Chapter 14 Pregnancy and fertility

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Pregnancy and fertility: Fertility and Menopause

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In vitro fertilization rates of eggs (oocytes) is much reduced in women who smoke. The

mechanism is unknown, but there is a strong association between smoking and

reduced fertility.

Lancet, December 5, 1992, p. 1409

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Smoking causes women to have their natural menopause one to two years early.

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report October 5, 1990, p. 8,

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Premenopausal women who give up smoking tend to go through menopause at the

normal time.

The Harvard Guide to Women's Health, Karen Carlson, Harvard University Press,

1996, p. 583

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Women who smoke may experience menopause up to eight years earlier than

nonsmokers.

from What Every Woman Should Know: Staying Healthy after 40, Lila Nachtigall,

Warner Books, 1995

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Women who smoke are 3 to 4 times more likely than nonsmokers to take more than

one year to become pregnant, and are 3 times as likely to be infertile. This is because

smoking lowers levels of the hormone necessary for ovulation and the implantation of

a fertilized egg in the uterus.

Reducing the Health Consequences of Smoking, p. 75

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Smoking probably reduces a woman's probability of conceiving by one-third per cycle.

Journal of the American Medical Women's Association, January 1996, p. 29

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Thursday, July 06, 2000

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