WPCƔ )D'' 7.R9<>jI8J #kubsҟ\; p/SLoH#{x/M~(a*}%Ng! Y BYw7ݰ(Fw(H||R{m7$UnϽ< %dALգ؅Io9ŏk$뽽rڄ*} N1)*#Lpө.P&*`K}tY_L"!zC3YbnEOWw^Rfv*ESMfG#!T UNu % 0  0t:S 0/Dw@4%4 !g Fs a.!C"z#A%>D&'()C*+ + , - B /-(/U0HB123Y45 0 N6 #70888$9:%:  < =*&> P?]@ tAzAMBFC*bD E^ FNFF mF7FGHnJ KMMNQ~SgwTUVWX5Z[z\1^_`>[aCbcdedfEg!hi%ikllmnuoYHpq~rms \teu^v7Ywx*y z {|}H~->k X e r.Fˋ!@"HP DeskJet 540 Printer ,,,, 0(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularX('$UKUS.,..,,        TRW`6&A4`&6A4 Landscape6&A4 &6A4 LandscapeT"UK    $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      1    _ԀRuth_Roemer_,LegislativeActiontoCombattheWorldSmokingEpidemic(Geneva:  WHO,1982;SecondEdition,Geneva:WHO,1993).((3$ '!UKUS.,..,,        TRS6&A4X3' Letter6&A43'T"UK        0  (#$  0   RSDTUVW\,,D#x&3|x  $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      2    _ԀNumbersgivenareBatespagenumbersonMinnesota`sdepositoryoftobaccoindustry  papers;TI=TobaccoInstitute,MN=Minnesota._TIMN_Ԁnumbersmustincludethe_initials._  $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      6    ݀D.L.O`Connell,etal. Cigarettesmokinganddruguseinschoolchildren.IIFactors  associatedwithsmoking.InternationalJournalofEpidemiology1981; 10 :223231.  SChapmanandB.Fitzgerald. Brandpreferenceandadvertisingrecallinadolescentsmokers:some  implicationsforhealthpromotion.AmericanJournalofPublicHealth1982; 72 :49194.Smith x reviewedthearticleinitsdraftform.  $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      7    _"CigaretteadvertisingawarenessandbrandusageamongyoungpeopleinAustralia.An  assessmentofpublishedstudiesbyMr.GlenSmith,ManagingDirector,Children`sResearchUnit,London.(TIMN0312810_0312838)._ԀSmith`sagencystudieschildren`sreactionstoadvertising.  $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      10    _TIMN0284014_0284015._ $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      8    PhilipMorrisCollection,25040636982504063719. ] $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      9    Funnilyenough,ChapmanandFitzgeraldcometothesameconclusion,butthatadvertising  createsthesocialmilieutocuesmokingbehavior. < $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      11    _ԀTIMN03710890371095,TIMN0284003___0284024._  $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      12    _TIMN0209648_0209690_  $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      13    ݀AnExaminationoftheFactorsInfluencingJuvenileSmokingInitiationinCanada  (Toronto:AssociationofCanadianAdvertisers,1987.)PhilipMorrisCollection25011139112501113945  $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      15    ݀PhilipMorrisCollection:25011142492501114284(1987),25011142112501114247  (1988),25011140642501114089(1989,Philippines).The1989editionofJuvenilesiscitedin  2501114069. $ $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      14    _ԀTIMN0202828___0202861_ z $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      17    ݀LukJoossens. Theinfluencesofadvertisingontobaccoconsumption:commentson  Boddewyn&Chapman.BritishJournalofAddiction1989; 84 :127981. p $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      16    SimonChapman. Thelimitiationsofeconometricanalysisincigaretteadvertisingstudies.  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Cigarettesmokinganddruguseinschoolchildren.IIFactors  associatedwithsmoking.InternationalJournalofEpidemiology1981; 10 :223231.  SChapmanandB.Fitzgerald. Brandpreferenceandadvertisingrecallinadolescentsmokers:  someimplicationsforhealthpromotion.AmericanJournalofPublicHealth1982; 72 :49194. x Smithreviewedthearticleinitsdraftform.  $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      7    "CigaretteadvertisingawarenessandbrandusageamongyoungpeopleinAustralia.An  assessmentofpublishedstudiesbyMr.GlenSmith,ManagingDirector,Children`sResearchUnit,London.(TIMN312810312838).Smith`sagencystudieschildren`sreactionstoadvertising. $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      8    PhilipMorrisCollection,25040636982504063719. ] $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      9    Funnilyenough,ChapmanandFitzgeraldcometothesameconclusion,butthat  advertisingcreatesthesocialmilieutocuesmokingbehavior. $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      10    TIMN284014284015. $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      11    ݀TIMN371089TIMN371095,TIMN284003TIMN284024. $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      12    TIMN209648TIMN209690  $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      13    ݀AnExaminationoftheFactorsInfluencingJuvenileSmokingInitiationinCanada  (Toronto:AssociationofCanadianAdvertisers,1987.)PhilipMorrisCollection25011139112501113945 $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      14    ݀TIMN202828TIMN202861  $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      15    ݀PhilipMorrisCollection:25011142492501114284(1987),2501114211  2501114247(1988),25011140642501114089(1989,Philippines).The1989editionofJuvenilesiscitedin2501114069. p $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      16    SimonChapman. Thelimitiationsofeconometricanalysisincigaretteadvertising  studies.BritishJournalofAddicition1989; 84 :126774. z $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      17    ݀LukJoossens. Theinfluencesofadvertisingontobaccoconsumption:commentson  Boddewyn&Chapman.BritishJournalofAddiction1989; 84 :127981. $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      18    TIMN312841 $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      19    TIMN299595 4 $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      20    REDACTEDindicatesindustrylawyerswhitedoutitemsfromdocuments,andso  indicatedbytheword. 9 $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      21    ݀LatermemosindicateCongressionalhearingsonlimitingtobaccoadvertisingaredue  inspringof1986. $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      22    TIMN312465 $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      23    ݀TIMN312447 $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      24    TIMN312451TIMN312454 $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      25    TIMN312443TIMN312444 $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      26    TIMN312436312440 $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      27    TIMN312449TIMN312450 $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      28    TIMN213340TIMN213341  $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      29    Actually BryanwhowasatanearliertimeheadoftheTobaccoInstituteofAustralia. $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      30    ݀TIMN312420312421andTIMN312423TIMN312435 $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      31    TIMN312839 $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      32    ݀TIMN213349 $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      33    PhilipMorrisCollection2504002937 $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      34    TIMN0038449TIMN0038501 $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      35    TIMN0278255 O $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      36    RespectiveAccessionNos.38511,36966,36965;respectiveDocumentNos.515794661  Є4687,5156537953800,5156537903794. $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      37    TIMN323541TIMN323544 $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      38    _TIMN266505TIMN266506 $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      39    _TIMN318021TIMN318029 $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      40    _TIMN203395(fromthe39,000privilegeddocuments) $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      41    _PM2024923070071,2024923059060 $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      42    _ԀEmailtoauthor,18September1998 - $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      43    _TIMN0171437,_TIMN_Ԁ348195(fromthe39,000privilegeddocuments)  $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      44    __RJR_ԀCollection515685851515685860  $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      45    _PM202850502(fromthe39,000_pivileged_Ԁdocuments)  $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      46    _PM2022816121(fromthe39,000privilegeddocuments)  $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      34    _TIMN0038449_Ԅ_Ԁ0038501 $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      32    _Ԁ_TIMN0213349_ $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      31    __TIMN0312839_ > $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      30    _ԀTIMN03124200312421andTIMN0312423___0312435_ # $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      28    _TIMN0213340_Ԅ_Ԁ_0213341_ $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      27    _TIMN03124490312450  $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      26    _TIMN0312436_0312440_  $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      25    _TIMN0312443_0312444_  $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      24    _TIMN0312451_0312454_ $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      23    _Ԁ_TIMN0312447_ $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      22    __TIMN0312465_ $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      19    __TIMN0299595_ $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      18    __TIMN0312841_ $ $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      14    _ԀTIMN0202828___0202861_  $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      12    _TIMN0209648_TIMN0209690_ < $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      11    _ԀTIMN03710890371095,TIMN0284003___0284024._  $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      10    _TIMN0284014_0284015._  $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      7    _"CigaretteadvertisingawarenessandbrandusageamongyoungpeopleinAustralia.An  assessmentofpublishedstudiesbyMr.GlenSmith,ManagingDirector,Children`sResearchUnit,London.(TIMN0312810_0312838)._ԀSmith`sagencystudieschildren`sreactionstoadvertising. $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      5    _TIMN0215400 $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      4    _TIMN0125393 $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      3    _TIMN01253920125423  $UKUS.,..,,        "UK      2    _ԀNumbersgivenareBatespagenumbersonMinnesota`sdepositoryoftobaccoindustry  papers;TI=TobaccoInstitute,MN=Minnesota._TIMN_Ԁnumbersmustincludethe_initials._ '!UKUS.,..,,        TRS6&A4X3' Letter6&A43'T"UK    _ 8XXdd8P  TRS6&A4S6&A46&A46&A4TTRX3' LetterS6&A43' Letter6&A4TTRS6&A4S6&A46&A46&A4T@ ^TOBACCOINDUSTRYDOCUMENTSINTHEMINNESOTADEPOSITORY:@@ a@@ a@ @ @@ a@@ a@ @ @@ a d    ` IMPLICATIONSFORGLOBALTOBACCOCONTROL  P  @^^)^@ ^BriefingPaperNo.1(October1998)by_Norbert_Ԁ_Hirschhorn_,MD @RR^ Tobaccoindustrycampaignagainstadvertisingbansinthe1980s.    1.Introduction L  ____  Thedecadeofthe1980ssawattemptsbymanynations`legislaturestorestrictorbanoutrighttheadvertisingoftobacco;ortostrengthenexistinglaws._WWWBW #  1      _ԀThetobaccoindustrylobbied   hardagainstsuchefforts.LeadingthefightweretheTobaccoInstituteofAustraliaandtheUSA,andtheInternationalAdvertisingAssociation(IAA)headquarteredinNewYork.  TheIAAselectedJeanJ._Boddewyn_,ProfessorofMarketingandInternationalBusiness,_Baruch_ԀCollege,CityUniversityofNewYork,toedita reportpreparedbyandfromindustrysources,usingdataassembledfromofficialandtradeorganizations(TIMN0125393W hhWWChW #  2      ).The p report`sfirstEnglisheditionwasinOctober1983,thesecondinApril1986,andwastitledTobaccoAdvertisingBansandConsumptionin16CountriesW-WWDW #  3      .Dr._Boddewyn_Ԁwasselected 4  becauseofhisnumerousworksfor_I.A.A._Ԁonadvertisingregulations,IAAbelieving thatthefreedomtoadvertiselegalproductsisindivisible,andthatrestrictionsappliedtoonegroupofproductswillinevitablyleadtoerosionofthefreedomtoadvertisemanyotherproducts.W.WWEW #  4       Z!   ThereporttrackedtobaccoconsumptiondatafromsixteennationseightEasternEuropeannationswithcentrallyplannedeconomiesandeightnationswithfreemarketeconomies ℀between1970and1984innationssaidtohavehadinforcecompleteorsubstantiallyrestrictive #' _bansonadvertising;andconcludingthat, Themarkettrendsapparentpriortotheintroduction d ofabanhavelargelycontinuedunchangedintheyearsfolowingit.W/WWFW #  5      ׀(Emphasisinoriginal.) b      Ataboutthesametime,theTobaccoInstituteofAustraliainvitedMr.GlenSmith(originallyfromAustralia),ManagingDirectoroftheChildren`sResearchUnitofLondon,England,tocritiquetheCommonwealthDepartmentofHealth`sTechnicalInformationBulletingno.66ofApril1981onmethodstoassessstudentdruguse,andtwoimportantAustralian1981studiesonadvertisingasfactorassociatedwithsmokinguptakebychilden.W |WWG|W #  6      ׀Thedisparagingcritiquesofthestudiescamein L  lettersdated21August1981and3March1982andarebothabstractedandcitedinfullbytheTobaccoInstituteofAustraliainanApril1982documentmarked STRICTLYCONFIDENTIAL.W WWHW #  7      ׀ r    SmithnextappearsintheMinnesotapaperswithapresentationtotheHearingMeetingoftheBroadcastingReviewBoardofHongKongon8January1985,Wt WWIt W #  8      ׀inwhichhediscussedtheliterature 6 onfactorsinfluencingchildrentosmoke,andconcludes, Ourcollectiveresearch...indicatethatadvertisingisnotasignificantfactorinfluencingchildrentosmoke,butthatitisthe socialenvironmentofhomeandfriends.W( WWJ( W #  9      ׀InAugustof1986,IAApublishedSmith`sstudyinfive \  countries,calledWhyDoJuvenilesStartSmoking?ThepaperwaseditedandprefacedbyJ.J. " Boddewyn.WWWKW #  10      ׀Boddewynthencombinedhissixteencountrystudyofadulttobaccoconsumptionwith d  Smith`sstudyofjuvenileinitiationinpresentingtestimonybeforeUnitedStatesCongressSubcommitteeonHealthandtheEnvironment(CommitteeonCommerceandEnergy),1August1986and27July1987,onH.R.1272andH.R.1535limitingtobaccoadvertising.W|WWLW #  11      ׀Boddewynthen  & testifiedbeforetheLegislativeCommitteeoftheCanadianHouseofCommons(consideringasimilarbillC51),20January1988,onbehalfoftheCanadianTobaccoManufacturersCouncil,W0~|WWM|W #  12      ׀Inwhich N   hecitedCRU`s1987studyamongCanadianchildren.WWWN0W #  13      ׀BoddewyntestifiedfurtherbeforetheUS L  CongressSubcommitteeonTransportationandHazardousMaterials(CommitteeonCommerceandEnergy)hearingH.R.1250on25July1989,andpresentedatotalofsixteenCRUcountrystudiesofjuvenilestocomplementhisownsixteencountryanalysisofadultconsumptioninrelationtoadvertisingrestrictions.Wp }WWOW #  14      ׀ 8    TheIAApublishedthreemoreeditionsofWhyDoJuvenilesStartSmoking(1987,1988, 6 1989),aswellasa1989CRUchildsurveyinthePhilippines,alsointroducedbyBoddewyn.W$ WWPp W #  15      ׀This  booklethasbeendistributed tomanythousandsofinfluentialpoliticians,bureaucrats,editors,journalistsandbusinessexecutivesindifferentcountriesthroughouttheworld....andsponsoredby theinternationaltobaccolobbyingoffice,INFOTAB.WWWQ W #  16       "   Despitetheformidablespreadandinfluenceofthetwostudies,neitherhasundergone rigorouspeerreviewotherthansomemildcomplaintsofCRU`smethodologybySimon(seefootnote13)andacontradictionofBoddewyn`sdataforSwedenIcelandinthesamejournalWWWRW #  17      ׀onenot (  widelydistributed.Wewillsupplyamoreformalcritiqueofthetwostudiesinanotherbriefingpaper,butitwasamazingtofindintheindustrydocumentsamorescathingcommentaryonCRU`sstudies(and,byimplication,Boddewyn`sendorsementofthem)bytheveryTobaccoInstitutethatcoordinatedBodewyn`stestimonytoCongress.2.TobaccoInstitute`sconcernsaboutGlenSmithresearch t    Infallof1985,theyearthatJ.J.BoddewynfirstvettedandprefacedGlenSmith`sresearch, r  SmithapproachedtheTobaccoInsituteinWashingtonDCtofundanotherCRUstudyofyouthsmoking,thistimeintheUSA.A25NovembermemofromTobaccoInstituteVicePresidentAnneH.DuffintohercolleaguesPeteSparberandFredPanzeraskingtheiradviceabouttwoconcernsshehadoverSmith`sproposal.Wl|WWSW #  18      ׀First,thereisnomentionofan Americanpartner,thathementioned ^ Oct.30,somethingIhadhopedmightassuageWK`s[WilliamKloepfer]fearsofusingaforeigner.Second, Theprice,grantedforatwostageproject,is87,000dollars,exclusiveofcosts.Stage2couldbediceyfortheindustrytohavearound.Ahandwrittennoteonthememo,dated3December1985from Asays, FP[?FredPanzer]doesn`tthinkweneed,itcouldbedangeroustohaveinfilesandanyresearchbytheindustrywithkidscouldbemisconstruedorcouldbackfire.Doesnotpertaintoourproblem,saysFP.  Theattempttofindanarm`slengthpartnercontinuedtoconcernDuffinwhoon11December1985wroteamemoto Pete:W {|WWT|W #  19      ׀ ResearchakintothatproposedbyGlenSmithREDACTEDWWWU0W #  20      ׀ n# * P     isobviouslynowverynecessary.WWWVW #  21      ׀Smith`sNorwegianresearchwasforInfotab.Itwillshowthatthe d emphasisoncigarette educationratheroverwhelmsallhealtheducationtothepointthatthekidsmaymissoutonalotofothercautionsfromtheirelders.Italsoindicatesthevolumeofcigaretteadvertisingdoesnotaffectkids.REDACTED.WeshouldconsideraSmithsuggestionofthismorning:eitherthirdpartysponsorshipbyagroupsuchastheInternationalAdvertisingAssociation(IAAseeattached),withwhichhehasworkedbefore,orjointsponsorshipbyTIwithanothergroup.DuffinthenalludestotheconcernsinAustralia: BecausetheindustryDownUnderworriedaboutcigarettesponsoredresearchwithkids,TIofAustraliapulledinalocaleducationorganization,theRoyalAcademyofTechnology.  Withinafewmonths,Duffin`sconcernswithSmith`smethodologyhadincreased,particularlyhisinferenceofsmokingprevalencefromasmallsampleof715yearolds,asshowninthememotoBillKloepferon12March1986:WhzWWWW #  22      ׀ Hehastoldusofgettingaccurateprevalencedata,whichis 6 usuallylowerthanantismokersclaim.Buthe`scoveringnineyearswithonly1,000respondents.  IfhedoesgetprevalenceslowerthantheNIDAhouseholdsurveysortheNCHSHouseholdInterviewSurveydata,hisnumberswillhavelittlecredibility...DuffinalsovoicesconcernaboutSmith`suseofthefirstcigaretteeversmokedasthedependentvariabled,ratherthan actuallytakingupsmoking.  Sixdayslateron18March,KloepferobviouslyDuffin`ssuperiorreplied, IthinkyouandPeteagreedthat[Smith`s]findingsinthisprojectmightcontradictourfrequentlyexpressedviewthatyoungstersarenotreadingcigaretteads....Whatnewinformationwillwereallyhavetotaketoa  F& Congressionalhearing?Wy|WWX|W #  23      ׀Kloepferalsonotedthat thesuggestionforU.S.replicationcamethrough  "(  INFOTABand,recognizingthat,ourresponseshouldwithstandcriticism. n# *   Duffin`sreturnmemo21Marchgoesintofourpagesofconcernsandwaystoaddressthem.W x0WWY0W #  24      ׀ShethoughtafullUSAsurveybySmith wouldgaintheU.S.industrynothing,butthatSmith b  couldsimplysummarizehisinternationaldata.DuffinacknowledgedthepressurefromINFOTAB(BrianSimpson) Idon`tknowhowwetellInfotabbutnotesthatSmith`ssmallsamplesizeofchildrenages715couldnotstandupagainstlargeAmericansmokingprevalencesurveyswhosenumberswereconsiderablyhigherthanSmith`s. IthinkSmith`sconclusionswouldbehighlyspeculativeandwideopentocriticism.  DuffinthenchallengestheverypremisebeingadvancedbyBoddewynandtheindustry,thatadvertisingdoesnothelpinitiatesmokinginchildren: Glenaskswhykidsthinktheytriedtheirfirst t  cigarette.Threequartersanswer,fromthepromptlist, tosseewhatitwaslike.Helabelsthis curiosity.Butwhocansaywhatfactorsstimulatedthatcuriosity?Whyaretheycurious?Chancesaretheydon`tknowwhy....Currentsmokersarethenasked Whatdoyouthinkistheonemainreasonwhyyousmoke?Prettyobviously,fewaregoingtosaythemainreasonisadvertising.Duffinassessesthesituationrealistically: Noonecanproveadvertisingisnotoneoftheinfluences. ^ Noonecanproveadvertisingisamajorone.Thebriefforadvertising,shegoesontosay,is \ defenseofFirstAmendmentrights.  SmithcontinuedtopursuehiscaseforaTobaccoInstitutefundedstudyinalettertoWilliamKloepfer22July1986,W|wWWZW #  25      ׀whosehandwrittennoteontheobversesideon2AugusttoDuffinsays, "  Seemepls.Ithinkweshould.Ifyouagree,I`llrecommendtoSC&RL.SmithpressedDuffinon1September1986,usingthejustreleasedWhyDoJuvenilesStartSmoking?Reportasleverage,  F& alongwithanadvertisingtradejournalarticleextollingthevalueofadvertisingtochildren,citingCRUresearch.W!0v|WW[|W #  26      ׀AremarkablestatementinthearticleappearstobelieSmith`sconclusionsabout n# * tobaccoadvertising: CRU`sresearchsuggeststhatchildrenareprimarilyaffectedbyvisualrather $l, thanverbalcommercials,afactorwhichhelpsmaketelevisiontheprimarymediumforsellingtochildren. '0!0   Despite,orperhapsbecauseof,suchdemonstrations,Duffinstoodhergroundina22September1986memo,W$u0WW\0W #  27      ׀withnoaddressee(althoughacolleaguehaswrittenmarginalnotesin b anothercopyofthedocumentW#|tWW]W #  28      ).Sherepeatsallherconcerns,suggestsgettinga marketing (  professorlikeScottWardtoreviewthematterbeforerushingtosignupSmith(obviouslyBoddewynwouldnothavebeenneutral). Theseareonlyafewofmytrepidations,sheconcludes. IhavethefeelinginstudyingSmith`stablesthathehasmixedapplesandorangestocreateafruitsaladforBrianSimpson,W00WW^W #  29      ׀whohadtheideaofcombiningtheworkSmithhaddoneinfournations L  andthenconvincedIAAthattheindustrydesperatelyneededitsimprimaturonthesubsequentpatchedtogetherresearch.  Duffinthenexplainsthephrase patchedtogether: OnlyInfotabandDonHoelwerefamiliarwithbothmethodologyandthedraftmanuscriptwhenwepermittedBoddewyntotestifyaboutthe 8  study[emphasisHirschhorn`s].Intryingtoputtogethersomethingfromthedraftmanuscriptin 6 advanceofBoddewyn`sarrivalhere,Fred[Rupp]voicedconcernsaboutthemethodologyandthequalityofthedata.ReviewingSmith`sproposalforuslastwinter,RuppcommenteditwaspoorlythoughtoutandthathehadconcernsaboutSmith`sbasiccompetence.MuchasIfindGlenSmithapersonableguy,metoo.  DuffinwasapparentlyoverruledbyKloepfer(20October1986: DearGlen:BillKloepferhasreportedyourconversationaboutaddingtheU:S:toyourfivenationstudy....ItwillbeniceworkingtogethereventhoughI`vehadfewdetailsonexactlywhatresearchwasdecidedon.)andafullproposalfromSmithwasprepareddated29October1986.W%sWW_W #  30      ׀Theproposal`spreambleshows  F& Smith`seagernesstopleasethetobaccoindustry,andDuffin`shandeditingshowshercautionasaseasonedTobaccoInstitutemanager.WhereSmithwrote, Thereisapronouncedtendencyforcriticsofadvertising,andantismokinggroups,tomakeexaggeratedclaims...Duffinelides exaggerated.Smithwrote, AccuratedataavailabletotheIndustryonsmokingprevalence,and 2&. theroleofadvertisingwherechildrenandyoungpeopleareconcerned,isessentialtoredressspuriousestimatesbyadvertisingcriticsandantismokingfactions.Duffinrevisedtheparagraphtoread, Accuratedataonsmokingprevalence,andanyroleofadvertisingonchildrenandyoungpeopleareessentialtotheindustry.  On13December1986,SmithacknowledgestoDuffinthat TIownsandhastherigth[sic]overanysectionoftheresults,itmaybeprudenttoconsiderajointpublicationbyCRUanda3rdpartysuchasanacademicinstitution.W&r|WW`|W #  31      ׀Despitetheseexchanges,Icouldfindnofurtherevidence L  ofaUSbasedsurveybySmith.Anundated,unsourcedBritishnewspaperarticle(Duffinmarginalnote, callfordates&sources)mayexplainwhyitnotedthatCRU`s highlycontroversialconclusionwasbasedonresearchsponsoredbyINFOTAB,thetobaccoindustry`sinternationaladvisorybody.DavidSimpsonoftheBritishActiononSmokingandHealthdismissedthefindingsasworthless.W'|q0WWa0W #  32      ׀ 6   Smith`snameappearsnextinaPhilipMorrisdocument,a14September1990memofromA.D.C.Turner,ManagingDirectoroftheAsianTobaccoCouncilinHongKongtoATCDirectors,ccArifBador,Malaysia:W)0WWbW #  33      ׀ ThisletterfromGlenSmithisselfexplanatory,andIthinkheis \ attemptingtodrumupsomemorebusinessfollowinghisverysuccessfulandcomprehensive16countrystudy JuvenileSmokingInitiation&Advertising,whichwaspublishedinMarch1989.Theindustryhasmadewideuseofthissince.ThememogoesontoaskthecountrydirectorsiftheywishtouseSmith( Hedoeshaveapointthatextendingthedatabasewilladdincreasingauthorityandcredibility.).Ahandwrittenresponsefromapersonwithinitials AUtellsitall: GlenSmithhasbeenoverusedbytheindustrytothepointthathelackscredibility.Maybe[doubleunderline]  "( iftherewereadesperateneedforresearchinMalaysia,butcertainlynotforthewholeballofwax.   BoddewynhimselfsignalledtheendtoGlenSmithsworkinthe1989(andfinal)version $l, oftheInternationalAdvertisingAssociationdocumentJuvenileSmokingInitiation&Advertising...A d SixteenCountryStudy....W+p|WWc|W #  34      :Thethree[sic]CRUreportswhichIhaveintroducedandeditedhave b  successivelycoveredsix,10and16countries.Theyalldemonstratemoreorlessthesamething....Itisdoubtfulthatfurthersurveys...wouldsignificantlyaffectthesefindings.(p.5,TIMN0038457).3.Boddewynslinkstotobaccoindustry N     JeanBoddewynwasmorethananexpertwitnessfortheTobaccoInstituteonthematterofadvertising.Hisrolebeganinlate1985viaIAAandINFOTAB,accordingtoamemofromFredPanzertoWilliamKloepferon21August1985:0  IhavelearnedthatBoddewyn,aprofessorofmarketingandinternationalbusinessatBaruchCollege,CityUniversityofNewYork,isplanningtwoconferences.OnemayremotelyconcernTI.Itdealswiththeimpactofdergulationonadvertising....HisconferencesmaybepresentedatsessionsoftheInternationalAdvertisingAssociation(IAA)bienneialmeetinginChicago,May2730,1986....AttachedaretwoofhisbrochureswhichINFOTABmayhavecommissioned.W7|WWd0W #  35      \(#(# OtheritemsintheMinnesotaDepositorypapersrelatingtoJ.J.Boddewyncomefromthe PrivilegeLogforRJRTobacco(documentsconcealedfromthepubliconthebasisofattorneyclientprivilege).In1987(nodate),4October1988,and16December1991W(0WWeW #  36      .TheitemsshowBoddewyn " tobeapaidconsultantforRJRTobaccoduringthetimeofgivingexperttestimonytotheUSCongressandtheCanadianHouseofCommons.Respectivelythedescriptionsare:*  *c0    AuthorBoddewynJJ.Memorandumcontainingopinionsconcerningexpertwitnessprepared  "( byRJRscientificconsultantinconnectionwithongoinglitigationtransmittedtoRJRinhouse legalcounselprovidingconfidentialinformationtoassistinrenderingoflegaladvice.*cc݌$l,(#(# Ќ  *  *Ee0    AuthorBoddewynJJ;JonesDay.Handwrittennotesconcerningascientificreport,prepared d  byRJRoutsidelegalcounsel,providingconfidentialinformationtoassistintherenderingoflegaladvicetoRJRinhouselegalcounselinanticipationoflitigation.*Ee`e݌ (#(# Ќ  *  *f0    AuthorBoddewynJJ.ReportconcerningsmokingandhealthissuespreparedforRJR  & consultantinconnectionwithongoinglitigationforthepurposeofprovidingconfidentialinformationtoRJRinhouselegalcounseltoassistintherenderingoflegaladvice.*f g݌ (#(# Ќ      WhenBoddewynspaperwasreviewedforinclusionintheBritishJournalofAddictionin1989(alongwithothersonthesubjectofadvertisingandtobaccoconsumption),BoddewynsoughthelpfromaJeanBesquesofPhilipMorrisinLausanne,Switzerlandforresponsestothereviewerscritique( MayIhaveyoursuggestionsinthenearfuture?),anditisclearthatBesqueswassupplyingBoddewynwithimportantinformation( ThankyoufortheEuropeandatafromEECconferenceinMadrid.).W1WWfhW #  37      ׀    On7July1986BoddewynwrotetotheGeneralServicesAdministrationoftheUSA(federalmanagerofUSGovernmentbuildings),attackingthenewindoorsmokingregulationsinGSAcontrolledbuildingsbecausetherewasnoevidenceofeconomicbenefitindeedthe_costsofregulationandenforcementandloweredproductivitywouldbehigh.ThatthisletterwasfoundinTobaccoInstitutefilesW_4|WWgW #  38      _Ԁindicatesthat_Boddewyn_ԀfrontedforTIonmorethanadvertising. "   In1987_Boddewyn_Ԁaddressedthe_INFOTAB_ԀInternationalWorkshopinWashingtonDC(October1215)withapapercalledDefendingandAttackingAgainstaTobaccoAdvertisingBan  F& inwhichhenotonlyattackedadvertisingbansbutalsoproposedhowtheindustryshoulduse emotionalcounterargumentsagainsttobaccocontroladvocates,beyondadvertising,includingusingthe strongimageryapproach: WhataboutapictureofHitlerwhowasviolentlyopposedto smoking?W_20WWh|W #  39      _ 2&.   _Boddewyn_spost1989Congressionalhearingsubmissionhadfirsttobeclearedbythe TobaccoInstituteasshownbyamemofromCovingtonandBurlingdatedAugust16,1989.W_3WWi0W #  40      _ b   Finally,_Boddewyn_Ԁhascontinuedtotravelfortheindustryoverseas.PhilipMorrisdocumentsshowthattheTobaccoInstituteofNewZealandpaid_Boddewyn_ԀatenthousanddollarfeetoappearbeforetheNewZealandParliamentarySelectCommitteehearingsonthe_Smokefree_ԀEnvironmentsBill,in1990.W8|WWjW #  41      ׀Thelegislationbannedtobaccoadvertisingandsponsorships;AccordingtoMurray N   _Laugesen_ԀR(ofRSO*OSTTHealthNewZealand,aQnongovernmentalorganization)Q_Boddewyn_Ԁwasoneof alargearrayofexpertsfromoverseaspaidforbyindustry...._Boddewyn_ԀwasineffectualwhenheappearedbeforetheNZParliamentarySelectCommittee.Hehadnotallowedfortheeffectsofpriceinhis_univariate_Ԁstudiesoftheeffectsofadvertisingbans.VWA0WWkW #  42      VDatasuppliedbyNeal_Collishaw_ԀofWHO r  showthat_Boddewyn_Ԁwaspresentatthe19921996BritishAmericanTobaccoMediaSeminars(alongwithanumberof expertsonthebenigneffectsofenvironmentaltobaccosmoke):InBali,September1992,SouthAfricaOctober1993,andSriLankaOctober1993.  Warinessofoveruseof_Boddewyn_ԀbytheindustryissuggestedinaprivilegeddocumentfromJuly1990titled...ONYOUTHSMOKINGTOBACCOADVERTISING...ANDWHYKIDSSMOKE \ UW_5WWlWUU@U #  43      _Ԁinwhichsomeonehashandeditedthesentence, Butindependentmarketingexpertsvigorously " [?]disputethatassumption[thatadvertising causesyoungpeopletostartsmoking].Theeditingreplaces independentwith prominent;andalongsidethedescriptionsofWhartonProfessorScottWard(whotestifiedfortheTobaccoInstitutebeforeCongressmanWaxmanin1989)andProfessor_Boddewyn_Ԁisthehandwrittennote,picknonindustryexpertsifpossible.  Itwasin1993that  F& _Boddewyn_scredentialsasascientificexpertwerescathinglydismissedbyfellowacademicsinthepeerreviewedJournalofAdvertisingDecember1993,volume22(Lawrence_Solay_, Smokefilled n# *  RoomsandResearch:AResponsetoJeanJ._Boddewyn_sCommentary,pp.108109;RichardW. $l, _Pollay_, PertinentResearchandImpertinentOpinions:OurContributiontotheCigaretteAdvertisingPolicyDebate,pp.110117).Thearticlesare,ofcourse,alsofoundintobaccoindustryfiles._W9WWm|W #  44      _Ԁ b    _Boddewyn_Ԁwasstillin1992apaidconsultantthroughthePhilipMorrisresearchprogram,bywayofthelawfirmofCovingtonBurling,Belgium._W:|WWn0W #  45      _Ԁ_Boddewyn_sworkandtheChildrens  & ResearchUnitsurveysweretrottedoutagainin1993aspartof_defense_ԀagainstlitigationinCaliforniaandNewYork.W;0WWoW #  46      ׀Itwouldnotsurpriseifthisdeeplyflawedanddiscreditedworkstillgetsusedin N   lobbyingandlitigationaroundthework.% 6