WPC n,|-=sU ^VI)2*BJG M @OsU~K}?Tj15K7g}*t>k 6@aVo=rq&2rht#}KWUMqP8hՉdtckS&I!HQ 1v-GSw?{uWGxc݁V߳^TlFO,E%CWHHrΉnWRVO :YLgwɍya:}V|PosIx4.*>~q077d. Væ>Z;"u M>yi@S [KQU|5#!UN %U 0([w@4UN=4 0lq 0D! 0  Nt   ;^ GS-nN m Bu8HP DeskJet 540 Printer ,,,, 0(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($ %&'D()D*+D,-&D.g&3|x.(hH  Z 6Times New Roman Regular 3  $    3    _ԀColbymemo,16September1974,_RJR_Ԁ50094935557.AllBatesnumbersfrom  attorneyclientprivilegeddocumentsfoundonunlessotherwisenoted.((3$ !      0  (#$  0   |  $    1    _ԀWhosWhoinAmerica,1996,p.816. &  $    7    _ԀXXXX17February1988, NoteonaspecialmeetingoftheUKIndustryonEnvironmental  TobaccoSmoke,BAT301150179184#XXXXU#.  $    2    _Ԁ_RJR_Ԁ50088734,1December1982. D  $    12    _Ԁ_Zheng_ԄMingChen,etal. Earlyhealtheffectsoftheemergingtobaccoepidemicin  China.A16yearprospectivestudy._JAMA_Ԁ1997;278:15001504.   $    11    _ԀPressRelease,19November1998,ActiononSmokingandHealthUK.The  advertisementandjobdescriptionmaybefoundat.  $    8    _ԀJohnRupp(Covington&Burling)lettertoGunterWills(PhilipMorrisGermany),  31December1987,PM250147430304.  $    9    _ԀRupplettertoBradleyBrooke(PhilipMorrisEECRegion),25January1988,PM  2501474296301. 1  $    10    _ԀDavid_Remes_ԀlettertoLee_Pollak_Ԁ(VicePresidentandGeneralCounselPhilip  MorrisInternational),8February1988,PM250147429495.  $    13    _ԀAnonymousmemorandum,16August1989,TI0000276467(alsoTI319911  14), Re:AdvertisingIssuesActivities.  $    14    _ԀJohnRuppandDavidBillings,PM250004897698.Ao&   $    17    _ԀShook,Hardy&BaconreporttoD.Harris,1December1990,PM2023590213  38, PhilipMorris_ETS_ԀBillingCategoriesSummary. #  $    16    _Ԁ_Hedley_ԀThomasandJason_Gagliardi_,TheCigarettePapersSmokingGuns,  21January1999.U d   $    15    _ԀRobCunningham,SmokeandMirrors:TheCanadianTobaccoWar(_Ottowa_:  _IDRC_,1996),152.  $    4    _ԀColbymemotoS.B._Witt_,19October1979,_RJR_Ԁ502856892. k  $    5    _Ԁ_RJR_Ԁprivileged501636597604, TripReportontheFifthInternationalSymposium  onthePreventionandDetectionofCancer,SanPaulo/Brazil,May1622,1982.ColbytoS.B._Witt_,10June1982.  $    6    __RJR_Ԁprivileged50053431013,ColbytoJardim,3August1982. !  _ UKUS.,  8XXdd8.TRS6&A4X3' Letter6&A43'T.___.TRS6&A4X3' Letter6&A43'T._@ ^TOBACCOINDUSTRYDOCUMENTSINTHEMINNESOTADEPOSITORY:@@ a@@ a@ @ @@ a@@ a@ @ @@ a d    ` IMPLICATIONSFORGLOBALTOBACCOCONTROL  P  @^^)^@ ^BriefingPaperNo.3(February1999)by_Norbert_Ԁ_Hirschhorn_,MD US.,UK.,.@" " ^ IndustryRecruitmentofScientificExperts        FrankG.Colbywas_R.J._ԀReynoldsTobaccoCompanysmanager/directorofscientificinformation(19511979),andassociatedirectorofscientificissuesindustryjargonforsmokingandhealth(19791983).   #  1      ׀Hispositiondescriptionwith_RJR_Ԁstatesrequiredashis t  firstresponsibilityto EfficientlyprovidethetechnicalexpertisenecessaryfortheCompanyto r  combatantitobaccoclaims,_|  #  2      _Ԁandsohis scientificorientationwasallinonedirection. 8  Colbyseemstohavebeenthefirsttosetoutthetobaccoindustrystrategyforfindingjusttherightsortofconsultantstodefendtheindustryonscientificgrounds.In1974heproposedaratingsystemforscientistsbasedontheirwritings:0  RATINGDEFINITIONS:1=Meanstheauthor...ismoreorlessunequivocallyonour " side.2=Meansthatpreponderanceisgiventoetiologicalfactorsotherthansmokingbutthatcigarettessmokingismentionedasoneamongmanyotheretiologicalfactors.Insomecasesitmaymeanthattheauthorisonoursideforonegroupofdiseasessuchas,forexample,cardiovasculardiseases,eventhoughhemaybeagainstusinotherareassuchas,forexample,respiratorycancers.3=Meansthattheauthorismoreorlessagainstusi.e.,heconsiderssmokingtheoramajoretiologicalfactor,butthatthereareotherfactorswhichmoreorlessmitigatethiscorrelation.2&+ " " ColbythenreviewedthewritingsofnumerousBelgianandDutchauthorsandrefinedhisratingsfromaplus1( allfavorable)toaminus3( foamingatthemouth).Mostauthorsendedupasplus3( onthefence). ThereishardlyasingleauthorwhereIcanmakeano +V%3 reservationrecommendationforausefulcontact,butthereareseveralpotentialswhicharedescribedinalphabeticalorderbycountry._   #  3      _ b   XXXXUKUS.,In1979Colbyproposeda*moreindirect*+stealthier+method,of,-for-recruitment.Intryingto (  neutralizeanantismokingtrendinBrazilbecauseofconcernabouthealthhesuggestedthat:0  _RJR_ԄBrazilpersonnel[should]trytofindamongtheirpersonalacquaintances,oneor N   moreBrazilianphysicianswhohadanopenmindonthesmokingandhealthcontroversy.This(orthese)physician(s)inturnwouldtrytofindoneormoreBrazilianmedicalUniversityprofessorswhohadasimilarattitude.Otherthingsbeingequal,itwouldbedesirabletoselectthemostprominentofthoseprofessors._/T  #  4      _r  " " Colbywouldthenspeaktotheseprofessorsandturnthemtotheindustryposition.In1982,ColbyurgedtheindustrytomaketheirownconnectionstotheBrazilianmedicalestablishment,andperhapsthenfundsomeofthephysicianstodoresearch, atleastonamodestscale._2  #  5      _ԀInafollowuplettertoCarlosJardimof_RJR_Ԁ_Tabacos_ԀdoBrasil,Ltd.Colby \ presentedalistoftwentyBrazilianauthorsandwhattheyhadbeenworkingon(usingNIHdatabases),suggestingwhichonesmightbesuitabletoapproach.Inonecase,aDr._A.P.M_____ seemstohaveaverystrongantismokingpositionandshould,inmyjudgment,notbeapproachedunlessthereisagoodpipelinetohim,sothatonemighttrytoconvincehimthathiscurrentstanceisquiteunreasonable._4   #  6      _Ԁ  F&   In1988Herman_Gaisch_ԀofPhilipMorrisandDavid_Remes_ԀofthelawfirmCovington Burlinggavefulldetailsofhowtorecruitandturnscientiststoindustryuseinaremarkable n# * presentationtotheircolleaguesfrom_Rothmans_,Imperial,_Gallaher_ԀandBritishAmericanTobacco.Sharon_Boyse_ԀofBATauthoredthemeetingmemo:   b  0  PhilipMorrispresentedtotheUKindustrytheirglobalstrategyonenvironmental  & tobaccosmoke.Ineverymajorinternationalarea(USA,Europe,Australia,FarEast,SouthAmerica,CentralAmerica&Spain)theyareproposing,inkeycountries,tosetupateamofscientistsorganizedbyonenationalcoordinatingscientistandAmericanlawyers,toreviewscientificliteratureorcarryoutworkon_ETS_Ԁtokeepthecontroversyalive. [NB. Keepthecontroversyaliveisindustryjargonfor t  castingdoubtonanyevidenceindicatingthat--passivesmokingenvironmentaltobaccosmokeor_ETS_Ԁinindustryjargon--isinanywayharmful.] Theyare >  spendingvastsumsofmoney....AlistofpotentialscientistswhocouldbecontactedintheUKwasproduced.Becauseoftheheavyfinancialburden,PhilipMorrisareinvitingothercompaniestojointhemintheseactivities....ThePhilipMorrisphilosophyof_ETS_Ԁwaspresented.Thisappearedtorevolvearoundtheselection,inallpossiblecountries,ofagroupofscientistseithertocriticallyreviewthescientificliteratureon_ETS_Ԁtomaintaincontroversy,ortocarryoutresearchon_ETS_....Themechanismbywhichtheyidentifytheirconsultantsisasfollows:theyaskacouple " ofscientistsineachcountry(FrancisRoeandGeorgeLeslieintheUK)toproducealistofpotentialconsultants.ThescientistsarethencontactedbythesecoordinatorsorbythelawyersandaskediftheyareinterestedinproblemsofIndoorAirQuality:tobaccoisnotmentionedatthisstage._CVs_Ԁareobtainedandobviousantismokersorthosewithunsuitablebackgroundsarefilteredout.Theremainingscientistsaresentaliteraturepackcontainingapproximately10hoursreadingmatterandincludinganti_ETS_articles.Theyareaskedforagenuineopinionasindependentconsultants,andiftheyindicateaninterestinproceedingfurtheraPhilipMorrisscientistmakescontact.PhilipMorristhenexpectthegroupofscientiststooperatewithintheconfinesofdecisionstakenbyPMscientiststodeterminethegeneraldirectionofresearch,whichapparentlywouldthenbefilteredbylawyerstoeliminateareasofsensitivity.Theirideaisthatthegroupsofscientistsshouldbeabletoproduceresearchorstimulatecontroversyinsuchawaythatpublicaffairspeople /)< intherelevantcountrieswouldbeabletomakeuseof,ormarket,theinformation.Thescientistswouldnotnecessarilybeexpectedtoactasspokesmenfortheindustry,butcouldbeiftheywerepreparedtodoso.--   #  7      --(  " " #XXXX #XXXXUS.,UK., UKUS.,#XXXXO$#US.,UK.,$  _Remes_Ԁand_Gaisch_Ԁhadalreadypracticedtheirmethodtheyearbefore,andexactlyin   theareaof_ETS_,inWestGermanyandtheNordicregion,usingprominentscientiststorecruitothers,developingwhatwascalleda personalrelationship.( WehadalreadyrecruitedDr.George_Neurath_Ԁ[who]hasbeentotheUnitedStatesfortraining...andshouldbeofgreathelptousinidentifyingothercandidates.).h  #  8      ׀The-- training----atPMheadquarterswas-- t  --intendedto----make--therecruitedscientists(called _whitecoats_)become completelycognizantconcerningthescienceofenvironmentaltobaccosmokeandpreparedtosharethatknowledgewithothersattheindustrysrequest...inpromotinganobjectiveunderstandingoftheissueamongmembersofthescientificcommunity,governmentofficialsandmembersofthe--public.--  #  9      ׀SomeoftheNordicscientists soughtassurancesthattheirworkwouldbeusedfor ^ constructivepurposesandnotsimplytoblocksmokingrestrictionsortodisparagetheworkoftheirpeers,notrealizingthatPhilipMorrisanditslawfirmwerecallingtherecruitmentprogramsthe WitnessProject._  #  10      _      Sharon_Boyse_ԀhadbeencarefulinhermemotodistanceBATfromthePhilipMorrisapproach: Theexcessiveinvolvementofexternallawyersatthisverybasicscientificlevelisquestionable...likelytofrightenoffanumberofscientistswhomightotherwisebepreparedtotalktotheindustry.Nonetheless,BAThasnowfollowedthemethodexactlyinrecruitingChinesemedicalscientists.AnadvertisementintheSouthChinaMorningPost,2November1996,placedby--aninternational--personnelsearchfirm(MorganandBanks),announceda $l,  Uniquecommercialopportunityforamedicalprofessional[ina]fastmovingconsumergoodsindustry...[for]conductingmarketresearchandperformingcollateralanalysiswithaviewtomeetingthecompanyscommercialandmarketingobjectives.Thesourceofthenoticewasrevealedina strictlyconfidentialadsearchassignmentspecification[fora]scientificadvisortobeBAT.  #  11      ׀Theactualjobdescriptionwasto place...emphasisonsupportingtherightsof   anadultwhochoosestosmoke,andfor portrayingthecompanyviewonsmokingandhealthtokeyaudiencesinChina.Thescientistwouldspeakabout informationacquiredlocally....tootherscientists,andinterprettheinformationforlaypersons,aswellasjournalistsand regulators.Echoingthetechniquesuggestedby_RJR_sColbyandmadecorporatepolicybyPhilipMorris,thescientistwouldalsodevelop contactswithintheChineseacademiccommunityopentodebateonsmokingissues.  Opentodebateforthetobaccoindustrymeansonedirectiononly:AccordingtotheBATjobadvertisement, datarelatedtosmokingandhealth[inChina]isquitedifferenttothatacquired,forexample[,]intheUnitedStates,blatantlyignoringthegatheringevidencethat cigarettesmokingisalreadyamajorcauseofdeathinChina,principallyfromlungcancer,coronaryheartdisease,andchronicobstructivelungdisease,justaselsewhere._h  #  12      _Ԁ "   TheUSATobaccoInstituteadoptedthename WitnessProjecttorecruitexpertswhowouldtestifythatcigaretteadvertisingwassimplytoattractsmokerstoonebrandoranotherwhile ayoungpersonsdecisiontosmokewasinfluencedbypeers,parentsandsibling;thatwomensmokedbecauseofthechangesingenderrolestowhichadvertisingwasmerelyreacting;andthatindustrysponsorshipofathleticandculturaleventswasbetterthan dependenceonpublicfunding.  #  13      ׀TheTobaccoInstitutememodescribesthesamefamiliar n# * techniqueofrecruitingpotentialwitnessesandtheirvettingbyanindustrylawfirm(here,Covington&Burling).Thememomakesclearthattherecruitsarebroughttoanacceptablestate: Thewitnessesdevelopedthroughthisprojectcouldserveoneormorefunctions. '0!0 [Emphasisadded.]OnlyoneortwowouldbeentrustedtotestifybeforeCongress,whileotherswouldspeaktojournalistsorprepareessays.  Theindustrysalarmoverpassive--smoking--ismanifestedbytheseriousattentiongiventorecruitingwitnessesandconsultantresearcherstocounteractthegrowingevidenceofharm.In1989--lawyerJohn--RuppofCovington&Burling--establishedthe Asia--_ETS_ԀConsultantProject.A14February1990memoreportsextensivelyonthestatusoftheprojecttoPhilipMorrisandother supportingcompanies(_RJR_ԀandBAT/BrownandWilliamson).  #  14      ׀ L  RecruitmentandorientationinthefirstyearcoveredChina,Malaysia,Singapore,Indonesia,HongKong,Taiwan,thePhilippinesandKorea.RecruitmentinJapanwasunderwayincooperationwiththeJapanTobaccoIndustry.Thirteenconsultantsarenamed:Drs._Reverente_,_Roa_,Ferrerand_Somera_ԀinthePhilippines;Drs._Liao_ԀandBaconShoneinHongKong;Drs.HeandLiufromChina;Drs.KimandRohinKorea;Dr._Rampal_ԀinMalaysia;Dr._Ong_ԀinSingapore;andDr._Wongphanich_ԀinThailand.Dr._Wongphanich_Ԁwasimportanttorecruit becauseofherpositionaspresidentoftheAsianAssociationofOccupationalHealth;Dr._Reverente_ԀwasapastpresidentandDr.Hewasduetosucceedtothepresidencyin1991.  AmongotheractivitiesoftheAsia_ETS_ԀConsultantProject, approximately80ofourconsultingscientistsfrommorethan20countriesparticipatedinamajorinternational_ETS_symposiumthatwashostedbyMcGillUniversityin--Montreal.--TheconsultantsamongthemKim,_Liao_ԀandBaconShoneagreedtodistributecopiesoftheproceedingswithintheircountries.--Thisisaprimeexampleofindustry junkscienceasthe symposiumwasfundedbytheindustryandMcGillmerelyrentedoutsomespaceforthemeeting!_+|  #  15      _----Tolenda  "( furtherairofscientificlegitimacy,anindustryfundedorganizationcreatedinthesameyear,IndoorAirInternational,plannedamonthlyjournaltobeginin1991inwhichanumberoftheAsianconsultantscouldpublishtheirarticles,basedinpartonthe McGillsymposium.Drs.BaconShone,Ferrer,He,Kim,_Liao_,Liuand_Reverente_Ԁwererecruitedtoserveontheeditorialboard.  BaconShone----wentontopresent--apaperatTheLisbonconferenceon IndoorAirQualityandVentilationinWarmClimates,critiquing theunsophisticatedstatisticalanalysis +V%6 appearinginDr._Hirayama_spaperon_ETS_ԀandnonsmokerlungcancerinJapan,thecornerstoneofthescientificliteraturerelieduponbyindustrycritics.  --Finally,--inadditiontocountryspecificactivities,thereportmentionsaproposalbroughttothe supportingcompaniestocreateanAsianCitiesMonitoringProject,bywhichitwashopedtoshowthatindoorairpollutionwasmainlyduetooutdoorpollutants,vehicleemissionsprincipally.Drs._Liao_,BaconShoneandLinda_Koo_Ԁagreedtoconsultontheproject. BecausetheHongKongstudywillbeconductedandreportedbyindependent[sic!]scientists,weexpecttheresultswillcarry(howeverinappropriately)moreweight...thanhavetheresultsofpreviousstudiesconductedandreportedbyindustryscientists.  --_Hedley_ԀThomasandJason_Gagliardi_ԀhaverecentlypublishedontheInternetafollowuptotheAsia_ETS_ԀConsultantsProject._  #  16      _ԀInittheyciteDr.JohnBaconShone( oneofa 8  handfulofkeyadvisorstothehighestlevelsoftheHongKongGovernment)asdenyinganyknowledgethatitwastobaccoindustrymoneythatsponsoredhisattendanceat_ETS_symposiumsinMontreal,LisbonandThailandin1990;healsovigorouslydeniedJohnRuppsassertionthatofcourseBaconShoneknew. Mypositionisclear,BaconShoneisquotedassaying, theevidencethattobaccoisahealthhazardisoverwhelming,buttheworkbyProfessor_Hirayama_Ԁandothersoverstatedtheriskof_ETS_. _ETS_Ԁisahealthhazard,hesaid,butmainly obnoxious.  The--KansasCitylawfirmofShook,Hardy&Bacon,longservingtothetobaccoindustry,alsoreportedin1990onits_ETS_Ԁwitnessprogram._h  #  17      _ԀUndera threecompany  F& authorizationthelawfirmcontactedover35consultantstoseewhowouldwriteacriticalresponsetotheUSEPAreportonsecondhandsmoke,yieldingover20writtenstatements.Manyofthewitnesseswerealreadyknowntothelawfirm.Twentyfivenamesaresupplied;detailsaregivenastotheirworkexperience,theirviewson_ETS_Ԁifknown,andcommentsmadeontheirsuitability.(BecauseitisnotclearwhichofthesepersonsactuallybecameindustrywitnessesorwhatkindofstatementswereprovidedontheEPAdocument,theirnameswillnotbegivenhere;readersmayconsulttheoriginal--document.)-- X*#4   WhosebreadIeat,hissongIsing.Letthereaderorlistenerbeware,andinsistonknowing$!askanyexpertwitnessorconsultant!$whoispayingfor%thewitness%&e&'%%'%s%(timeandmessage.()%%!hisorhertimeandmessage.!)--