Chapter 24 Women and smoking

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Women and smoking: General

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In women, smoking is associated with an earlier menopause. The onset of

menopause raises heart-disease risk because postmenopausal women produce

much less estrogen, a hormone known to protect against heart disease. Even female

smokers who have not yet reached menopause have estrogen levels that are lower

than normal, a factor that increases their heart-disease risk. Postmenopausal

smokers who undergo estrogen replacement therapy do not achieve as high a level of

blood estrogen as do nonsmokers. Smoking "induces" enzymes from the liver to

break down estrogen at a faster rate than occurs in nonsmokers.

Quote from Cigarettes, p. 29

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Women who smoke run a 25% greater risk of dying from breast cancer than

nonsmokers and ex-smokers.

Time, June 13, 1994, p. 20

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In 1985 in the United States, tobacco was responsible for 25% of all deaths in women

in the age group 35 to 69. In 1995, tobacco will be responsible for 37% of the deaths

in this age group.

Washington Post, March 1992

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Lung cancer death rates for women rose by 440% between 1958 and 1988. In 1993,

56,000 women died of lung cancer compared to 46,000 from breast cancer, the next

highest cancer killer type for women.

Cancer, August 1993, p. 197

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There was a fivefold increase from 1970 to 1990 in mortality from chronic obstructive

lung disease in white women.

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Thursday, July 06, 2000

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