€programme€has€confirmed€itself.€€It€consists€ofÏthe€following€effective€activities:€€[Breidbach€here€describes€dinners,€study€tours€to€theÏUSA€for€some€20€young€journalists€and€editors,€among€other€activities.]ÌÌ25€February€1992,€memo€from€Lutz€Mueller€to€RJR€staff€in€USA,€"VdC€Project€Proposal,"ÏRJR€509658834.ÌThe€proposal€comes€from€Prof.€Franz€Adlkoferððs€Munich€laboratory,€written€up€by€Dr.ÏGerhard€Scherer,€and€is€for€testing€a€range€of€biochemical€events€volunteersðð€exposure€to€activeÏand€passive€smoking,€the€"real€life"€experiment€often€discussed€by€the€Verband€researchÏcommittees€and€as€early€as€1977.€€Mueller€takes€a€cautious€view:€"òòIt€is€particularly€with€regardÏto€these€new€research€fields€that€I€need€your€input€concerning€their€appropriateness€and€theirÏpotential€risks€and€value.óó"ÌÌ14€April€1992,€memo€from€Mueller€to€RJR€staff€in€USA,€"Paper€and€abstract€on€TSNAsÏ[tobacco€specific€nitrosamines],"€RJR€508759507.ÌMueller€mentions€a€study€by€Hubert€Klus€of€the€Austria€Tabakwerke€to€be€submitted€byÏ"Tony"€[Tricker]€in€abstract€to€the€ACS€[American€Chemical€Society]€meeting€in€August€1992,ÏWashington€DC.€€Mueller€is€relieved€that€a€joint€paper€with€Adlkofer€will€not€appear€because€ofÏflaws€in€the€Munich€experiments.€€Ìò ò[NB.€A€paperó ó€ò òby€A€Pachinger,€H€Begutter,€I€Ultsch€and€H€Klus€appeared€in€theÏJournal€of€Chromatography€1993;€620€(1):55„60,€on€technical€measurements€ofÏTSNAs.€€Another€paper€from€the€Adlkofer€lab€with€Klus€as€co„author€(AR€Tricker,€GÏScherer,€C€Conze,€F€Adlkofer,€A€Pachinger,€H€Klus)€appeared€in€Carcinogenesis€1993:Ï14(7):€1409„14,€and€found€a€particular€€TSNA€„„€iso„NNAC€„„€in€tobacco€and€smokeÏbut€not€after€oral€ingestion€of€nicotine.]ÌÌó ó16€April€1992,€memo€from€Mueller€to€RJR€staff€in€USA,€"VdC€Project€Proposal,"€RJRÏ508759355.ÌThe€title€of€the€proposed€study€is€"Exposure€study€for€the€assessment€of€the€effects€of€tobaccoÏsmoke€on€various€biological€parameters."€€Adlkofer€has€promised€Mueller€that€RJR€staff€canÏsee€the€data€with€"òòpreferential€and€immediate€accessóó"€so€that€a€decision€about€publication€canÏbe€made.ÌÌ19€May€1992,€memo€from€Mueller€to€RJR€staff€in€USA,€"Industry„sponsored€ResearchÏFoundation€in€Germany,"€RJR€511089526€„€9529.Ì€With€the€creation€of€Verbandððs€and€Adlkoferððs€new€VERUM€foundation,€both€PM€and€RJRÏare€worried€about€the€direction€of€research.€€The€VdC€Scientific€Department€agrees€to€provideÏfunding€to€VERUM€to€"òòscientifically€clarify€claimed€associations€[between€tobacco€andÏhealth]€and€to€related€them€to€the€general€risks€of€lifeóó."€€Specifically,€VdC€would€like€to€seeÏresearch€"òòinto€the€relevance€of€nicotine€itself€and€in€interaction€with€other€constituents€ofÍtobacco€smoke€regarding€the€pathogenesis€of€chronic€diseases€claimed€to€be€associated€withÏsmoking.óó"€€€Also,€investigations€into€the€health€effects€of€passive€smoking€should€take€intoÏaccount€"òòadditional€exogenous€and€endogenous€factors€which€may€be€important€in€pathogenicÏmechanismsóó."€ò ò[NB.€We€see€here€the€continuing€attempts€to€exonerate€nicotine,€and€toÏshift€blame€for€any€illness€in€non„smokers€away€from€exposure€to€passive€smoking.]ÌÌó ó21€May€1992,€memo€from€Mueller€to€RJR€staff€in€USA,€"Industry„sponsored€ResearchÏFoundation€in€Germany,€RJR€511089113.ÌPMððs€objections€to€VERUM€research€on€nicotine€"òòare€not€necessarily€a€matter€of€principle,óó"Ïbut€PMððs€Dr.€Walter€Fink€"òòis€in€favor€of€research€with€a€focus€on€the€benefits€of€nicotine€to€theÏsmoker.óó"€€Mueller€comments,€"òòIt€is€my€feeling€that€our€positions€may€not€be€so€different€afterÏall.óó"€ÌÌ22€January€1993,€memo€from€Mueller€to€Charles€R.€Green€(RJR€scientist),€"VdC€ETSÏExposure€Study,"€RJR€508801060€„€1061€and€22€January€1993,€G.€Scherer,€"Translation,ÏMinutes€of€the€Meeting,€summarizing€Study€Results,"€508801062€„€1063€(originally€attachedÏbut€recovered€as€a€separate€document).ÌAdlkofer€plans€a€presentation€of€the€1992€Exposure€Study€results.€€Mueller€reports€to€hisÏsuperiors,€ÌÌà0 àI€have€given€Dr.€Adlkofer€clear€advance€warning€that€I€expect€the€Reading€Committee€toÏbe€able€to€have€a€look€at€this€presentation€prior€to€the€Titisee€Meeting€[in€Germany]€andÏthat€we€are€somewhat€worried€concerning€the€possibility€of€the€results€from€theÏExposure€Study€being€over„interpreted.€€I€am€going€to€push€the€issue€further.ÌÌMueller€had€reason€to€be€"worried."€€The€summary€of€the€results€attached€to€this€memo€show€ÌÌà0 à...extremely€high€ETS€[indoor]€concentrations€(CO€at€20€ppm,€particles€at€3€mg/m3,Ïnicotine€at€80€ð%ðg/m3).€The€poor€quality€of€air€on€all€study€days€is€also€obvious....€TheÏuptake€of€the€tobacco€smoke€constituents€CO€and€nicotine€demonstrates€that€theÏsmokers€in€the€study€have€smoked€very€intensely....€The€exposed€nonsmokers€wereÏchallenged€with€ETS€in€an€extremely€strong€way€(2„3%€COHb)€compared€to€ETSÏexposed€people€in€daily€life....€Data€from€Prof.€Ruediger€indicates€an€increased€rate€ofÏsingle€strand€breakage€[DNA€damage]€following€smoking€but€not€following€ETSÏexposure.ÌÌ30€September€1993,€research€proposal€by€Gerhard€Scherer,€"Study€on€Various€Acute€EffectsÏFollowing€Exposure€to€Tobacco€Smoke,"€RJR€5110709138€„€9147.ÌScherer€proposed€to€have€non„smoking€volunteers€be€exposed€for€four€8„hour€days€to€heavyÏsmoking€by€smokers€"òòunder€real„life€conditionsóó,"€in€a€67€m3€room€with€air€conditioning,€withÏvarious€biologic€measures€being€taken,€and€anti„oxidant€vitamins€supplied,€ostensibly€to€reduceÏthe€oxidative€stress€on€DNA€by€smoking.ÌÌ€1€October€1993,€memo€from€Mueller€to€RJR€staff€in€USA,€"New€Project€Proposal€for€a€StudyÏto€be€Conducted€at€the€VdC€Munich€Laboratory,"€511709137.ÌMueller€passes€on€Schererððs€study€proposal€to€his€superiors:€"òòAnd€we€certainly€would€like€toÏexert€our€influence€to€the€fullest€extent€possible€to€really€make€the€new€study€a€good€andÏreasonable€one€and€as€useful€as€possible€for€the€Verband€and€for€the€Industryóó."ÌÌ25€October€1993,€proposal€by€A€[nthony]€Tricker,€"Justification€for€the€purchase€of€a€ThermalÏEnergy€Analyzer€(TEA)€and€gas€chromatograph€for€nitrosamine€analysis.€Research€programmeÏfor€the€V.d.C.€Laboratory€in€Munich,"€PM€2029041320€„€1331.ÌTricker,€a€tobacco€scientist€with€the€Verband,€notes€the€need€to€respond€to€Hechtððs€study€butÏunder€"òòreal„life€situationsóó,"€meaning€not€like€in€a€smokey€bar;€in€Hechtððs€experiment€theÏconcentrations€of€nicotine€and€NNK€in€the€chamber€exceeded€by€several€fold€those€inÍenvironmental€studies€of€smokey€bars€and€offices.€€In€order€to€study€nitrosamines€in€ETS,Ïincluding€both€a€full€replication€of€the€Hecht€protocol€and€a€"real„life"€study,€better€analyticÏequipment€is€necessary.ÌÌNovember€1993,€hand„written€notes€by€unknown€author,€"Problems€with€EXPO€92€[the€ETSÏexposure€study€by€Scherer],"€PM€2029041231.ÌIn€addition€to€some€technical€issues,€writer€asks€why€antioxidants€should€be€used€when€ETS€isÏsupposed€to€have€no€effect.€€A€further€entry€reads:€"òò€„€discrepancy€between€publications€andÏinternal€statements....óó"ÌÌ23€November€1993,€memo€from€Mueller€to€Donald€J.€deBethizy€(RJR€scientist),€"TSNAÏAnalysis,"€RJR€514940121€„€0122.ÌA€paper€critical€to€the€matter€of€ETS€by€Stephen€Hecht€of€Ernst€Wynderððs€American€HealthÏFoundation€had€just€been€published€five€days€before€in€the€prestigious€New€England€Journal€ofÏMedicine€("A€Tobacco„Specific€Lung€Carcinogen€in€the€Urine€of€Men€Exposed€to€CigaretteÏSmoke,"€NEJM€1993;€329:€1543„6).€€Hecht€showed€unequivocally€that€after€three€hoursÏexposure€(in€two€90„minute€sessions)€to€machine„generated€sidestream€smoke€in€a€16m3€roomÏwith€limited€ventilation,€non„smokers€had€NNAL€nitrosamine€and€its€metabolite€NNAL„glucuronide€(both€derived€from€NNK,€a€potent€lung€carcinogen€in€rodents)€in€their€urine.€€TheyÏalso€took€up€nicotine€whose€concentrations€in€the€room€wereòò€óó"òòcomparable€to€those€in€a€heavyÏsmoke„polluted€bar.óó"€€Their€uptake€was€about€1%€of€that€by€actual€smokers,€reflecting€theÏapproximate€incidence€of€lung€cancer€compared€to€smokers.€€This€was€the€first€of€severalÏstudies€by€Hecht€and€others€linking€ETS€biologically€to€the€epidemiologic€data€on€lung€cancerÏin€passive€smokers.€€€Mueller€complained,€"òòWe€(i.e.€Adlkofer€and€the€Verband)€have€knownÏabout€this€forthcoming€publication€for€more€than€half€a€year...we€simply€wasted€our€time€andÏnow€find€ourselves€in€the€position€of€not€being€able€to€respond€to€Hechtððs€paper€in€a€pointedÏand€forceful€way.óó"€€Mueller€then€asked€for€RJRððs€support€for€better€TSNA€analytic€facilities€forÏAdlkoferððs€laboratory.€€A€hand„written€note€at€the€bottom€(?€from€deBethizy)€indicates€thatÏ"òòDoolittle€[David],€Coop€[Cooper€Rees],€Charly€[Charles€Green],€BC€[Bill€Caldwell]€shouldÏ"plan€strategy€for€TSNA/ETS€Research.óó"Ì€ÌDecember€1993,€research€proposal€Gerhard€Scherer€and€Anthony€Tricker,€"VdC€ProjectÏProposal,€Studies€on€various€acute€effects€following€exposure€to€tobacco€smoke,"€RJRÏ508792698€„€2725.ÌA€28„page€elaboration€on€the€30€September€proposal€to€expose€non„smokers€to€heavy€doses€ofÏman„made€cigarette€smoke,€eight€hours€a€day€for€four€straight€days,€sidestream€and€mainstream.€ÏNumerous€ambient€air€and€biochemical/biological€determinations€to€be€run,€including€studies€ofÏDNA€damage,€the€Ames€test€for€mutagenicity€in€the€urine,€and€nitrosamine€(NNAL€and€NNAL„glucuronide).€€The€study€also€aimed€to€provide€anti„oxidants€(vitamins€C,€E€and€beta„carotene)Ïto€see€if€they€ameliorated€any€of€the€oxidative€damage€to€DNA.€€A€remarkable€finding€from€aÏprevious€study€given€on€page€27€(Appendix€II)€indicates€that€passive€exposure€increasedÏbenzene€in€non„smokersðð€breath€by€4.5„fold,€and€by€7.5„fold€in€the€smokers.€€Benzene€is€listedÏby€IARC€as€a€Class€I€carcinogen.ÌÌ13€December€1993,€hand„written€notes,€unknown€German„speaking€author€(?Helmut€Reif),Ïcommenting€on€the€Scherer„Tricker€protocol,€PM€2029041308:€"òò€„€I€like€the€active€contributionÏof€Tricker.€„€why€such€hurry€by€A[dlkofer]?....€who€has€Trickerððs€manuscripts€[28]€and€[29]Ïon€nicotine€òòinhóóóó[hibition]òò€of€metab.€Act.€Of€NNK€and€Hb€adduct€form.?....€did€he€use€F„344Ïrats?€(because€of€correlation€to€lung€adenocarcinomas€in€ref.€3,€30,€31)€(Tricker€used€òòWistaróóÏrats)....„€what€is€the€future€of€òòTrickeróó€!?.....„€followup€on€nicotine€interference?...."€ÌóóPM€2029041176:€òò"Richard€[Carchman]:€ethical€concern;€German€authorities€should€notÏaccept€it,€even€if€they€agree,€PM€would€òònotóó€do€the€study....€order€of€the€studies€shows€[circled:]ÏððSpirit€of€Winston„Salemðð.€óó"€€€ò ò[NB:€Philip€Morris€had€been€alarmed€by€earlier€VdC„sponsored€experiments€with€ETS€on€humans,€children€and€adults.€€See€PMÍ2047903790,€2047903795,€2023222729€on€1,€4,€and€25€October€1992;€and€PMÏ2501004082,€3€September€1993.]ÌÌó ó3€February€1994,€memo€from€William€Caldwell€to€Dr.€Carl€Ehmann,€"Subject:€NNK,"€RJRÏ514428169.ÌCaldwell€explains€the€concept€of€nitrosamines€and€the€significance€of€Hechtððs€study:ÌÌà0 àFor€years€workers€at€the€American€Health€Foundation€(AHF)€and€other€institutions€haveÏbuilt€a€case€for€NNK€as€the€"cause€of€lung€cancer"€in€smokers.€The€recent€report€by€Dr.ÏHecht€of€the€AHF€that€metabolites€of€NNK€were€found€in€the€urine€of€nonsmokersÏexposed€to€high€levels€of€sidestream€smoke€has€been€interpreted€by€the€AHF€as€a€directÏlink€between€ETS€exposure€and€lung€cancer€risk€in€nonsmokers.€€Even€though€AHFððsÏhypothesis€that€NNK€is€the€cause€of€lung€cancer€in€smokers€suffers€from€serious€flawsÏwe€can€expect€their€views€on€NNK€in€ETS€to€gain€acceptance.€€As€a€result,€TSNAÏexposure€is€a€high€impact€external€issue€confronting€the€entire€industry.Ìò òÌ[NB.€Ernst€Wynder,€founder€and€leader€of€the€AHF€always€doubted€the€epidemiologicÏevidence€implicating€ETS,€and€was€willing€to€lend€his€voice€to€the€industry€on€thatÏpoint.€€It€is€a€measure€of€his€scientific€integrity€that€Hechtððs€article€came€out€of€theÏAHF.€€Hecht€has€told€me€that€Wynder€never€tried€to€influence€the€paper€or€itsÏpublication€in€any€way.€€We€may€compare€this€ethical€approach€to€science€to€theÏIndustryððs€"Shameful€Science."]ÌÌó óCaldwell€also€explains,€"òòAt€RJRT€R&D€we€have€found€that€nicotine€and€other€smokeÏcomponents€may€protect€against€the€reported€cancer€causing€properties€of€NNK.óó"€Ìò ò[NB.€A€1994€€research€study,€C.€Kutzer,€E.€Richter€and€S.E.€Atawodi,€"Effect€ofÏnicotine€and€cotinine€on€NNK€metabolism€in€rats,"€PM€2501138290€„€8293,€shows€noÏeffect€of€high€doses€of€nicotine€and€cotinine€on€excretion€of€administered€NNKÏnitrosamine,€but€did€reduce€by€half€the€number€of€hemoglobin€adducts,€which€isÏanother€measure€of€NNK€binding€activity.€Also€see€E.€Richter,€etal.€"Tobacco„specificÏnitrosamines€„„€metabolism€and€biological€monitoring€of€exposure€to€tobaccoÏproducts,"€òòClinical€Investigation€óó1992;€70:290„4,€showing€two€nitrosamine€derivativesÏof€nicotine€are€also€potent€carcinogens.]ÌÌó ó21€February€1994,€agenda,€"Biological€Effects€of€Sidestream€Smoke€Exposure€[BESSE],"€PMÏ2029198972.ÌThe€industry€gathered€in€Stockholm€to€discuss€the€Verband€studies€on€direct€exposure€ofÏhumans€to€ETS€in€an€attempt€to€respond€to€Hechtððs€work.€€The€topics€included€AdlkoferððsÏreview€of€Verbandððs€earlier€work€on€ETS,€discussion€of€Schererððs€"EXPO€93"€proposal,ÏTrickerððs€presentation€on€the€requirements€for€TSNA€research.€€ÌÌ22€February€1994,€conference€summary,€Roger€Walk€(PM/Neuchatel)€to€Anthony€AndradeÏ(PM€counsel€for€EEC€region),€"BESSE€meeting,€Stockholm,€21€Feb.€94,"€PM€2023049185€„Ï9187.ÌParticipants€came€from€Verband,€PM,€BAT,€RJR,€Austria€Tabakwerke,€Reserca.ÌThe€purpose€of€the€conference€was€to€define€the€key€research€areas€on€ETS€the€industry€shouldÏinitiate/support.€€The€emphasis€was€on€biochemical€and€metabolic€studies€of€TSNAs,€theÏinfluence€of€nicotine€on€carcinogenesis,€but€not€on€the€"real„life€exposure"€as€there€was€noÏconsensus€between€the€group€and€Dr.€Adlkofer.ÌÌ8€March€1994,€trip€report,€David€Doolittle,€"Report€on€BESSE€(Biological€Effects€of€SidestreamÏSmoke€Exposure)€Meeting,"€RJR€508812179€„€2183.€€Ì€RJR€chemist€Doolittle€did€his€own€name€one€better€by€advising€Verband€and€RJR€to€doÏnothing.€After€a€vigorous€attack€on€Adlkoferððs€scientific€ability€and€claims€that€Verband€hadÏshown€no€hazardous€effect€of€ETS€on€humans€("òò...none€of€these€studies€(as€far€as€I€know)€haveÍever€been€accepted€for€publication€in€peer„reviewed€journals,€and€are€virtually€unknown€in€theÏscientific€world."óó),€Doolittle€argued€against€the€"real„life"€(ETS€in€a€bar)€study:ÌÌà0 àI€think€this€study€would€not€only€be€unhelpful,€but€would€probably€be€uninterpretableÏand€leave€the€door€open€for€prohibitionists€to€interpret€in€a€malicious€manner.€ÏTherefore,€I€feel€strongly€that€this€study€should€not€be€done.€€There€are€only€twoÏpossible€outcomes€from€the€NNAL€and€NNAL„glucuronide€measurements€ð!ð€either€youÏwill€find€it,€or€you€wonððt€find€it.€If€you€do€find€it,€all€it€does€is€confirm€the€AmericanÏHealth€Foundation€thesis€that€non„smokers€are€exposed€to€biologically€relevant€doses€ofÏNNK.€€We€would€not€be€able€to€put€this€into€perspective€in€any€way,€nor€be€able€toÏargue€with€any€effectiveness€that€this€level€of€exposure€is€biologically€insignificant,€òòsinceÏwe€have€no€data€to€support€this€positionóó€[emphasis€added].€€On€the€other€hand,€if€we€doÏòònotóó€find€the€metabolites€in€the€urine;€there€are€only€two€possible€interpretations.€€TheÏfirst€interpretation€is€the€NNK€has€been€metabolized€by€the€nonsmoker€to€activeÏmetabolites€and€is€now€bound€to€the€individualsðð€DNA,€RNA€and€protein.€ThisÏobviously€is€an€undesirable€interpretation€of€the€data.€€The€other€interpretation€would€beÏthat€the€method€is€simply€too€insensitive€to€detect€the€metabolites€at€a€low€dose€level.ÌÌDoolittle€goes€on€to€describe€the€kind€of€study€he€would€favor,€one€with€predeterminedÏoutcomes:ÌÌà0 àIn€summary,€in€my€mind€the€ideal€would€be€to€develop€a€data€set€which€shows€theÏfollowing:€First,€people€are€exposed€to€very,€very€low€levels€of€NNK€in€ETS.€€These€dataÏwill€likely€be€developed€by€other€individuals,€so€the€industry€needs€(at€most)€to€onlyÏconfirm€these€numbers€with€limited€studies.€€Second,€the€small€amount€of€NNKÏabsorbed€by€individuals€exposed€to€ETS€is€biologically€insignificant€for€the€followingÏreasons:€1)€It€is€effectively€detoxified€and€excreted€by€the€body.€2)€The€biologicalÏactivity€of€NNK€is€inhibited€by€nicotine€and€cotinine€which€will€always€be€present€inÏgross€excess€relative€to€NNK,€both€in€atmospheres€and€in€the€body.€3)€The€level€ofÏnitrosamines€received€by€an€individual€following€ETS€exposure€is€insignificantÏcompared€to€nitrosamine€exposures€from€other€sources,€such€as€food.ÌÌ17€March€1994,€table,€no€author€identified,€"VdC€Research€Program€on€TSNAs,"€PMÏ2028361491.Ì€Seven€levels€of€study€are€identified:€discovery€of€an€unknown€nitrosamine€that€might€mimicÏNNAL€in€analysis;€real„life€exposure€ETS€study;€comparison€of€other€ETS€markers€withÏurinary€NNAL;€ETS€exposure€in€controlled€setting;€same,€in€a€"steady„state"€setting;€replicationÏof€Hechtððs€study€with€a€reference€cigarette;€metabolic€study€of€nitrosamine„glucuronides.€€TheÏtable€indicates€what€the€Verband€Science€and€policy€meeting€on€18€March€1994€(PMÏ2021512455€„€2460)€confirmed:€The€Hecht„replication€study€was€"òòunnecessary;€not€to€beÏdone!óó"€€Only€the€first€and€last€studies€were€deemed€"òònecessary."ÌÌóó25€March€1994,€memo,€Mueller€to€RJR€staff€USA,€"€VdC€Research€Program€on€TSNAs,€RJRÏ508725670.Ì"òòBy€the€way,€any€thoughts€about€reproducing€Hechtððs€exposure€study€have€now€been€droppedÏcompletely.óó"ÌÌ4€May€1994,€memo,€Mueller€to€RJR€staff€USA,€"VdC€Nitrosamine€Research,"€RJR€514890719.ÌThe€memo€indicates€at€least€8€studies€put€forward€by€the€Verband.€€The€8th€is€to€measure€TSNAÏand€NNAL€in€an€ETS€atmosphere€(no€non„smokers€exposed)€to€compare€to€the€NNALÏconcentrations€reached€in€Hechtððs€study.€€ò ò[NB.€€No€other€documents€on€ETS€research€wereÏfound€until€1997€in€either€RJR€or€PM€web€sites.]ÌÌó ó2€June€1997,€memo€from€Mueller€to€Doolittle,€Green€and€Ogden,€"Publication€Draft€onÏHaemoglobin€Adducts,"€RJR€517623508.ÌCalls€attention€to€a€publication,€"Haemoglobin€adducts€from€aromatic€amines€and€tobacco„specific€nitrosamines€in€pregnant€and€non„smoking€women,"€research€done€by€Elmar€RichterÏ(who€invented€the€technique€to€show€binding€of€carcinogens€to€hemoglobin€protein€as€aÏsurrogate€measure€of€binding€to€DNA)€at€the€University€of€Munich€in€collaboration€with€theÏVerbandððs€Munich€laboratory.€ò ò[NB.€This€paper€has€yet€to€appear€in€a€peer„reviewedÏjournal€as€of€January€2000.]ÌÌó ó13€June€1997,€minutes,€no€author,€"Meeting€of€the€[Verband]€Scientific€Policy€Committee,"€PMÏ2063653531€„€3542.ÌDespite€the€injunctions€not€to€do€human€ETS€exposure€studies,€apparently€Gerhard€Scherer€andÏElmar€Richter€teamed€up€to€expose€smokers€and€non€smokers€to€TSNAs,€and€the€committee€isÏnonplused€by€the€findings:ÌÌà0 àOne€of€the€striking€findings€is€that€there€is€little€difference€between€smokers€andÏnonsmokers€with€regard€to€the€haemoglobin€adduct€rates€for€tobacco„specificÏnitrosamines.€€This€phenomenon,€also€observed€by€other€working€parties,€requires€anÏexplanation.€€An€attempt€should€also€be€made€to€balance€the€account€for€totalÏnitrosamine€load,€i.e.€other€sources€of€nitrosamines€should€be€identified€and€quantified.€ÌÌAnother€item€discussed€in€this€meeting€included€the€likely€discovery€of€nitrosamines€in€cigarÏsmoke:€"òòOne€of€the€foremost€investigators€is€Dr.€Dietrich€Hoffman€[of€American€HealthÏFoundation].€The€report...will€certainly€serve€as€a€basis€for€political€intervention€against€cigarÏsmoking.óó"€€The€committee€agreed€to€finance€a€special€edition€of€the€public€health€journalÏòòGesundheitswesenóó€on€request€by€industry„consultants€Professors€Gostomzyk€and€Atteslander,Ïsummarizing€the€Alpbach€health€forum€on€"òòmultimorbidity€and€virtual€risksóó,"€but€only€"òòif€itÏcontains€contributions€relevant€to€usóó."€€An€appendix€to€the€minutes€is€titled:€"òòBriefing€onÏTobacco€Genetic€Modificationóó."€€The€rationale€for€GM€included:€better€quality€leaf,€reducedÏpesticide€residues,€and€"òòlonger€term€modifications€might€be€possible€that€enhance€the€quality€ofÏtobacco€leaf€for€the€consumer.óó"€€The€Verbandððs€Scientific€Commission€gave€its€support€to€theÏtechnology,€"òòbased€on€its€wide„spread€application€in€other€consumer€products....in€order€toÏencourage€further€research€and€development€of€new€tobacco€varieties.óó"ÌAnother€appendix€is€called,€"òòGenetically€Modified€Tobacco€(GMT):€Issues€to€be€considered€forÏVdC„sponsored€contract€testing€of€German€brands.óó"€€Here,€the€Scientific€Committee€appears€toÏbe€worried€that€German€brands€already€contain€genetically€modified€tobacco€and€propose€to€doÏtesting€by€an€outside€contractor,€but,€"òòCan€Hydrotox„GeneScan€ensure€that€the€strictestÏconfidentiality€on€the€work€carried€out€and€the€results€obtained€is€maintained€by€all€personnelÏinvolved€in€the€project?óó"€€"òòThe€risk€of€finding€GMT€leaf€in€samples€of€the€top€twenty€brands€ofÏthe€German€market€appears€to€be€very€small.€[However,]€the€unlikelyÌpossibility€of€GMT€detection€by€the€VdC„sponsored€or€a€third„party€testing€cannot€be€ruledÏout.óó"ÌÌ14€October€1997,€memo,€Mueller€to€William€Caldwell,€"NNK€Metabolites€in€Non„smokers,"ÏRJR€517623502€„€3503.ÌDespite€PMððs€and€RJRððs€adamant€opposition€to€ETS€exposure€studies€by€the€Verband,€MuellerÏreports,€"òòSome€time€ago,€the€Munich€Laboratory€of€the€Verband€conducted€a€study€toÏinvestigate€the€uptake€of€NNK€by€smokers€and€non„smokers.€€Regarding€non„smokers€exposedÏto€ETS,€the€analytical€data€indicated€that€they€were€exposed€to€about€1%€of€a€smokerððs€averageÏNNK€dose€óóò ò[NB.€Similar€to€Hechtððs€results].€€òòNo€steps€were€taken€at€that€time€toÏcommunicate€these€results€externally€or€to€publish€them.óóó ó"€[Emphasis€added.]à àÌMueller€goes€on€to€say€that€since€Hecht€presented€new€data€in€1997€at€the€American€ChemicalÏSociety€meeting€showing€NNK€in€exposed€non„smokers€approximated€1„2%€that€in€smokersÏò ò[NB.€1„3%€in€his€most€recent€review,€"Tobacco€Smoke€Carcinogens€and€LungÏCancer,"€òòJournal€of€the€National€Cancer€Instituteóó€1999;€91:€1194€„€1210.]ó ó,€the€VerbandÏwanted€the€chance€to€present€their€own€findings€at€the€American€Association€for€CancerÍResearch€meeting€in€1998.€€"òòIt€gives€an€opportunity€to€interpret€the€data€and€put€things€intoÏperspective,óó"€Mueller€explains€to€his€superior.ÌÌ30€March€1998,€minutes,€by€Helmut€Reif,€"Abbreviated€Report€on€VDC/WPA€ConferenceÏMarch€27,€1998,"€PM€2060566162€„€6163A.ÌThe€VdC€is€recruited€to€launch€an€advertising€campaign€warning€smokers€against€smokingÏaround€children.€€"òòThe€poster€subjects€show€baby€faces,€children€scenes,€and€the€captionsÏððPlease,€stop€smoking.ðð€The€thrust€goes€to€good€education.óó"€€Gerhard€Scherer€to€present€aÏposter€on€ETS€exposure€in€children€using€nicotine€and€benzene€as€markers,€at€the€InternationalÏSymposium€on€Passive€Smoking€and€Children,€Essen,€Germany,€August€24„26,€1998.€€ò ò[NB.ÏThe€results€were€published€in€1999:€G.€Scherer,€etal.,€"Assessment€of€the€exposure€ofÏchildren€to€environmental€tobacco€smoke€(ETS)€by€different€methods,"€òòHumanÏExperimental€Toxicologyóó€1999;€18:€297„301.€€The€study€shows€children€in€homes€withÏsmokers€were€exposed€to€ETS€in€a€day€an€average€of€3.1€hours,€ten€times€as€much€asÏchildren€in€non„smoking€homes;€they€absorbed€nearly€twenty€times€as€much€nicotineÏand€cotinine.]ÌÌó ó6€May€1998,€minutes€by€Helmut€Reif€(inferred),€"Abbreviated€report€on€the€main€topics€of€theÏmeeting"€of€the€Verband,€PM€2060568409€„€8410.ÌThe€German€MAK€commission€did€not€accept€Verbandððs€submissions€against€declaring€ETS€aÏcarcinogen,€calling€it€III€A€1€("òòunequivocally€carcinogenic€substances,€shown€to€induceÏmalignant€tumors€in€humansóó").€€Continued€discussion€on€detecting€genetically€modifiedÏtobacco€in€German€brands.€"òòThe€VdC€takes€over€from€Reemstma€a€research€program€onÏdevelopment€of€novel€methods€for€GMO€analysis€that€had€been€contracted€out€to€Gene€Scanóó."ÌÌ17€June€1998,€minutes€by€Helmut€Reif€(inferred),€"Abbreviated€report€on€the€main€topics€of€theÏmeeting...of€the€Scientific€Commission€(WPA)€of€the€German€Cigarette€Association€(VDC),"ÏPM€2060568313.ÌThe€Commission€faults€a€study€showing€oxidative€stress€due€to€ETS€in€the€workplace€(whichÏmay€reasonably€be€called€a€"real€life"situation):€DJ€Howard,€etal.,€"Environmental€tobaccoÏsmoke€in€the€workplace€induces€oxidative€stress€in€employees,€including€increased€productionÏof€8„hydroxy„2'„deoxyguanosine,"€òòCancer€Epidemiology,€Biomarkers€and€Preventionóó€1998;Ï7:141„6).€€The€marker€is€an€oxidative€DNA€mutagen,€linked€to€both€coronary€heart€disease€andÏcancer.€€The€authors€find€exposure€to€ETS€significantly€increases€the€marker€in€the€blood€ofÏnon„smokers€in€the€work€place€by€63%.€€The€Commission€concludes:€"òòThe€paper€was€found€toÏbe€full€of€factual€errors€and€not€in€concordance€with€similar€papers€published€earlier€on.óó"€Ïò ò[NB.€Howard€also€published€a€paper€showing€that€exposed€non„smokers€takingÏantioxidants€and€minerals€had€lower€levels€of€the€mutagen€in€their€blood€by€62%.Ï"Oxidative€stress€induced€by€environmental€tobacco€smoke€in€the€workplace€isÏmitigated€by€antioxidant€supplementation,"€òòCancer€Epidemiology,€Biomarkers€andÏPreventionóó€1998;€7:981„8.]€€ó óThe€Austrian€Government€decided€that€in€relation€to€geneticÏmodification€cured,€fermented€tobacco€was€in€legal€terms€no€longer€an€organism.€€VdC€plansÏresearch€to€determine€how€long€a€complete€gene€survives€curing.€€The€Commission€seeks€aÏsuccessor€to€Prof.€W.€Richter,€immediate€past€scientific€advisor€to€VdC.€"òòThe€profile€for€thisÏposition€asks€for€ensuring€good€personal€contacts€to€academia€in€Germany.óó"ÌÌ17€July€1998,€memo€from€Helmut€Reif€to€Cathy€Ellis€(PM€Director€of€Research),€"Pre„information€on€Topics€of€the€next€VdC€Meeting,€July€22,€1998,"€PM€2060569980.Ì"òòSeveral€letters€on€Kawachi€et€al.€(passive€smoking€&€CD)€sent€by€Adlkofer,€Coggins,€Gori,Ïand€Brennan,€as€well€as€the€reply€by€Kawachi€will€be€discussedóó."€Ìò ò€[NB.€€I.€Kawachi€of€Harvard€published€"Passive€smoking€and€coronary€heartÏdisease,"€òòCardiologiaóó€1998;43:667„75,€a€review€of€the€literature.€€Unmentioned€byÏVerband€is€the€paper€by€G.€Howard,€etal.€from€Wake€Forest€University€in€Winston„Salem,€North€Carolina€€showing€unequivocally€that€smoking€and€exposure€to€passiveÏsmoke€accelerated€atherosclerosis€over€three€years,€by€50%€in€smokers€and€25%€inÍexposed€non„smokers.€€See€"Cigarette€smoking€and€progression€of€atherosclerosis:€TheÏAtherosclerosis€Risk€in€Communities€(ARIC)€Study,"€òòJAMAóó€1998;€279:€119„24.]ÌÌó ó12€August€1998,€memo€from€Helmut€Reif€to€Cathy€Ellis,€"PM€Documents€on€the€web,"€PMÏ2060578328.ÌProfessor€Adlkofer€scans€the€Philip€Morris€tobacco€document€website:ÌÌà0 àProf.€Adlkofer€informed€me€in€a€phone€conversation€today€that€he€found€a€lot€ofÏdocuments€on€the€Internet€that€dealt€with€private€and€confidential€information€onÏresearch€projects€that€he€handled€while€acting€as€Scientific€Advisor€to€the€VdC....€Prof.ÏUeberla€contacted€recently€Prof.€Adlkofer€and€expressed€dismay€about€the€fact€that€heÏwas€not€even€informed€about€these€publication€steps.€€He€plans€to€check€whether€theÏpublication€of€these€documents€constitute€a€breach€of€personal€privacy€according€toÏGerman€law.ÌÌSeptember€1998,€research€proposal,€no€author,€"Proposal€outline:€Influence€of€CYP2A6Ïgenotype€on€disposition€kinetics€of€nicotine,"€PM€2063595310.ÌA€collection€of€gene€variants€("alleles")€of€a€gene€called€Cytochrome€P4502A6€affects€bothÏnicotine€metabolism€and€activates€pre„carcinogens€(see€Oscarson,€M,€òòetal.óó€FEBS€Letters€1999;Ï448:105„10).€€The€suggestion€has€been€made€that€the€gene€or€its€variants€might€predispose€orÏprotect€òòbothóó€the€desire€to€smoke€and€the€susceptibility€to€lung€cancer.€€Here€a€proposal€to€studyÏkinetics€of€nicotine€metabolism€in€400€volunteer€smokers€to€correlate€metabolism€of€injectedÏnicotine€with€different€gene€variants€among€the€subjects.€€One€researcher€suggested€for€the€workÏis€Gerhard€Scherer€of€the€Verband€laboratory€in€Munich€(formerly€Franz€AdlkoferððsÏlaboratory).€ÌÌ24€September€1998,€minutes€by€Reif€(inferred),€"Meeting€of€the€Scientific€Commission€(WPA)Ïof€the€German€Cigarette€Association€(VDC)...abbreviated€report...."€PM€2063664420.ÌThe€Verband€realizes€that€outsiders€now€have€access€to€their€reports€and€deliberations:ÌÌà0 àThe€exhaustive€publication€of€all€types€of€VdC€documents€on€the€internet€by€US€tobaccoÏcompanies€created€a€violation€of€personal€rights€of€some€of€the€academic€researchersÏsponsored€by€the€VdC.€€A€task€force€within€the€VdC€is€preparing€a€complete€report€onÏthe€types€of€internet€documents,€their€importance,€and€their€inter„relation€to€each€other.€ÏIn€order€to€avoid€similar€actions€in€the€future,€several€options€for€the€internal€VdCÏcorrespondence€and€information€of€member€companies€will€be€tested.ÌÌBut€the€Verband€will€carry€on:€"òòIn€a€subsequent€meeting,€the€activities€of€the€VdC€in€theÏanalysis€of€GM€tobacco€were€discussed.óó"ÌÌÌÌÔ€ ŠÔ