Chapter 9 Cardiovascular Disease

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In Korea, smoking is a major independent risk factor for atherosclerotic

cardiovascular disease, and a low cholesterol level confers no protective benefit

against this smoking-related vascular disease.

Journal of the American Medical Association, December 8, 1999, p. 2149

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Female nurses who smoke just one to four cigarettes a day have a 2.5-fold increased

risk of fatal coronary heart disease.

Cigarettes, p. 26

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Smoking increases mortality from coronary artery disease by 70%, and smokers

began to have angina about 10 years earlier than nonsmokers or former smokers.

New England Journal of Medicine, March 13, 1997, pp. 759-760

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In a study from Sweden, smokers who are physically active have a 40% lower risk of

dying from heart problems than smokers who do not exercise. Sedentary smokers

have a risk of cardiac death four times higher than that of active nonsmokers.

American Medical News, May 5, 1997 (from Archives of Internal Medicine, April

28, 1997)

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In one study, diabetic patients with gangrene were smokers in nearly all cases and,

when compared with nonsmokers, had peripheral vascular disease rates of 33%

versus 16%.

Clinics in Chest Medicine, December 1991, p. 720

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The risk for sudden coronary death is nearly double in current smokers without a

history of heart disease.

Reuters, February 20, 1997

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Thursday, July 06, 2000

Page 15 of 22

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