Chapter 14 Pregnancy and fertility

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Pregnancy and fertility: Congenital Anomalies

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One study found an increased risk of 1.6 for congenital malformations among babies

born to heavy smokers; another reported a 2.3 fold higher risk of birth defects.

However, other studies have not demonstrated an increased risk, and the overall

evidence that cigarette smoking is related to congenital malformations is unclear.

Reducing the Health Consequences of Smoking, p. 73

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In a study from Budapest, Hungary, maternal smoking during pregnancy raised the

risk by 48% (relative odds 1.48) of delivering a baby with congenital limb deficiency

(isolated absence of a single arm or leg).

British Medical Journal, June 4, 1994, p. 1473

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In a study from Seattle, maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with a

2.3-fold increased risk of congenital urinary tract anomalies in offspring.

American Journal of Public Health, February 1996, p. 249

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Babies of mothers who smoke during pregnancy run twice the risk of cleft lips and

palates. If there were no smoking during pregnancy, it would reduce from 7000 to

5000 the total yearly number of US babies with oral clefts. Corrective surgeries and

treatment cost up to $100,000 per child.

American Medical News, April 8, 1996 (from March 1996 American Journal of

Human Genetics)

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Fetuses whose mothers smoke are 50 to 70% more likely to develop a cleft lip or

palate. 13% of pregnant American women still smoke.

Newsweek, April 24, 2000 p. 78

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Thursday, July 06, 2000

Page 18 of 28

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