Chapter 9 Cardiovascular Disease

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Both passive and active smoking is related to greater internal-medial wall thickness of

the carotid arteries in the neck, a potent risk factor for carotid atherosclerosis.

Archives of Internal Medicine, June 13, 1994, p. 1277

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Smokers between the ages of 45 and 64 triple their risk of dying from heart disease

compared to nonsmokers.

Chest, September 1988, p. 449

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Smoking causes about 40% of all the deaths from heart attacks in men and women

less than 65 years old.

Executive Health Report, July 1990

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Cigarette smoking is responsible for two-thirds of all heart attacks in women under

age 50; a smoker in this age group runs a 5-fold increased risk of heart attack.

Your Good Health, William Bennett, Harvard University Press, 1987, p. 95

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Smoking leads to 7.7-fold increase in the risk of coronary artery spasm in women

ages 36 to 41 who were evaluated for angina. 62% of patients were smokers

compared to 17% of control subjects. Cigarette smoking accounts for 45% in men

and 41% in women of the total risk for coronary heart disease for those under age 65.

Circulation, March 1992, p. 905

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Overall, smokers have a two- to fourfold greater incidence of coronary heart disease

and about a 70 percent greater death rate from it.

Cigarettes, p. 28

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