BOX 7 (Since Box 1 was annotated, BAT document groups are separated within File number identifiers.)

1. Research report (RD. 1673) from the Group Research & Development Centre, Southampton, 20 June 1979, "Preparation and Properties of Nicotine Analogues," BAT (File no. B3446) 105520456 - 473.

   (Research on chemical compounds related to nicotine.)

   Notable quotes: "Chemical compounds related to nicotine have been studied in an attempt to throw light on the molecular characteristics needed to produce a nicotine-like effect."

2. Research report (RD. 1690), E.B. Wilkes, 14 September 1979, "A Statistical Analysis of the Incidence of Tumor-Bearing Animals in Janus Experiment B11," BAT (File no. B3463) 105531270 - 296.

   (Research done at Battelle, Hamburg, comparing the incidence of skin tumors in nearly 2000 mice painted with cigarette condensates -- tar -- from standard flue-cured tobacco, and from PCL and SRT process tobacco. Acetone used as control. SRT activity less than half of standard tobacco, PCL about the same as standard. No tumors with acetone.)

   Notable quote: "On the basis of the biological results the use of SRT is recommended whenever this is possible."

3. Research report (RD. 1697-C), M. Oldman, 18 October 1979, "Cigarette Smoking, Health, And Dissonance (Project Libra)," BAT (File no. B3470) 105589640 - 640.

   (A study of social and psychological characteristics of smokers compared to ex-smokers -- recent and established -- and never-smokers. The study groups were distinguished by gender, social class, and age (16-75). Those happy to be smoking were called "consonant," those less happy were called "dissonant." Fifty one per cent of all smokers seriously wanted to quit, another twenty nine per cent had tried but were less serious. Those seriously wishing to quit are more likely to worry about their health, often feeling out of breath, often feeling tense, use cigarettes not in a social sense but to reduce anxiety, acknowledging the need for nicotine. Sixty seven percent of those most seriously wishing to quit found it quite or very hard, compared to twenty two per cent who were least inclined to quit. The youngest were most likely to say "I fully intend to give up smoking some day." Ninety four percent of those who had quit for more than two years were sure they would not start again, compared to sixty five per cent of recent quitters.)

   Notable quote: "The risk of a sudden lapse, even for established ex-smokers is surprisingly high.... Tension, and stress are potentially the greatest threat to the established ex-smoker's resolve." [Comment: Advertising in the 1980s should be compared to this market research.]

4. Research report (RD. 1743-C), M. Oldman, 20 May 1980, "Cigarette Smoking, Health and Dissonance: (Project Libra) III: Psychographic Data," BAT (File no. B3516) 105594240 - 287.

   (Comparing the concerns about health between smokers, never-smokers and "smokers under pressure to quit smoking.")

   Notable quote: "The results...indicate that further differentiation within the consonant/dissonant categories is likely to yield a more valuable segmentation of the smoker population." "General awareness of the potential hazards to health is greatest amongst the young, middle-aged, upper socioeconomic groups.... It is the pressured smoker who is most likely to seek a modification of smoking behaviour through mild or low tar products [for health reasons]."

5. Research report (RD. 1752-C), R.P. Ferris and M. Oldman, 18 July 1980, "The Influence of Brand Identification and Imagery on Subjective Evaluation of Cigarettes," BAT (File no. B3525) 105584838 - 878.

   (A study of "image engineering" and "image targeting," by which pack characteristics appear to influence expected sensory attributes of the cigarette.)

   Notable quotes: " In a future where increasingly the product may have to sell itself through the pack, a fuller understanding of the way in which perception of such packs affects perception of their contents is desirable. In this report a technique is demonstrated which allows controlled measurement of the extent and quality of influence which brand identification and pack image have on the individual's impression of a cigarette's smoking characteristics. It is shown that, for some products, such imagery powerfully and measurably modifies the perceived smoking characteristics of the cigarettes associated with it.... Application of the technique to the screening of pack design alternatives for products in current development may now be considered."

6. Research report (RD. 1789), S.R. Massey, 25 March 1981, "Examination of a Concept Proposed by Gori for Rating Cigarettes," BAT (File no. B3562) 105582393 - 423.

   (Dr. G.B. Gori worked at the U.S. National Cancer Institute in the 1970s, hoping to develop a "safer" cigarette with encouragement from the US Surgeon General. He also tried to create a index of hazard by analysing daily exposure to six constituents of smoke -- tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, hydrogen cyanide, acrolein -- on the premise that there would be a threshold critical level between health and disease. Smokers were asked to use ten "Gori" cigarettes a day. }

   Notable quotes: "The essential finding was that smokers, especially low tar smokers, can understand and are interested in the basic proposition, but are highly sceptical of manufacturer's claims. Third party endorsement from an authoritative, independent and objective body would, however, be more likely to influence their attitude." "Direct communication through brand advertising of any themes typified by 'these products are safe to smoke at X cigarettes/day' would have severe legal implications.... consideration might also be given to the launching of a 'sleeper' brand." "Adoption of the concept within a marketing framework tends to infer automatically that average consumption of a significant proportion of the company's brands worldwide places consumers at risk. Legal Department in Millbank tended to concur with this general view.... There is evidence to support a dose response relationship between the amounts of smoke constituents inhaled and disease incidence."

7. Research report (RD. 1960), W.W. Templeton and G.A. Read, 22 March 1984, "Receptors for Nicotine in the Central Nervous System: I Radioligand Binding Studies," BAT (File no. B3733) 105572066 - 073.

   Notable quotes: "EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: The report is the first in a series of studies designed to identify and characterise how nicotine derived from cigarette smoke can interact with the body, and in particular the active centres of the brain. This specific interaction is believed to form an essential element of a smoker's satisfaction.... The general programme of study is intended to develop our understanding of the pharmacological role of nicotine within the context of human smoking behaviour to the whole body distribution of nicotine and hence its subsequent pharmacological properties. The findings will be used as appropriate in the process of developing lower delivery products with full smoking characteristics." [The code words in the last sentence suggest a lower tar, higher nicotine blend. Not long after this study BAT was experimenting with Y-1 high-nicotine tobacco.] "It is known that smokers rarely use products (such as herb-filled cigarettes) which contain no nicotine.... Additionally, smokers take more frequent and larger puffs from cigarettes which are lower in tar and nicotine yield than their normal brand.... Taken together, the evidence suggests that self-administration of nicotine may be the primary motivation for smoking."

8. Research report (RD. 2039), Group Research & Development Centre, Southampton, 23 May 1986, "Principles of Measurement of Visual Standout in Pack Design," BAT (File no. B3811) 105364585 - 599.

   (The study looks at the use of a "tachistoscope" for measuring "visual prominence" of various aspects of pack design -- color, lettering, imagery, etc. -- in time intervals from zero to twenty milliseconds, that is from being noticed unconsciously to consciously.)

   Notable quotes: "The increasing imposition of advertising restriction on the tobacco industry inevitably results in the visual impact of the cigarette pack itself assuming more importance as a means of attracting consumer attention to the product." "In those markets where there is a total ban on advertising of tobacco products (e.g. Finland and Singapore) legislatively viable methods of communication must be developed in order to sustain dialogue with the consumer." [Therefore, when industry says banning advertising doesn't work, they know exactly why!]

9. Research report (RD. 2053), C.C. Greig and others, 25 July, 1986, "An Evaluation of Favor -- A Non Combustion Nicotine Delivery Product," BAT (File no. B3824) 105511660 - 666.

   (Smoker test of a non-smoke nicotine delivery system.)

   Notable quote: "Subjective reactions by expert smokers...were not favorable.... Using a FAVOR element in the filter of a cigarette increases the smoke nicotine delivery by up to 40%."

10. Laboratory report (L. 262-R), H.G. Horsewell, 10 September 1967, "A Comparison of PEI, Carbonate and Trisodium Phosphate as Filter Additives," BAT (File no. B4262) 105552251 - 257.

    (Addition of alkaline materials to cigarette filters to increase nicotine delivery.)

    Notable quote: "At the same level of addition, polyethyleneimine [PEI] is superior to the other two compounds for increasing the ratio of the deliveries of nicotine to tar."

11. Laboratory report (No. L. 470-R), Z.R. Zaidi, 27 November 1974, "Determination of Theobromine Added to Cigarette Tobacco and Smoke," BAT (File no. B4470) 105685290 - 296.

    (Theobromine is the active purine in tea and cocoa, similar in chemical structure to caffeine.)

    Notable quote: "Interest in caffeine and other purine bases was generated when suggestions appeared in the literature that these compounds may inhibit chemical carcinogenesis."

12. Report, D.G. Felton, 10 March 1975, "Report of the Sixteenth Tobacco Working Group, Lung Cancer Task Force, " (at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.), BAT (File no. B470) 105366950 - 955.

    (Report of deliberations by Drs. Gio Gori, Ernst Wynder, T.C. Tso and others, seeking to create "safer cigarettes." Nitrosamines and nitrosonornicotine identified as strong carcinogens. Many different types of cigarettes, grown under different fertilizer conditions were prepared by RJR, Lorillard, L&M.)

13. Report, D.G. Felton, 20 October, 1976, "Notes on Tobacco Working Group Meeting Held September 8, 1976, on the National Institutes of Health Campus," BAT (File no. B471) - 105504161 - 181.

    (Various studies discussed and proposed - animal inhalation experiments among others. Dr. Oscar Auerbach tested high and low nicotine cigarettes in twenty five beagles. The two that died, see below, had advanced lung damage and carcinoma-in-situ in the bladder.)

    Notable quote: "[Two of the beagles], one on high nicotine cigarettes, the other on low nicotine cigarettes, have died from bronchial pneumonia.... The dogs had smoked approximately 10,000 cigarettes over a period of about 900 days before they died."

    [An appended report from a Brown and Williamson participant, Jim Rosene, commented on Auerbach's presentation: "Confined to an endless series of slides which provided histological confirmation of pulmonary fibrosis in two beasts who had suffered premature deaths not related to smoking."]