Chapter 11 Other health problems

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Other health problems: Osteoporosis

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Smoking is a moderate risk factor for osteoporosis for both men and women, with a

risk nearly 2.5 times that of their nonsmoking counterparts. One of the mechanisms of

osteoporosis is smoking-related decrease of estrogen, a mechanism which applies

to men as well as women.

Cigarettes, p. 63

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"Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for osteoporosis, reducing the peak bone mass

attained in early adulthood and increasing the rate of bone loss in later adulthood.

Smoking antagonizes the protective effect of estrogen replacement therapy on the

risk of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women."

Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 1996 edition, p. 35

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Smoking accelerates bone loss in older women and increases the risk of

osteoporosis. It also reduces the protective effect of oral estrogens on osteoporosis.

9th World Conference on Tobacco or Health, Paris, 1994 (T. Hirayama)

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Smoking is positively and significantly associated with decreased hip bone mineral

density in old age. Bone loss associated with smoking would be expected to increase

the risk of hip fracture in those who do not die earlier from another complication of

tobacco use.

American Journal of Public Health, September 1993, p. 1265

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Although estrogen replacement therapy helps to protect nonsmoking

post-menopausal women from hip fracture, smoking may negate the protective effect

of estrogen replacement.

Annals of Internal Medicine, May 1, 1992, p. 716

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Thursday, July 06, 2000

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